Alex Ibru: Difference between revisions

Alex Ibru
Alex Ibru
Minister of Internal Affairs
	In office; 1993–1995
Personal details
Born	1 March 1945; Agbhara-Otor, Delta State
Died	20 November 2011 (aged 66); Nigeria
Children	Sophia, Alexandra, Annabella, Anita, Toke, Ose, Tive, Uvie

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Alex Ibru (1 March 1945 – 20 November 2011) was a Nigerian businessman, founder and publisher of The Guardian (Nigeria) newspaper, who was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 during the military regime of General Sani Abacha.^[1]

Background

Ibru was the son of Chief Janet Omotogor Ibru and brother of Michael Ibru, founder of the Ibru Organization.^[2] Ibru was born on 1 March 1945 in Agbhara-Otor, in today's Delta State. He attended the Yaba Methodist Primary School (1951–1957), Ibadan Grammar School (1958–1960), Igbobi College, Lagos (1960–1963) and Nottingham Trent University in the United Kingdom (1967–1970), where he studied business economics.^[3]

Business career

Ibru was chairman of Rutam Motors. In 1983, he met with the newspapermen Stanley Mecebuh of Daily Times of Nigeria, Patrick Dele-Cole also formerly of that paper and Olusegun Osoba, formerly of Nigerian Herald. With 55% funding from the Ibrus, they launched The Guardian in 1983, with Alex Ibru as chairman.^[4]

The Guardian had various pro-left academics on its board, with a clear bias towards Obafemi Awolowo's Unity Party of Nigeria, and the first editor Lade Bonuola was held to strongly support the UPN. On the other hand, Ibru was from a Billionaire business family and Stanley Macebuh was right wing in his views, so the paper tried to maintain a balance.^[5] The stated goal of the paper were to provide an independent and balanced view.^[6]

The success of The Guardian made it clear that there was an appetite for high quality journalism in Nigeria and it was followed by news magazines such as Newswatch.^[7]

The military regime did not appreciate the paper's independence and it was persecuted under military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari (January 1984 – August 1985).^[8]

Ibru provided funding to the Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), established during the military regime of Buhari's successor, General Ibrahim Babangida.^[9]

Ibru was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 in the Sani Abacha government.^[10] His appointment by Abacha was seen as a gesture of appeasement to the press.^[11]

In December 1993, there were violent clashes between the Ogoni and Okrika people in the slums of Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Ibru led a committee to tour Ogoniland and investigate the causes of unrest. Other members were Don Etiebet, minister of petroleum reserves, and Melford Okilo, minister of tourism.The military administrator of the state, Dauda Musa Komo, escorted the group. Embarrassingly for the military regime, during the trip a large crowd demonstrated in Bori blaming Shell Oil pollution for their problems.^[12]

Ibru had told his staff on The Guardian that he would not get involved in partisan politics. Despite this, the newspaper was highly critical of the Abacha regime.^[13] On 14 August 1994, The Guardian offices were raided and shut down by the government, although Ibru retained his post. The newspapers were only allowed to reopen in October 1994 following an apology by Ibru for any offensive comments that may have appeared.^[14]

On 2 February 1996, his car was sprayed with machine gun fire from unidentified men who had trailed him in a deep-blue Peugeot. Both Ibru and the editor-in-chief Femi Kusa were flown to England for treatment of their injuries.^[14]

After Abacha's death in 1998, his chief security officer, Hamza Al-Mustapha, and others were charged with the assassination attempt.^[15]

Alex Ibru died on 20 November 2011, aged 66.^[3]

References

Citations

^ "The Guardian, now that Alex Ibru is no more". Daily Trust. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ Ekeh 2007, pp. 670.
^ ^a ^b Alex Ibru is dead.
^ Forrest 1994, pp. 136.
^ Uko 2004, pp. 55–56.
^ Agbese 2006, pp. 49.
^ Fuller 2004, pp. 171.
^ Graybill & Thompson 1998, pp. 134.
^ Okafor 2006, pp. 146.
^ Evwode 2006.
^ Olukotun 2004, pp. 69.
^ Hunt 2006, pp. 167.
^ Uko 2004, pp. 27.
^ ^a ^b Ayittey 1999, pp. 352.
^ US State Department 2008, pp. 416.

Sources

"Alex Ibru is dead". The Nation (Nigeria). 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Agbese, Aje-Ori (2006). The role of the press and communication technology in democratization: the Nigerian story. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-98149-2.
Ayittey, George B. N. (1999). Africa in chaos. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-21787-0.
Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2007). History of the Urhobo people of Niger Delta. Urhobo Historical Society. ISBN 978-978-077-288-8.
Evwode, Oghenevware (2006). "The Matriarch Extraordinaire Goes Home". Urhobu Historical Society. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Forrest, Tom G. (1994). The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0492-8.
Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National days/national ways: historical, political, and religious celebrations around the world. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97270-4.
Graybill, Lyn S.; Thompson, Kenneth W. (1998). Africa's second wave of freedom: development, democracy, and rights. University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-1071-4.
Hunt, J. Timothy (2006). The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-4158-6.
Okafor, Obiora Chinedu (2006). Legitimizing human rights NGOs: lessons from Nigeria. Africa World Press. ISBN 1-59221-286-7.
Olukotun, Ayo (2004). Repressive state and resurgent media under Nigeria's military dictatorship, 1988–98. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 91-7106-524-5.
Uko, Ndaeyo (2004). Romancing the gun: the press as promoter of military rule. Africa World Press. ISBN 1-59221-189-5.
US State Department (2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160813993.

[Daily_Trust_2011_n531-1] "The Guardian, now that Alex Ibru is no more". Daily Trust. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[FOOTNOTEEkeh2007670-2] Ekeh 2007, pp. 670.

[FOOTNOTEAlex_Ibru_is_dead-3] Alex Ibru is dead.

[FOOTNOTEForrest1994136-4] Forrest 1994, pp. 136.

[FOOTNOTEUko200455–56-5] Uko 2004, pp. 55–56.

[FOOTNOTEAgbese200649-6] Agbese 2006, pp. 49.

[FOOTNOTEFuller2004171-7] Fuller 2004, pp. 171.

[FOOTNOTEGraybillThompson1998134-8] Graybill & Thompson 1998, pp. 134.

[FOOTNOTEOkafor2006146-9] Okafor 2006, pp. 146.

[FOOTNOTEEvwode2006-10] Evwode 2006.

[FOOTNOTEOlukotun200469-11] Olukotun 2004, pp. 69.

[FOOTNOTEHunt2006167-12] Hunt 2006, pp. 167.

[FOOTNOTEUko200427-13] Uko 2004, pp. 27.

[FOOTNOTEAyittey1999352-14] Ayittey 1999, pp. 352.

[FOOTNOTEUS_State_Department_2008416-15] US State Department 2008, pp. 416.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Nigerian businessman (1945–2011)}}
 {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
-{{Infobox Officeholder
+{{Infobox officeholder
 | name                = Alex Ibru
 | image               =
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 | birth_place         = Agbhara-Otor, Delta State
 | death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|11|20|1945|3|1}}
-| death_place         = Nigeria
+| death_place         = [[Nigeria]]
-Children              = Sophia, Alexandra, Annabella, Anita, Toke, Ose, Tive, Uvie
+| children            = Sophia, Alexandra, Annabella, Anita, Toke, Ose, Tive, Uvie
 | party               =
 }}
+'''Alex Ibru''' (1 March 1945 – 20 November 2011) was a Nigerian businessman, founder and publisher of ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' (Nigeria) newspaper, who was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 during the military regime of General [[Sani Abacha]].<ref name="Daily Trust 2011 n531">{{cite web | title=The Guardian, now that Alex Ibru is no more | website=Daily Trust | date=27 November 2011 | url=https://dailytrust.com/the-guardian-now-that-alex-ibru-is-no-more/ | access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
-'''Alex Ibru''' (1 March 1945 – 20 November 2011) was a [[Nigerian people|Nigerian]] businessman, founder and publisher of ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' newspaper, who was Minister of Internal Affairs from 1993 to 1995 during the military regime of General [[Sani Abacha]].{{sfn|Ekeh|2007|pp=670}}
 ==Background==
+Ibru was the son of Chief Janet Omotogor Ibru and brother of [[Michael Ibru]], founder of the [[Ibru Organization]].{{sfn|Ekeh|2007|pp=670}}
+Ibru was born on 1 March 1945 in Agbhara-Otor, in today's [[Delta State]]. He attended the Yaba Methodist Primary School (1951–1957), [[Ibadan Grammar School]] (1958–1960), [[Igbobi College]], Lagos (1960–1963) and [[Nottingham Trent University]] in the United Kingdom (1967–1970), where he studied business economics.{{sfn|Alex Ibru is dead}}
-Alex Ibru was a son of Chief Janet Omotogor Ibru and brother of Chief [[Michael Ibru]], founder of the [[Ibru Organization]].{{sfn|Ekeh|2007|pp=670}}
-Ibru was born on 1 March 1945 in Agbhara-Otor, in today's Delta State. He attended the Yaba Methodist Primary School (1951–1957), [[Ibadan Grammar School]] (1958–1960), Igbobi College, Lagos (1960–1963) and [[Trent Polytechnic]] in the United Kingdom (1967–1970), where he studied Business Economics.{{sfn|Alex Ibru is dead}}
 ==Business career==
+Ibru was chairman of [[Rutam Motors]]. In 1983, he met with the newspapermen Stanley Mecebuh of ''[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]'', [[Patrick Dele-Cole]] also formerly of that paper and [[Olusegun Osoba]], formerly of ''Nigerian Herald''. With 55% funding from the Ibrus, they launched ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' in 1983, with Alex Ibru as chairman.{{sfn|Forrest|1994|pp=136}}
-Alex Ibru was appointed chairman of [[Rutam Motors]].
-In 1983 he met with newspapermen Stanley Mecebuh of ''[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]'', Dele Cole also formerly of that paper and Segun Osoba, formerly of ''Nigerian Herald''. With 55% funding from the Ibrus, they launched ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' in 1983, with Alex Ibru as chairman.{{sfn|Forrest|1994|pp=136}}
-The ''Guardian'' had various pro-left academics on its board, with a clear bias towards [[Obafemi Awolowo]]'s [[Unity Party of Nigeria]], and the first editor Lade Bonuola was held to stringly support the UPN. On the other hand, Ibru was from a millionaire business family and Stanley Macebuh was right wing in his views, so the paper tried to maintain a balance.{{sfn|Uko|2004|pp=55–56}}
+The ''Guardian'' had various pro-left academics on its board, with a clear bias towards [[Obafemi Awolowo]]'s [[Unity Party of Nigeria]], and the first editor Lade Bonuola was held to strongly support the UPN. On the other hand, Ibru was from a Billionaire business family and Stanley Macebuh was right wing in his views, so the paper tried to maintain a balance.{{sfn|Uko|2004|pp=55–56}} The stated goal of the paper were to provide an independent and balanced view.{{sfn|Agbese|2006|pp=49}}
-The stated goals of the paper were to provide an independent and balanced view.{{sfn|Agbese|2006|pp=49}}
-The success of ''The Guardian'' made it clear that there was an appetite for high quality journalism in Nigeria, and it was followed by news magazines such as ''[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]''.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|pp=171}}
+The success of ''The Guardian'' made it clear that there was an appetite for high quality journalism in Nigeria and it was followed by news magazines such as ''[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]''.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|pp=171}}
-The military regime did not appreciate the paper's independence, and it was persecuted under military ruler General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] (January 1984 – August 1985).{{sfn|Graybill|Thompson|1998|pp=134}}
+The military regime did not appreciate the paper's independence and it was persecuted under military ruler General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] (January 1984 – August 1985).{{sfn|Graybill|Thompson|1998|pp=134}}
 Ibru provided funding to the [[Civil Liberties Organization]] (CLO), established during the military regime of Buhari's successor, General [[Ibrahim Babangida]].{{sfn|Okafor|2006|pp=146}}
-Ibru was Minister of Internal Affairs from 1993 to 1995 in the Sani Abacha government.{{sfn|Evwode|2006}}
-His appointment by Abacha was seen as a gesture of appeasement to the press.{{sfn|Olukotun|2004|pp=69}}
-In December 1993 there were violent clashes between the Ogoni and Okrika people in the slums of [[Port Harcourt]] in [[Rivers State]]. Alex Ibru led a committee to tour Ogoniland and investigate the causes of unrest. Other members were [[Don Etiebet]], Minister of Petroleum Reserves and [[Melford Okilo]], Minister of Tourism, The military administrator of the state, [[Dauda Musa Komo]], escorted the group. Embarrassingly for the military regime, during the trip a large crowd demonstrated in [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] blaming [[Shell Nigeria|Shell Oil]] pollution for their problems.{{sfn|Hunt|2006|pp=167}}
+Ibru was minister of internal affairs from 1993 to 1995 in the Sani Abacha government.{{sfn|Evwode|2006}} His appointment by Abacha was seen as a gesture of appeasement to the press.{{sfn|Olukotun|2004|pp=69}}
-Alex Ibru had told his staff on ''The Guardian'' that he would not get involved in partisan politics.
-Despite this, the respected newspaper was highly critical of the Abacha regime.{{sfn|Uko|2004|pp=27}}
+In December 1993, there were violent clashes between the [[Ogoni people|Ogoni]] and [[Kalabari language|Okrika]] people in the slums of [[Port Harcourt]] in [[Rivers State]]. Ibru led a committee to tour [[Ogoniland]] and investigate the causes of unrest. Other members were [[Don Etiebet]], minister of petroleum reserves, and [[Melford Okilo]], minister of tourism.The military administrator of the state, [[Dauda Musa Komo]], escorted the group. Embarrassingly for the military regime, during the trip a large crowd demonstrated in [[Bori, Rivers|Bori]] blaming [[Shell Nigeria|Shell Oil]] pollution for their problems.{{sfn|Hunt|2006|pp=167}}
-On 14 August 1994 ''The Guardian'' offices were raided and shut down by the government, although Alex Ibru retained his post.
-The newspapers were only allowed to reopen in October 1994 following an apology by Ibru for any offensive comments that may have appeared.{{sfn|Ayittey|1999|pp=352}}
+Ibru had told his staff on ''The Guardian'' that he would not get involved in partisan politics. Despite this, the newspaper was highly critical of the Abacha regime.{{sfn|Uko|2004|pp=27}} On 14 August 1994, ''The Guardian'' offices were raided and shut down by the government, although Ibru retained his post. The newspapers were only allowed to reopen in October 1994 following an apology by Ibru for any offensive comments that may have appeared.{{sfn|Ayittey|1999|pp=352}}
-On 2 February 1996 his car was sprayed with machine gun fire from unidentified men who had trailed him in a deep-blue Peugeot. Both Ibru and the editor-in-chief Femi Kusa were flown to England for treatment of their injuries.{{sfn|Ayittey|1999|pp=352}}
-After Abacha's death in 1998, his Chief Security Officer [[Hamza Al-Mustapha]] and others were charged with the assassination attempt.{{sfn|US State Department 2008|pp=416}}
+On 2 February 1996, his car was sprayed with machine gun fire from unidentified men who had trailed him in a deep-blue Peugeot. Both Ibru and the editor-in-chief Femi Kusa were flown to England for treatment of their injuries.{{sfn|Ayittey|1999|pp=352}}
+After Abacha's death in 1998, his chief security officer, [[Hamza Al-Mustapha]], and others were charged with the assassination attempt.{{sfn|US State Department 2008|pp=416}}
 Alex Ibru died on 20 November 2011, aged 66.{{sfn|Alex Ibru is dead}}
 ==References==
+=== Citations ===
 {{reflist |colwidth=20em}}
-{{Interior Ministers of Nigeria}}
-'''Sources'''
+=== Sources ===
 {{refbegin}}
+*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Alex Ibru is dead}} |url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news-update/26928-alex-ibru-is-dead.html |title=Alex Ibru is dead |work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]] |date=20 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122072721/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news-update/26928-alex-ibru-is-dead.html |archive-date=22 November 2011 }}
-*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Alex Ibru is dead}}
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUtYqVNNhEwC&pg=PA49 |title=The role of the press and communication technology in democratization: the Nigerian story |first=Aje-Ori |last=Agbese |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-98149-2 }}
- |url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news-update/26928-alex-ibru-is-dead.html
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HtUn_dUmSYC&pg=PA352 |title=Africa in chaos |first=George B. N. |last=Ayittey |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1999 |isbn=0-312-21787-0 }}
- |title=Alex Ibru is dead
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdeYB1lIPwC&pg=PA670 |title=History of the Urhobo people of Niger Delta |first=Peter Palmer |last=Ekeh |publisher=Urhobo Historical Society |year=2007 |isbn=978-978-077-288-8 }}
- |work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]
+*{{cite web |url=http://www.waado.org/Biographies/Memorials/Janet_Omotogor_Ibru.htm |title=The Matriarch Extraordinaire Goes Home |first=Oghenevware |last=Evwode |year=2006 |publisher=Urhobu Historical Society |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730000648/http://waado.org/Biographies/Memorials/Janet_Omotogor_Ibru.htm |url-status=dead }}
- |date=20 November 2011
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0NinkShiHYC&pg=PA131 |title=The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise |first=Tom G. |last=Forrest |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-7486-0492-8 }}
- |accessdate=20 November 2011}}
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llmCOvtWcUcC&pg=PA171 |title=National days/national ways: historical, political, and religious celebrations around the world |first=Linda K. |last=Fuller |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=0-275-97270-4 }}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0FYXwY2sc8C&pg=PA134 |title=Africa's second wave of freedom: development, democracy, and rights |first1=Lyn S. |last1=Graybill |first2=Kenneth W. |last2=Thompson |publisher=University Press of America |year=1998 |isbn=0-7618-1071-4 }}
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUtYqVNNhEwC&pg=PA49
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQj9tQduiuwC&pg=PA167 |title=The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil |first=J. Timothy |last=Hunt |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2006 |isbn=0-7710-4158-6 }}
- |title=The role of the press and communication technology in democratization: the Nigerian story
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uw79zvQu04C&pg=PA146 |title=Legitimizing human rights NGOs: lessons from Nigeria |first=Obiora Chinedu |last=Okafor |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-59221-286-7 }}
- |first=Aje-Ori |last=Agbese
+*{{cite book |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-110 |title=Repressive state and resurgent media under Nigeria's military dictatorship, 1988–98 |first=Ayo |last=Olukotun |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |year=2004 |isbn=91-7106-524-5 }}
- |publisher=Routledge |year=2006
+*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abm-v6wGWOQC&pg=PA27 |title=Romancing the gun: the press as promoter of military rule |first=Ndaeyo |last=Uko |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2004 |isbn=1-59221-189-5 }}
- |ISBN=0-415-98149-2}}
+*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|US State Department 2008}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5rs8UkMj64C&pg=PA416 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 |author=US State Department |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2008 |isbn=9780160813993 }}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HtUn_dUmSYC&pg=PA352
- |title=Africa in chaos
- |first=George B. N. |last=Ayittey
- |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1999
- |ISBN=0-312-21787-0}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdeYB1lIPwC&pg=PA670
- |title=History of the Urhobo people of Niger Delta
- |first=Peter Palmer |last=Ekeh
- |publisher=Urhobo Historical Society |year=2007
- |ISBN=978-077-288-X}}
-*{{cite web |ref=harv
- |url=http://www.waado.org/Biographies/Memorials/Janet_Omotogor_Ibru.htm
- |title=The Matriarch Extraordinaire Goes Home
- |first=Oghenevware |last=Evwode
- |year=2006
- |publisher=Urhobu Historical Society
- |accessdate=25 June 2011}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0NinkShiHYC&pg=PA131
- |title=The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise
- |first=Tom G. |last=Forrest
- |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1994
- |ISBN=0-7486-0492-8}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llmCOvtWcUcC&pg=PA171
- |title=National days/national ways: historical, political, and religious celebrations around the world
- |first=Linda K. |last=Fuller
- |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004
- |ISBN=0-275-97270-4}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0FYXwY2sc8C&pg=PA134
- |title=Africa's second wave of freedom: development, democracy, and rights
- |first1=Lyn S. |last1=Graybill |first2=Kenneth W. |last2=Thompson
- |publisher=University Press of America |year=1998
- |ISBN=0-7618-1071-4}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQj9tQduiuwC&pg=PA167
- |title=The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil
- |first=J. Timothy |last=Hunt
- |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |year=2006
- |ISBN=0-7710-4158-6}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uw79zvQu04C&pg=PA146
- |title=Legitimizing human rights NGOs: lessons from Nigeria
- |first=Obiora Chinedu |last=Okafor
- |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2006
- |ISBN=1-59221-286-7}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qz9BlWO7ExwC&pg=PA69
- |title=Repressive state and resurgent media under Nigeria's military dictatorship, 1988–98
- |first=Ayo |last=Olukotun
- |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |year=2004
- |ISBN=91-7106-524-5}}
-*{{cite book |ref=harv
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abm-v6wGWOQC&pg=PA27
- |title=Romancing the gun: the press as promoter of military rule
- |first=Ndaeyo |last=Uko
- |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2004
- |ISBN=1-59221-189-5}}
-*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|US State Department 2008}}
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5rs8UkMj64C&pg=PA416
- |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007
- |author=US State Department
- |publisher=Government Printing Office
- |year=2008}}
 {{refend}}
+{{Interior Ministers of Nigeria}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibru, Alex}}
@@ Line 139: / Line 74: @@
 [[Category:2011 deaths]]
 [[Category:Alumni of Nottingham Trent University]]
-[[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]]
 [[Category:Nigerian newspaper founders]]
 [[Category:20th-century Nigerian businesspeople]]
@@ Line 145: / Line 79: @@
 [[Category:Shooting survivors]]
 [[Category:Igbobi College alumni]]
-[[Category:Ibru family]]
+[[Category:Ibru family|Alex]]