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{{Short description|Society where race is important}} |
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| ⚫ | A '''racialized society''' is a society where [[inequality|socioeconomic inequality]], [[residential segregation]] and low intermarriage rates are the norm, where |
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{{Use American English|date=December 2018}} |
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{{Globalize|date=April 2021}} |
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| ⚫ | A '''racialized society''' is a society where [[Economic inequality|socioeconomic inequality]], [[residential segregation]] and low intermarriage rates are the norm, where humans' definitions of [[personal identity]] and choices of intimate relationships reveal [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] distinctiveness. |
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A racialized society can also be said to be “a society that allocates differential [[economic]], [[political]], [[social]], and even [[psychological]] rewards to groups along perceived racial lines; lines that are [[socially constructed]].”<ref>Drew G.I. Hard [http://drewgihart.com/2009/11/19/racialized-society/ Racialized society] 2009-11-09</ref><ref>David K. Clark, Bethel University [http://www.bethel.edu/about-bu/reconciliation/position/sociological.html BARRC Sociological Theory]</ref> |
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A racialized society can also be said to be "a society that allocates differential [[economic]], [[political]], [[social]], and even [[psychological]] rewards to groups along perceived racial lines; lines that are [[Social constructionism|socially constructed]]."<ref>{{citation | last1 = Emerson | first1 = Michael O. | last2 = Smith | first2 = Christian | author-link2 = Christian Smith (sociologist) | contribution = Confronting the black-white racial divide | editor-last1 = Emerson | editor-first1 = Michael O. | editor-last2 = Smith | editor-first2 = Christian | editor-link2 = Christian Smith (sociologist) | title = Divided by faith: evangelical religion and the problem of race in America | page = 7 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780195147070 | postscript = .}}</ref><ref name=Clark>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=David K. |title=BARRC Sociological Theory |url=http://www.bethel.edu/about-bu/reconciliation/position/sociological.html |publisher=[[Bethel University (Minnesota)|Bethel University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703185224/http://www.bethel.edu/about-bu/reconciliation/position/sociological.html |archive-date=July 3, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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It is argued that racial/ethnic identity are not separate or autonomous categories and what is called 'racial categories' in the United States are actually [[racialized]] ethnic categories.<ref>Ramán Grosfoguel, |
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University of California, Berkeley, USA [http://etn.sagepub.com/content/4/3/315.short Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities?] December 1, 2011 11: 436-466</ref> |
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It is argued that racial/ethnic identity are not separate or autonomous categories and what is called 'racial categories' [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|in the United States]] are actually [[Racialization|racialized]] ethnic categories.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Grosfoguel | first = Ramán | title = Race and ethnicity or racialized ethnicities? Identities within global coloniality | journal = Ethnicities | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–336 | doi = 10.1177/1468796804045237 | date = September 2004 | s2cid = 145445798 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It is often said that social interaction is infused with a privileged |
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| ⚫ | United States society is considered by some a racialized society in which divisions between the racial/ethnic groups are given. [[Critical race theory]] argues that [[racism]] is normal and is engrained [sic] in the fabric and system of the [[American society]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spacrs.wordpress.com/what-is-critical-race-theory/ |title=What is critical race theory? |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher= Critical Race Studies, [[UCLA School of Public Affairs]] (via WordPress) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ladson-Billings | first = Gloria | title = Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education? | journal = International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–24 | doi = 10.1080/095183998236863 | date = January 1998 | s2cid = 53628887 }}</ref> There are ongoing racial disparities between races in the United States in employment, housing, religion, and [[race-conscious]] institutions.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shepherd | first1 = Gregory J. | last2 = St. John | first2 = Jeffrey | last3 = Striphas | first3 = Ted | title = Communication as ...:perspectives on theory | publisher = [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] | location = Thousand Oaks, California | year = 2006 | isbn = 9781412906586 }}</ref> Some scholars argue a "privileged/non-privileged dynamic" exists. This means that [[cultural practice]] assigns value and assumed competence to people who have certain characteristics or features. The social psychological approach maintains that prejudice socialized early in life feeds racial stereotypes.<ref name=Sears >{{cite book | last1 = Sears | first1 = David O. | last2 = Sidanius | first2 = Jim | last3 = Bobo | first3 = Lawrence D. | author-link1 = David O. Sears | author-link3 = Lawrence D. Bobo | title = Racialized politics: the debate about racism in America | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226744070 | url-access = registration | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780226744070 }} Contributors are [[Lawrence Bobo]], Gretchen C. Crosby, Michael C. Dawson, [[Christopher Federico]], P.J. Henry, John J. Hetts, Jennifer L. Hochschild, [[William G. Howell]], Michael Hughes, Donald R. Kinder, Rick Kosterman, [[Tali Mendelberg]], [[Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist)|Thomas F. Pettigrew]], Howard Schuman, [[David O. Sears]], James Sidanius, Pam Singh, [[Paul Sniderman|Paul M. Sniderman]], Marylee C. Taylor, and Steven A. Tuch.</ref><ref name=Clark /> |
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| ⚫ | Until the 1960s there was legal |
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Significant racial gaps in most domains of the quality of life continue to exist. Effect standards for the elimination of discrimination are often described as [[race-conscious]] remedies, have been intensely debated. Supporters argue that [[institutional racism]] have been so deeply and subtly embedded in the entire fabric of the American society that little would have changed if more proactive methods had not been used.<ref>David O. Sears (UCLA), James Sidainus (UCLA), Lawrence Bobo (Harvard) [http://books.google.hu/books?id=zoHbVRqlRiIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=hu#v=onepage&q&f=false Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America] University of Chicago Press, Publication Date: 2000-02-15; Contributors are Lawrence Bobo, Gretchen C. Crosby, Michael C. Dawson, Christopher Federico, P. J. Henry, John J. Hetts, Jennifer L. Hochschild, William G. Howell, Michael Hughes, Donald R. Kinder, Rick Kosterman, Tali Mendelberg, Thomas F. Pettigrew, Howard Schuman, David O. Sears, James Sidanius, Pam Singh, Paul M. Sniderman, Marylee C. Taylor, and Steven A. Tuch | ISBN 0226744078 | ISBN 978-0226744070 | Edition: 1</ref> |
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==See also== |
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| ⚫ | Until the 1960s there was legal racial [[discrimination in the United States]]. The end of legal discrimination produced major improvements, but scarcely was successful in wiping the slate clean of the many legacies of more than three centuries of formalized state supported inequality. Even after the era of official social discrimination and segregation the lingering residual practices kept [[African American]]s in lower-caste status. Racial problems were viewed as the nation's "most important problem" and many observers felt the United States was in a state of racial crisis. Racially related issues, such as welfare, crime, segregation, "permissive judges", affirmative action, group based rights, difference-blind treatment, and government regulation and state neutrality with respect to group, have been the subject of strenuous political debate and legislation in the past three decades. |
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* [[Racialization]] |
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Significant gaps between blacks and whites in most domains that measure the quality of life continue to exist. Effective standards designed to eliminate discrimination, often described as [[race-conscious]] remedies, have been intensely debated. Supporters argue that [[institutional racism]] is so deeply and subtly embedded in the fabric of American society that little would change if more proactive methods of eliminating discrimination had been used.<ref name=Sears /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Sociology]] |
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[[Category:Ethnicity]] |
[[Category:Ethnicity]] |
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[[Category:Race (human |
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:23, 10 March 2024
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (April 2021) |
A racialized society is a society where socioeconomic inequality, residential segregation and low intermarriage rates are the norm, where humans' definitions of personal identity and choices of intimate relationships reveal racial distinctiveness.
A racialized society is a society that has undergone strong racialization, where perceived race matters profoundly for life experiences, opportunities, and interpersonal relationships.
A racialized society can also be said to be "a society that allocates differential economic, political, social, and even psychological rewards to groups along perceived racial lines; lines that are socially constructed."[1][2]
United States
[edit]It is argued that racial/ethnic identity are not separate or autonomous categories and what is called 'racial categories' in the United States are actually racialized ethnic categories.[3]
United States society is considered by some a racialized society in which divisions between the racial/ethnic groups are given. Critical race theory argues that racism is normal and is engrained [sic] in the fabric and system of the American society.[4][5] There are ongoing racial disparities between races in the United States in employment, housing, religion, and race-conscious institutions.[6] Some scholars argue a "privileged/non-privileged dynamic" exists. This means that cultural practice assigns value and assumed competence to people who have certain characteristics or features. The social psychological approach maintains that prejudice socialized early in life feeds racial stereotypes.[7][2]
It is often said that social interaction is infused with a privileged / non-privileged dynamic which is defined by racial identity — is very complex issue. Racialization hurts both the privileged and the non-privileged, but hurts the non-privileged most.[2]
Until the 1960s there was legal racial discrimination in the United States. The end of legal discrimination produced major improvements, but scarcely was successful in wiping the slate clean of the many legacies of more than three centuries of formalized state supported inequality. Even after the era of official social discrimination and segregation the lingering residual practices kept African Americans in lower-caste status. Racial problems were viewed as the nation's "most important problem" and many observers felt the United States was in a state of racial crisis. Racially related issues, such as welfare, crime, segregation, "permissive judges", affirmative action, group based rights, difference-blind treatment, and government regulation and state neutrality with respect to group, have been the subject of strenuous political debate and legislation in the past three decades. Significant gaps between blacks and whites in most domains that measure the quality of life continue to exist. Effective standards designed to eliminate discrimination, often described as race-conscious remedies, have been intensely debated. Supporters argue that institutional racism is so deeply and subtly embedded in the fabric of American society that little would change if more proactive methods of eliminating discrimination had been used.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Emerson, Michael O.; Smith, Christian (2000), "Confronting the black-white racial divide", in Emerson, Michael O.; Smith, Christian (eds.), Divided by faith: evangelical religion and the problem of race in America, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, p. 7, ISBN 9780195147070.
- ^ a b c Clark, David K. "BARRC Sociological Theory". Bethel University. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Grosfoguel, Ramán (September 2004). "Race and ethnicity or racialized ethnicities? Identities within global coloniality". Ethnicities. 4 (3): 315–336. doi:10.1177/1468796804045237. S2CID 145445798.
- ^ "What is critical race theory?". Critical Race Studies, UCLA School of Public Affairs (via WordPress). 4 November 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Ladson-Billings, Gloria (January 1998). "Just what is critical race theory and what's it doing in a nice field like education?". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 11 (1): 7–24. doi:10.1080/095183998236863. S2CID 53628887.
- ^ Shepherd, Gregory J.; St. John, Jeffrey; Striphas, Ted (2006). Communication as ...:perspectives on theory. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. ISBN 9781412906586.
- ^ a b Sears, David O.; Sidanius, Jim; Bobo, Lawrence D. (2000). Racialized politics: the debate about racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226744070. Contributors are Lawrence Bobo, Gretchen C. Crosby, Michael C. Dawson, Christopher Federico, P.J. Henry, John J. Hetts, Jennifer L. Hochschild, William G. Howell, Michael Hughes, Donald R. Kinder, Rick Kosterman, Tali Mendelberg, Thomas F. Pettigrew, Howard Schuman, David O. Sears, James Sidanius, Pam Singh, Paul M. Sniderman, Marylee C. Taylor, and Steven A. Tuch.