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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
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'''MIPOL1 (Mirror Image Polydactyly 1)''', also known as '''CCDC193 ([[Coiled coil|Coiled-coil]] domain containing 193)''', is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MIPOL1'' gene <ref name="NCBIgene"> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/145282 NCBI Gene Mirror-Image Polydactyly 1]. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</ref>. [[Mutation]] of this gene is associated with [[Polydactyly|mirror-image polydactyly]] (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome <ref> [https://www.omim.org/entry/135750 OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>) in humans, which is a [[Rare genetic disease|rare genetic condition]] characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits <ref name="MIPOLoriginal"> Kondoh S, Sugawara H, Harada N, et al. A novel gene is disrupted at a 14q13 breakpoint of t(2;14) in a patient with mirror-image polydactyly of hands and feet. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(3):136-139. [https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg200223 doi:10.1007/s1003802000]15 </ref>.
{{#invoke:Infobox_gene|getTemplateData|QID=Q18051390}}
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'''MIPOL1 (Mirror Image Polydactyly 1)''', also known as '''CCDC193 ([[Coiled coil|Coiled-coil]] domain containing 193)''', is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''MIPOL1'' [[gene]].<ref name="NCBIgene"> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/145282 NCBI Gene Mirror-Image Polydactyly 1]. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MIPOL1 - Mirror-image polydactyly gene 1 protein - Homo sapiens (Human) - MIPOL1 gene & protein |url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TD10 |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=www.uniprot.org |publisher=[[Uniprot]]}}</ref> [[Mutation]] of this gene is associated with [[Polydactyly|mirror-image polydactyly]] (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome.<ref> [https://www.omim.org/entry/135750 OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>) in humans, which is a [[Rare genetic disease|rare genetic condition]] characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits.<ref name="MIPOLoriginal"> Kondoh S, Sugawara H, Harada N, et al. A novel gene is disrupted at a 14q13 breakpoint of t(2;14) in a patient with mirror-image polydactyly of hands and feet. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(3):136-139. [https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg200223 doi:10.1007/s1003802000] 15 </ref>


== Gene ==
== Gene ==
MIPOL1 is also known as CCDC193 (Coiled-coil domain containing 193).
[[File:Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 locus marked.png|thumb|600px|Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 gene locus marked in red <ref>Hubbard T, Barker D, Birney E, et al. "The Ensembl genome database project." Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(1):38-41. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11752248/ doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.38] </ref>]]
[[File:Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 locus marked.png|thumb|600px|Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 gene locus marked in red<ref>Hubbard T, Barker D, Birney E, et al. "The Ensembl genome database project." Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(1):38-41. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11752248/ doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.38] </ref>]]

===Locus===
===Locus===
The MIPOL1 gene is located at 14q13.3-q21.1 on the [[Sense (molecular biology)|plus strand]], spanning base pairs 37,197,888 to 37,579,207 (381,320 base pairs) and consists of 15 [[exons]] and 11 [[introns]]. Some notable genes in its neighborhood include [[SLC25A21]] (mutation of this gene causes [[synpolydactyly]] <ref> Meyertholen K, Ravnan JB, Matalon R. Identification of a Novel 14q13.3 Deletion Involving the SLC25A21 Gene Associated with Familial Synpolydactyly. Mol Syndromol. 2012;3(1):25-29. [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/339177 doi:10.1159/000339177] </ref>) and [[FOXA1]].
The MIPOL1 gene is located at 14q13.3-q21.1 on the [[Sense (molecular biology)|plus strand]], spanning base pairs 37,197,888 to 37,579,207 (in the human GRCh38 primary assembly, length: 381,320 base pairs), consisting of 15 [[exons]] and 11 [[introns]]. Some notable genes in its neighborhood include [[SLC25A21]] (mutation of this gene causes [[synpolydactyly]]<ref> Meyertholen K, Ravnan JB, Matalon R. Identification of a Novel 14q13.3 Deletion Involving the SLC25A21 Gene Associated with Familial Synpolydactyly. Mol Syndromol. 2012;3(1):25-29. [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/339177 doi:10.1159/000339177] </ref>) and [[FOXA1]].
[[File:Gene neighborhood of MIPOL1.jpg|thumb|500px|Gene neighborhood of MIPOL1]]


==mRNA==
MIPOL1 has at least 15 known [[Alternative splicing|splice isoforms]] produced by alternative splicing.<ref>[http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000151338;r=14:37197913-37552361 Ensembl Entry on MIPOL1.] Retrieved 30 July 2020</ref>


==Transcripts==
== Protein ==
<- Known isoforms (by name, size, exon usage, abundance)> Three mRNA isoforms (variants 1, 2, and 3) encode isoform 1 of the protein.

== Protein ==
===Properties===
===Properties===
The MIPOL1 protein isoform 1 in humans has an [[isoelectric point]] of 5.6 and molecular weight 51.5 kDa <ref> [https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/ ExPASy Compute pI/MW tool]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>. elative to other human proteins, MIPOL1 consists of unusually low amounts of [[Proline]] and [[Glycine]] and higher amounts of [[Glutamic acid]] and [[Glutamine]] <ref> [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/seqstats/saps/ SAPS (Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences) - Compositional Analysis]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>.
The unmodified MIPOL1 protein isoform 1 in humans has an [[isoelectric point]] of 5.6 and molecular weight 51.5 kDa.<ref> [https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/ ExPASy Compute pI/MW tool]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> Relative to other human proteins, MIPOL1 consists of unusually low amounts of [[Proline]] and [[Glycine]] and higher amounts of [[Glutamic acid]] and [[Glutamine]].<ref> [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/seqstats/saps/ SAPS (Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences) - Compositional Analysis]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>

===Isoforms===
===Isoforms===
There are at least three known [[Protein isoform|isoforms]] of this protein in humans produced by [[alternative splicing]]: isoform 1, of length 442 amino acids, isoform 2 of length 261 amino acids and isoform 3 of length 169 amino acids.
There are at least three known [[Protein isoform|isoforms]] of this protein in humans produced by [[alternative splicing]]: isoform 1, of length 442 amino acids, isoform 2 of length 261 amino acids and isoform 3 of length 169 amino acids.<ref name="NCBIgene"/>


[[File:Prosite MyDomains.jpg|thumb|500px|Fig.1. MIPOL1 domain diagram generated using Prosite MyDomains <ref> [https://prosite.expasy.org/cgi-bin/prosite/mydomains/ Prosite MyDomains tool]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>. The two coiled-coil domains are highlighted in blue. The green line indicates the Nuclear localization signal. Some important phosphorylation sites have been highlighted in red. Studies have shown that phosphorylation is an important modification for controlling nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling, and may therefore play an important role in sub-cellular localization of this protein <ref>Nardozzi, J. D., Lott, K., & Cingolani, G. (2010). Phosphorylation meets nuclear import: a review. Cell communication and signaling : CCS, 8, 32. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022542/ https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-8-32] </ref> O-GlcNACylation site has been highlighted in grey.]]
[[File:Prosite MyDomains.jpg|thumb|500px|Fig.1. MIPOL1 domain diagram generated using Prosite MyDomains.<ref> [https://prosite.expasy.org/cgi-bin/prosite/mydomains/ Prosite MyDomains tool]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> The two coiled-coil domains are highlighted in blue. The green line indicates the Nuclear localization signal. Some important phosphorylation sites have been highlighted in red. Studies have shown that phosphorylation is an important modification for controlling nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling, and may therefore play an important role in sub-cellular localization of this protein (by modifying the [[Nuclear localization sequence|NLS]] or [[Nuclear export signal|NES]])<ref>Nardozzi, J. D., Lott, K., & Cingolani, G. (2010). Phosphorylation meets nuclear import: a review. Cell communication and signaling : CCS, 8, 32. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022542/ https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-8-32] </ref> O-GlcNACylation site has been highlighted in grey.]]
[[File:Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal.png|thumb|300px|Fig.2.Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal in Mammalian orthologs (Hsa is human, Lve is Lipotes vexillifer (dolphin), and Mja is Manis javanica (Pangolin)]]
[[File:Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal.png|thumb|300px|Fig.2.Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal in Mammalian orthologs (Hsa is human, Lve is Lipotes vexillifer (dolphin), and Mja is Manis javanica (Pangolin)]]


===Domains and Motifs===
===Domains and motifs===
MIPOL1 contains two coiled-coil domains in its C-terminus at positions 107 – 212 and 253 – 435 <ref name="NCBIgene"/> (shown in Fig.1). A bipartite [[nuclear localization signal]] is predicted at position 128 – 143. <ref name="MyHits"/>.
MIPOL1 contains two [[coiled-coil]] domains in its C-terminus at positions 107 – 212 and 253 – 435<ref name="NCBIgene"/> (shown in Fig.1). A bipartite [[nuclear localization signal]] is predicted at position 128 – 143.<ref name="MyHits"/>


[[File:Conceptual translation with the most important features.pdf|thumb|center|600px|Fig.3. Annotated conceptual translation of MIPOL1 isoform 1 showing the most important features.The underlined parts represent the coiled-coil domains. Bolded amino acids are highly conserved even in orthologs as distant as Cnidarians. Other bracketed regions show conserved protein family regions identified such as COG1196 and COG 4372. Exon boundaries are highlighted in blue. Bipartite nuclear localization signal is highlighted in blue. Parts of the protein absent in other isoforms have been highlighted.]]
[[File:Conceptual translation with the most important features.pdf|thumb|center|600px|Fig.3. Annotated conceptual translation of MIPOL1 isoform 1 showing the most important features. The underlined parts represent the coiled-coil domains. Bolded amino acids are highly conserved even in orthologs as distant as Cnidarians. Other bracketed regions show conserved protein family regions identified such as COG1196 and COG 4372. Exon boundaries are highlighted in blue. Bipartite nuclear localization signal is highlighted in blue. Parts of the protein absent in other isoforms have been highlighted.]]


=== Post-translational Modifications ===
=== Post-translational modifications ===
The following [[post-translational modifications]] are predicted using [[bioinformatics]] tools for MIPOL1 <ref> [https://www.expasy.org/proteomics/post-translational_modification Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ExPASy Portal]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>. Multiple [[Protein phosphorylation|phosphorylation]] sites are predicted for this protein, that are conserved in close orthologs, including a [[Casein kinase 1]] (CK1) site, three [[Casein kinase 2]] (CK2) sites, and three [[NEK2]] sites <ref> [http://elm.eu.org/ Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>.
The following [[post-translational modifications]] are predicted using [[bioinformatics]] tools for MIPOL1.<ref> [https://www.expasy.org/proteomics/post-translational_modification Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ExPASy Portal]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref> Multiple [[Protein phosphorylation|phosphorylation]] sites are predicted for this protein, that are conserved in close orthologs, including a [[Casein kinase 1]] (CK1) site, three [[Casein kinase 2]] (CK2) sites, and three [[NEK2]] sites.<ref> [http://elm.eu.org/ Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Table 1: Prediction of potential Post-translational modification sites in Human MIPOL1 using Bioinformatics tools
|+ Table 1: Prediction of potential Post-translational modification sites in Human MIPOL1 using Bioinformatics tools
Line 31: Line 36:
! Post-translational modification !! Amino acid site !! Prediction tool
! Post-translational modification !! Amino acid site !! Prediction tool
|-
|-
| [[Protein phosphorylation|Phosphorylation]] || Ser (37, 42, 69, 75, 105, 126, 205, 275, 344, 350, 364, 412), Thr (80, 251, 259, 338, 365, 396, 435, 437, 440), Tyr (77, 83) || MyHits <ref name="MyHits"> [https://myhits.sib.swiss/cgi-bin/motif_scan Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics MyHits Motif Scan]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>, NetPhos <ref> [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/ NetPhos 3.1]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
| [[Protein phosphorylation|Phosphorylation]] || Ser (37, 42, 69, 75, 105, 126, 205, 275, 344, 350, 364, 412), Thr (80, 251, 259, 338, 365, 396, 435, 437, 440), Tyr (77, 83) || MyHits,<ref name="MyHits"> [https://myhits.sib.swiss/cgi-bin/motif_scan Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics MyHits Motif Scan]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> NetPhos<ref> [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/ NetPhos 3.1]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
|-
|-
| [[O-linked glycosylation]] || Ser (34, 105, 294, 344, 412), Thr (155, 293) || NetOGlyc <ref>[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/ NetOGlyc]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
| [[O-linked glycosylation]] || Ser (34, 105, 294, 344, 412), Thr (155, 293) || NetOGlyc<ref>[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/ NetOGlyc]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
|-
|-
| [[O-GlcNAcylation]] || Thr (104) || YinOYang <ref> [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang/ YinOYang]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
| [[O-GlcNAcylation]] || Thr (104) || YinOYang<ref> [http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang/ YinOYang]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
|-
|-
| [[Glycation]] || Lys (6, 41, 133, 207, 347, 421) || NetGlycate <ref>[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/ NetGlycate]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>
| [[Glycation]] || Lys (6, 41, 133, 207, 347, 421) || NetGlycate<ref>[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/ NetGlycate]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>
|-
|-
| [[SUMOylation]] || Lys (136, 147) || GPS-SUMO <ref>[http://sumosp.biocuckoo.org/ GPS-SUMO]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
| [[SUMOylation]] || Lys (136, 147) || GPS-SUMO<ref>[http://sumosp.biocuckoo.org/ GPS-SUMO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510131129/http://sumosp.biocuckoo.org/ |date=2013-05-10 }}. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Ubiquitination]] || Lys (22, 47, 133, 162, 314, 418) || BDM-PUB <ref>[http://bdmpub.biocuckoo.org/ BDM-PUB]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
| [[Ubiquitination]] || Lys (22, 47, 133, 162, 314, 418) || BDM-PUB<ref>[http://bdmpub.biocuckoo.org/ BDM-PUB]. Retrieved 27 July 2020 </ref>
|}
|}


[[File:I-TASSER Model v3.jpg|thumb|400px|Fig.4.Tertiary structure of MIPOL1 generated using I-TASSER <ref name="I-TASSER">[https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/ I-TASSER Server for protein structure and function prediction]. Retrived 20 July 2020 </ref>: Blue represents the N-terminus, Red represents the C-terminus]]
[[File:I-TASSER Model v3.jpg|thumb|400px|Fig.4.Tertiary structure of MIPOL1 generated using I-TASSER:<ref name="I-TASSER">[https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/ I-TASSER Server for protein structure and function prediction]. Retrieved 20 July 2020 </ref> Blue represents the N-terminus, Red represents the C-terminus]]

=== Structure===
=== Structure ===
The exact structure of the MIPOL1 has not been characterized. [[Sequence homology|Homology]]-based and [[De novo protein structure prediction|de novo predictions]] of its [[Protein tertiary structure|tertiary structure]] suggest that it may consist of inter-twined [[alpha helices]], forming [[Coiled coil|coiled-coil domains]] (see Fig.4. <ref> [https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_lupas.html Coiled-coil prediction]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> <ref name="I-TASSER"/>
The exact structure of the MIPOL1 has not yet been characterized. [[Sequence homology|Homology]]-based and [[De novo protein structure prediction|de novo predictions]] of its [[Protein tertiary structure|tertiary structure]] suggest that it may consist of inter-twined [[alpha helices]], forming [[Coiled coil|coiled-coil domains]] (see Fig.4.).<ref> [https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_lupas.html Coiled-coil prediction]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref><ref name="I-TASSER"/>


===Sub-cellular localization===
===Sub-cellular localization===
[[Immunofluorescence]] imaging in the human [https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/human-bone-osteosarcoma-epithelial-cells-u2os-line#:~:text=The%20U2OS%20cell%20line%2C%20originally,differentiated%20sarcoma%20of%20the%20tibia U2OS cell line (bone Osteosarcoma epithelial cells)] shows localization in the cytosol <ref> [https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/MIPOL1-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-65599 Thermo Fisher Scientific anti-MIPOL1 Antibody produced in rabbit (PA5-65599)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>. [[Immunohistochemistry]] imaging of human prostate tissue also suggests cytosolic localization <ref> [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/hpa002893?lang=en&region=US Sigma Aldrich anti-MIPOL1 polyclonal antibody produced in rabbit (HPA002893)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>. A bipartite [[nuclear localization signal]] is predicted at position 128 – 143, which is highly conserved in mammalian orthologs (see Fig.2.), indicating possible localization in the [[Nucleus (cell)|nucleus]] <ref name="MyHits"/>.
[[Immunofluorescence]] imaging in the human [https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/human-bone-osteosarcoma-epithelial-cells-u2os-line#:~:text=The%20U2OS%20cell%20line%2C%20originally,differentiated%20sarcoma%20of%20the%20tibia U2OS cell line (bone Osteosarcoma epithelial cells)] shows localization in the cytosol.<ref> [https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/MIPOL1-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-65599 Thermo Fisher Scientific anti-MIPOL1 Antibody produced in rabbit (PA5-65599)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> [[Immunohistochemistry]] imaging of human prostate tissue also suggests cytosolic localization.<ref> [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/hpa002893?lang=en&region=US Sigma Aldrich anti-MIPOL1 polyclonal antibody produced in rabbit (HPA002893)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref> A bipartite [[nuclear localization signal]] is predicted at position 128 – 143, which is highly conserved in mammalian orthologs (see Fig.2.), indicating possible localization in the [[Nucleus (cell)|nucleus]].<ref name="MyHits"/>


==Gene Regulation==
==Gene regulation==
The predicted [[Promoter (genetics)|promoter]] sequence for this gene spans from base pair 37196852 to 37198126 (1,275 bp) and has multiple predicted binding sites for [[transcription factors]] such as [[GATA transcription factor|GATA binding factors]], [[SMAD3]], [[TP63]] and [[NRF1]] <ref> [https://www.genomatix.de/ ElDorado Genomatix regulatory analysis tools]. Retrieved 13 July 2020. </ref>.
The predicted [[Promoter (genetics)|promoter]] sequence for this gene spans from base pair 37196852 to 37198126 (1,275 bp) and has multiple predicted binding sites for [[transcription factors]] such as [[GATA transcription factor|GATA binding factors]], [[SMAD3]], [[TP63]] and [[NRF1]].<ref>[https://www.genomatix.de/ ElDorado Genomatix regulatory analysis tools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010224072831/http://www.genomatix.de/ |date=2001-02-24 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</ref>

== Gene Expression==
== Gene Expression ==
MIPOL1 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in humans, with highest expression in the [[prostate]] <ref name="NCBIgene"/>.
MIPOL1 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in humans, with highest expression in the [[prostate]].<ref name="NCBIgene"/>


==Transcript regulation==
==Transcript regulation==
The [[RNA secondary structure]] is stabilized by multiple [[Stem-loop structure|stem loops]] that have been predicted (using bioinformatics tools), and conserved across closely-related species. Multiple binding targets are found for [[microRNAs]] such as [[MIR3173|MIR3163]] and [[Mir-190 microRNA precursor family|MIR190a]], that could silence these regions on the mRNA and inhibit [[translation]] <ref> [http://mirdb.org/index.html miRDB microRNA database]. Retrieved 2 July 2020. </ref>.
The [[RNA secondary structure]] is stabilized by multiple [[Stem-loop structure|stem loops]] that have been predicted (using bioinformatics tools<ref> [http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?q=mfold/RNA-Folding-Form RNA secondary structure prediction.] Retrieved 13 July 2020. </ref>), and conserved across closely related species. Multiple binding targets are found for [[microRNAs]] such as [[MIR3173|MIR3163]] and [[Mir-190 microRNA precursor family|MIR190a]], that could silence these regions on the mRNA and inhibit [[translation]].<ref>[http://mirdb.org/index.html miRDB microRNA database]. Retrieved 2 July 2020. </ref>


== Clinical Significance ==
== Clinical significance ==
The MIPOL1 gene is an [[autosomal dominant]] gene <ref name="OMIM_MIPOL1"/> . It is one of six genes in humans causing non-syndromic [[polydactyly]] (i.e. polydactyly occurring as a separate event with no other associated anomalies)<ref> Umair M, Ahmad F, Bilal M, Ahmad W, Alfadhel M. Clinical Genetics of Polydactyly: An Updated Review. Front Genet. 2018;9:447. Published 2018 Nov 6. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00447/full doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00447]</ref>. Mutation of this gene is associated with [[Polydactyly|mirror-image polydactyly]] (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome <ref name="OMIM_MIPOL1"> [https://www.omim.org/entry/135750 OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>) in humans, which is a rare [[genetic condition]] characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits in hands and feet. <ref name="MIPOLoriginal"/>
The MIPOL1 gene is an [[autosomal dominant]] gene.<ref name="OMIM_MIPOL1"/> It is one of six genes in humans causing non-syndromic [[polydactyly]] (i.e. polydactyly occurring as a separate event with no other associated anomalies).<ref> Umair M, Ahmad F, Bilal M, Ahmad W, Alfadhel M. Clinical Genetics of Polydactyly: An Updated Review. Front Genet. 2018;9:447. Published 2018 Nov 6. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00447/full doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00447]</ref> Mutation of this gene is associated with [[Polydactyly|mirror-image polydactyly]] (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome<ref name="OMIM_MIPOL1"> [https://www.omim.org/entry/135750 OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly)]. Retrieved 27 July 2020</ref>) in humans, which is a rare [[genetic condition]] characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits in hands and feet.<ref name="MIPOLoriginal"/>
This gene has also been associated with [[central nervous system]] development, and the loss of this gene can cause [[craniofacial]] defects and agenesis of the [[corpus callosum]] <ref> Shaffer JR, Orlova E, Lee MK, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Influencing Normal Human Facial Morphology. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(8):e1006149. Published 2016 Aug 25. [https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149] </ref>.
This gene has also been associated with [[central nervous system]] development, and the loss of this gene can cause [[craniofacial]] defects and agenesis of the [[corpus callosum]].<ref>Shaffer JR, Orlova E, Lee MK, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Influencing Normal Human Facial Morphology. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(8):e1006149. Published 2016 Aug 25. [https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149]</ref>


The gene is shown to function as a [[tumor suppressor]] in [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] (NPC), through the [[up-regulation]] of the [[p21]] ([[WAF1]]/CIP1) and [[P27 (gene)|p27]] (proteins that are both [[cyclin-dependent kinases]] that are linked with tumor suppression via [[cell cycle]] arrest) pathways. Another study investigating the role of MIPOL1 gene in cancer progression reported that MIPOL1 was downregulated in NPC tumor tissues, and that artificially re-expressing the gene caused [[tumor suppression]] by down-regulating [[angiogenic]] factors and reducing the phosphorylation of [[metastasis]] associated proteins like [[AKT]], [[RELA|p65]] and [[PTK2|FAK14]]. MIPOL1 interacts with another well-known [[tumor-suppressing gene]], [[RhoB]] and this interaction was confirmed to enhance RhoB activity.
The gene is shown to function as a [[tumor suppressor]] in [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] (NPC), through the [[up-regulation]] of the [[p21]] ([[WAF1]]/CIP1) and [[P27 (gene)|p27]] (proteins that are both [[cyclin-dependent kinases]] that are linked with tumor suppression via [[cell cycle]] arrest) pathways.<ref> Cheung AK, Lung HL, Ko JM, et al. Chromosome 14 transfer and functional studies identify a candidate tumor suppressor gene, mirror image polydactyly 1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(34):14478-14483. [https://www.pnas.org/content/106/34/14478 doi:10.1073/pnas.0900198106] </ref> Another study investigating the role of MIPOL1 gene in cancer progression reported that MIPOL1 was downregulated in NPC tumor tissues, and that artificially re-expressing the gene caused [[tumor suppression]] by down-regulating [[angiogenic]] factors and reducing the phosphorylation of [[metastasis]] associated proteins like [[AKT]], [[RELA|p65]] and [[PTK2|FAK14]].<ref>Leong MML, Cheung AKL, Kwok TCT, Lung ML. Functional characterization of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, Mirror Image Polydactyly 1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(10):2891-2900. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijc.32732 doi:10.1002/ijc.32732] </ref> MIPOL1 interacts with another well-known [[tumor-suppressing gene]], [[RhoB]] and this interaction was confirmed to enhance RhoB activity.


In a study of pediatric high grade [[glioma]] (pHGG), MIPOL1 gene was found to be down-regulated 2.4-fold in the high [[vascularity]] tumors <ref> Smith SJ, Tilly H, Ward JH, et al. CD105 (Endoglin) exerts prognostic effects via its role in the microvascular niche of paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124(1):99-110. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00401-012-0952-1 doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0952-1] </ref>.
In a study of pediatric high grade [[glioma]] (pHGG), MIPOL1 gene was found to be down-regulated 2.4-fold in the high [[vascularity]] tumors<ref> Smith SJ, Tilly H, Ward JH, et al. CD105 (Endoglin) exerts prognostic effects via its role in the microvascular niche of paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124(1):99-110. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00401-012-0952-1 doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0952-1] </ref>


The protein is known to interact with Replicase polyprotein 1ab in [[SARS-CoV2]], which is a protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs <ref name="SARS-CoV2replicase/> .
The protein is known to interact with Replicase polyprotein 1ab in [[SARS-CoV2]], which is a protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.<ref name="SARS-CoV2replicase"/>


==Interacting Proteins ==
=== Interacting proteins ===
This protein is known to interact with multiple human proteins, verified via [[two-hybrid screening]]. A few notable examples include:
This protein is known to interact with multiple human proteins, verified via [[two-hybrid screening]]. A few notable examples include:


RCOR3 (REST Corepressor 3): A protein that may act as a component of a [[co-repressor]] complex that represses [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] <ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9P2K3 UniProt entry on RCOR3]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
[[LATS2]]: Negatively regulates [[YAP1]] in the [[Hippo signaling pathway]] that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and [[tumor suppression]] by restricting [[cell proliferation]] and promoting [[apoptosis]].<ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRM7 UniProt entry on LATS2]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>


[[LATS2]]: Negatively regulates [[YAP1]] in the [[Hippo signaling pathway]] that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and [[tumor suppression]] by restricting [[cell proliferation]] and promoting [[apoptosis]]. <ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRM7 UniProt entry on LATS2]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
[[ZGPAT]] (Zinc finger CCCH-type with G patch domain-containing protein): A transcription [[repressor]] that negatively regulates expression of [[EGFR (gene)|EGFR]], a gene involved in [[cell proliferation]], survival and migration, suggesting that it may act as a [[tumor suppressor]].<ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N5A5 UniProt entry on ZGPAT]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>


[[ZGPAT]] (Zinc finger CCCH-type with G patch domain-containing protein): A transcription [[repressor]] that negatively regulates expression of [[EGFR (gene)|EGFR]], a gene involved in [[cell proliferation]], survival and migration, suggesting that it may act as a [[tumor suppressor]]. <ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N5A5 UniProt entry on ZGPAT]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
RCOR3 (REST Corepressor 3): A protein that may act as a component of a [[co-repressor]] complex that represses [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]]<ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9P2K3 UniProt entry on RCOR3]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>


It also interacts with viral proteins such as:
It also interacts with viral proteins such as:


Replicase polyprotein 1ab ([[SARS-CoV2]]): A multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs. <ref name="SARS-CoV2replicase> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0C6X7 UniProt entry on Replicase 1ab]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
Replicase polyprotein 1ab ([[SARS-CoV2]]): A multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.<ref name="SARS-CoV2replicase"> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0C6X7 UniProt entry on Replicase 1ab]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>


[[Papillomaviridae#E7|Protein E7]] ([[Human Papillomavirus]]): Plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle. <ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03129 UniProt entry on protein E7]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>
[[Papillomaviridae#E7|Protein E7]] ([[Human Papillomavirus]]): Plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle.<ref> [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03129 UniProt entry on protein E7]. Retrieved 27 July 2020. </ref>


== Origin and Evolution ==
== Origin and evolution ==
The earliest known [[ortholog]] of this protein appeared around 948 million years ago in Trichoplax adhaerens in phylum [[Placozoa]] in kingdom [[Animalia]]. The next most distant orthologs appear in phylum Cnidaria, around 824 million years ago.
The earliest known [[ortholog]] of this protein appeared around 948 million years ago in Trichoplax adhaerens in phylum [[Placozoa]] in kingdom [[Animalia]]. The next most distant orthologs appear in phylum Cnidaria, around 824 million years ago.

===Homology===
=== Sequence Homology ===
The MIPOL1 protein has no known [[paralogs]].
The MIPOL1 protein has no known [[paralogs]] in humans and other species for which orthologs have been found, therefore, it is the only member of its [[gene family]].
There are more than 300 known orthologs of the MIPOL1 protein in Animalia, ranging from [[primates]] to [[corals]] and [[sea anemones]] in phylum Cnidaria <ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/145282/ortholog/?scope=7898 NCBI entry on MIPOL1 orthologs.] Retrieved 30 June 2020. </ref>. Orthologs of the protein were found in species as distant as Trichoplax adhaerens, a simple primitive invertebrate species. Table 2 shows a sample of the ortholog space.
There are more than 300 known orthologs of the MIPOL1 protein in Animalia, ranging from [[primates]] to [[corals]] and [[sea anemones]] in phylum Cnidaria.<ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/145282/ortholog/?scope=7898 NCBI entry on MIPOL1 orthologs.] Retrieved 30 June 2020</ref> Orthologs of the protein were found in species as distant as Trichoplax adhaerens, a simple primitive invertebrate species. Table 2 shows a sample of the ortholog space.


Closely related orthologs are found in chordates such as [[mammals]], [[reptiles]], [[birds]] and [[amphibians]], with sequence similarities greater than 70%. Sequence lengths of orthologs were similar to the human MIPOL1 protein, with no significant [[gene duplication]] observed.
Closely related orthologs are found in chordates such as [[mammals]], [[reptiles]], [[birds]] and [[amphibians]], with sequence similarities greater than 70%. Sequence lengths of orthologs were similar to the human MIPOL1 protein, with no significant [[gene duplication]] observed.


Organisms with sequence similarities in the 55-70% range (moderately related orthologs) were found in [[bony fish]], [[cartilaginous fish]] and [[coelacanths]]. Sequence length is generally longer in these species, with a longer amino acid sequence in the N-terminus (alignment with human protein occurs around amino acid 100).
Organisms with sequence similarities in the 55-70% range (moderately related orthologs) were found in [[bony fish]], [[cartilaginous fish]] and [[coelacanths]]. Sequence length is generally longer in these species, with a longer amino acid sequence in the N-terminus (alignment with human protein occurs around amino acid 100).
Line 98: Line 106:
Distantly related orthologs with similarities less than 50% (around 30 – 40%) are found in [[hemichordates]], [[echinoderms]], [[arthropods]], [[molluscs]], [[cnidaria]] and [[placozoa]]. Multiple sequence alignment with distant orthologs indicates poor alignment in the N-terminus of the protein.
Distantly related orthologs with similarities less than 50% (around 30 – 40%) are found in [[hemichordates]], [[echinoderms]], [[arthropods]], [[molluscs]], [[cnidaria]] and [[placozoa]]. Multiple sequence alignment with distant orthologs indicates poor alignment in the N-terminus of the protein.


Two COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) domains were found in this protein (see Fig.3): COG1196 at position 106 - 340 (Chromosome segregation ATPase <ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/COG1196 NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG1196]. Retrieved 10 June 2020. </ref> ) and COG4372 at 259 - 431 (uncharacterized conserved protein containing a DUF3084 domain <ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/COG4372 NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG4372]. Retrieved 10 June 2020. </ref>) <ref> Tatusov, R. L., Galperin, M. Y., Natale, D. A., & Koonin, E. V. (2000). The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic acids research, 28(1), 33–36. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC102395/ https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.33]</ref>.
Two COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) domains were found in this protein (see Fig.3): COG1196 at position 106 - 340 (Chromosome segregation ATPase<ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/COG1196 NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG1196]. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</ref>) and COG4372 at 259 - 431 (uncharacterized conserved protein containing a DUF3084 domain<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/COG4372 NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG4372]. Retrieved 10 June 2020</ref>)<ref>Tatusov, R. L., Galperin, M. Y., Natale, D. A., & Koonin, E. V. (2000). The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic acids research, 28(1), 33–36. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC102395/ https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.33]</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Table 2: MIPOL1 Ortholog space
|+ Table 2: MIPOL1 Ortholog space
|-
|-
! Species !! Organism Common Name !! NCBI Accession !! Date of Divergence from humans (MYA) <ref> [http://www.timetree.org/ Time tree: Approximate divergence between two taxa]. Retrieved 30 June 2020. </ref> !! Sequence length (AAs) !! Sequence Identity to human protein (%)
! Species !! Organism Common Name !! NCBI Accession !! Date of Divergence from humans (MYA)<ref> [http://www.timetree.org/ Time tree: Approximate divergence between two taxa]. Retrieved 30 June 2020. </ref>!! Sequence length (AAs) !! Sequence Identity to human protein (%)
|-
|-
| ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' || [[Human]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001182226.1 NP_001182226.1] || 0|| 442 || 100
| ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' || [[Human]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001182226.1 NP_001182226.1] || 0|| 442 || 100
Line 133: Line 141:
| ''[[Saccoglossus kowalevskii]]''|| [[Acorn worm]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_006815617.1 XP_006815617.1] || 684 || 666 || 23.3
| ''[[Saccoglossus kowalevskii]]''|| [[Acorn worm]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_006815617.1 XP_006815617.1] || 684 || 666 || 23.3
|-
|-
| ''[[Asterias rubens]]'' || [[Common starfish]] ||  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_033636481.1 XP_033636481.1] || 684 || 646 || 22.2
| ''[[Asterias rubens]]'' || [[Common starfish]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_033636481.1 XP_033636481.1] || 684 || 646 || 22.2
|-
|-
| ''[[Limulus polyphemus]]'' || [[Atlantic horseshoe crab]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_022249371.1 XP_022249371.1] || 797 || 579 || 19.2
| ''[[Limulus polyphemus]]'' || [[Atlantic horseshoe crab]] || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_022249371.1 XP_022249371.1] || 797 || 579 || 19.2
Line 150: Line 158:
Using a linear regression analysis on a plot of corrected percent divergence (amino acid changes per 100 amino acids) as a function of date of divergence from humans for different MIPOL1 orthologs (see Fig.5), it is estimated that a 1% change in amino acids in the MIPOL1 protein takes 5.68 million years. MIPOL1 protein is evolving at a moderate rate relative to fast evolving protein such as [[Fibrinogen alpha chain|fibrinogen alpha]], and slow evolving proteins such as [[cytochrome C]].
Using a linear regression analysis on a plot of corrected percent divergence (amino acid changes per 100 amino acids) as a function of date of divergence from humans for different MIPOL1 orthologs (see Fig.5), it is estimated that a 1% change in amino acids in the MIPOL1 protein takes 5.68 million years. MIPOL1 protein is evolving at a moderate rate relative to fast evolving protein such as [[Fibrinogen alpha chain|fibrinogen alpha]], and slow evolving proteins such as [[cytochrome C]].


⚫
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Proteins]]



⚫
== References ==

Latest revision as of 08:44, 10 March 2024

MIPOL1
Identifiers
AliasesMIPOL1, CCDC193, mirror-image polydactyly 1
External IDsOMIM: 606850; MGI: 1920740; HomoloGene: 16340; GeneCards: MIPOL1; OMA:MIPOL1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

145282

73490

Ensembl

ENSG00000151338

ENSMUSG00000047022

UniProt

Q8TD10
Q4G0U7

Q9D9F8

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001164370

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001182225
NP_001182226
NP_620059
NP_001182226.1
NP_620059.1

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 37.2 – 37.55 MbChr 12: 57.28 – 57.54 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

MIPOL1 (Mirror Image Polydactyly 1), also known as CCDC193 (Coiled-coil domain containing 193), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIPOL1 gene.[5][6] Mutation of this gene is associated with mirror-image polydactyly (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome.[7]) in humans, which is a rare genetic condition characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits.[8]

Gene

[edit]

MIPOL1 is also known as CCDC193 (Coiled-coil domain containing 193).

Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 gene locus marked in red[9]

Locus

[edit]

The MIPOL1 gene is located at 14q13.3-q21.1 on the plus strand, spanning base pairs 37,197,888 to 37,579,207 (in the human GRCh38 primary assembly, length: 381,320 base pairs), consisting of 15 exons and 11 introns. Some notable genes in its neighborhood include SLC25A21 (mutation of this gene causes synpolydactyly[10]) and FOXA1.

Gene neighborhood of MIPOL1

mRNA

[edit]

MIPOL1 has at least 15 known splice isoforms produced by alternative splicing.[11]

Protein

[edit]

Properties

[edit]

The unmodified MIPOL1 protein isoform 1 in humans has an isoelectric point of 5.6 and molecular weight 51.5 kDa.[12] Relative to other human proteins, MIPOL1 consists of unusually low amounts of Proline and Glycine and higher amounts of Glutamic acid and Glutamine.[13]

Isoforms

[edit]

There are at least three known isoforms of this protein in humans produced by alternative splicing: isoform 1, of length 442 amino acids, isoform 2 of length 261 amino acids and isoform 3 of length 169 amino acids.[5]

Fig.1. MIPOL1 domain diagram generated using Prosite MyDomains.[14] The two coiled-coil domains are highlighted in blue. The green line indicates the Nuclear localization signal. Some important phosphorylation sites have been highlighted in red. Studies have shown that phosphorylation is an important modification for controlling nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling, and may therefore play an important role in sub-cellular localization of this protein (by modifying the NLS or NES)[15] O-GlcNACylation site has been highlighted in grey.
Fig.2.Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal in Mammalian orthologs (Hsa is human, Lve is Lipotes vexillifer (dolphin), and Mja is Manis javanica (Pangolin)

Domains and motifs

[edit]

MIPOL1 contains two coiled-coil domains in its C-terminus at positions 107 – 212 and 253 – 435[5] (shown in Fig.1). A bipartite nuclear localization signal is predicted at position 128 – 143.[16]

Fig.3. Annotated conceptual translation of MIPOL1 isoform 1 showing the most important features. The underlined parts represent the coiled-coil domains. Bolded amino acids are highly conserved even in orthologs as distant as Cnidarians. Other bracketed regions show conserved protein family regions identified such as COG1196 and COG 4372. Exon boundaries are highlighted in blue. Bipartite nuclear localization signal is highlighted in blue. Parts of the protein absent in other isoforms have been highlighted.

Post-translational modifications

[edit]

The following post-translational modifications are predicted using bioinformatics tools for MIPOL1.[17] Multiple phosphorylation sites are predicted for this protein, that are conserved in close orthologs, including a Casein kinase 1 (CK1) site, three Casein kinase 2 (CK2) sites, and three NEK2 sites.[18]

Table 1: Prediction of potential Post-translational modification sites in Human MIPOL1 using Bioinformatics tools
Post-translational modification Amino acid site Prediction tool
Phosphorylation Ser (37, 42, 69, 75, 105, 126, 205, 275, 344, 350, 364, 412), Thr (80, 251, 259, 338, 365, 396, 435, 437, 440), Tyr (77, 83) MyHits,[16] NetPhos[19]
O-linked glycosylation Ser (34, 105, 294, 344, 412), Thr (155, 293) NetOGlyc[20]
O-GlcNAcylation Thr (104) YinOYang[21]
Glycation Lys (6, 41, 133, 207, 347, 421) NetGlycate[22]
SUMOylation Lys (136, 147) GPS-SUMO[23]
Ubiquitination Lys (22, 47, 133, 162, 314, 418) BDM-PUB[24]
Fig.4.Tertiary structure of MIPOL1 generated using I-TASSER:[25] Blue represents the N-terminus, Red represents the C-terminus

Structure

[edit]

The exact structure of the MIPOL1 has not yet been characterized. Homology-based and de novo predictions of its tertiary structure suggest that it may consist of inter-twined alpha helices, forming coiled-coil domains (see Fig.4.).[26][25]

Sub-cellular localization

[edit]

Immunofluorescence imaging in the human U2OS cell line (bone Osteosarcoma epithelial cells) shows localization in the cytosol.[27] Immunohistochemistry imaging of human prostate tissue also suggests cytosolic localization.[28] A bipartite nuclear localization signal is predicted at position 128 – 143, which is highly conserved in mammalian orthologs (see Fig.2.), indicating possible localization in the nucleus.[16]

Gene regulation

[edit]

The predicted promoter sequence for this gene spans from base pair 37196852 to 37198126 (1,275 bp) and has multiple predicted binding sites for transcription factors such as GATA binding factors, SMAD3, TP63 and NRF1.[29]

Gene Expression

[edit]

MIPOL1 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in humans, with highest expression in the prostate.[5]

Transcript regulation

[edit]

The RNA secondary structure is stabilized by multiple stem loops that have been predicted (using bioinformatics tools[30]), and conserved across closely related species. Multiple binding targets are found for microRNAs such as MIR3163 and MIR190a, that could silence these regions on the mRNA and inhibit translation.[31]

Clinical significance

[edit]

The MIPOL1 gene is an autosomal dominant gene.[32] It is one of six genes in humans causing non-syndromic polydactyly (i.e. polydactyly occurring as a separate event with no other associated anomalies).[33] Mutation of this gene is associated with mirror-image polydactyly (also known as Laurin-Sandrow syndrome[32]) in humans, which is a rare genetic condition characterized by mirror-image duplication of digits in hands and feet.[8]

This gene has also been associated with central nervous system development, and the loss of this gene can cause craniofacial defects and agenesis of the corpus callosum.[34]

The gene is shown to function as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), through the up-regulation of the p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and p27 (proteins that are both cyclin-dependent kinases that are linked with tumor suppression via cell cycle arrest) pathways.[35] Another study investigating the role of MIPOL1 gene in cancer progression reported that MIPOL1 was downregulated in NPC tumor tissues, and that artificially re-expressing the gene caused tumor suppression by down-regulating angiogenic factors and reducing the phosphorylation of metastasis associated proteins like AKT, p65 and FAK14.[36] MIPOL1 interacts with another well-known tumor-suppressing gene, RhoB and this interaction was confirmed to enhance RhoB activity.

In a study of pediatric high grade glioma (pHGG), MIPOL1 gene was found to be down-regulated 2.4-fold in the high vascularity tumors[37]

The protein is known to interact with Replicase polyprotein 1ab in SARS-CoV2, which is a protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.[38]

Interacting proteins

[edit]

This protein is known to interact with multiple human proteins, verified via two-hybrid screening. A few notable examples include:

LATS2: Negatively regulates YAP1 in the Hippo signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis.[39]

ZGPAT (Zinc finger CCCH-type with G patch domain-containing protein): A transcription repressor that negatively regulates expression of EGFR, a gene involved in cell proliferation, survival and migration, suggesting that it may act as a tumor suppressor.[40]

RCOR3 (REST Corepressor 3): A protein that may act as a component of a co-repressor complex that represses transcription[41]

It also interacts with viral proteins such as:

Replicase polyprotein 1ab (SARS-CoV2): A multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs.[38]

Protein E7 (Human Papillomavirus): Plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle.[42]

Origin and evolution

[edit]

The earliest known ortholog of this protein appeared around 948 million years ago in Trichoplax adhaerens in phylum Placozoa in kingdom Animalia. The next most distant orthologs appear in phylum Cnidaria, around 824 million years ago.

Sequence Homology

[edit]

The MIPOL1 protein has no known paralogs in humans and other species for which orthologs have been found, therefore, it is the only member of its gene family.

There are more than 300 known orthologs of the MIPOL1 protein in Animalia, ranging from primates to corals and sea anemones in phylum Cnidaria.[43] Orthologs of the protein were found in species as distant as Trichoplax adhaerens, a simple primitive invertebrate species. Table 2 shows a sample of the ortholog space.

Closely related orthologs are found in chordates such as mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians, with sequence similarities greater than 70%. Sequence lengths of orthologs were similar to the human MIPOL1 protein, with no significant gene duplication observed.

Organisms with sequence similarities in the 55-70% range (moderately related orthologs) were found in bony fish, cartilaginous fish and coelacanths. Sequence length is generally longer in these species, with a longer amino acid sequence in the N-terminus (alignment with human protein occurs around amino acid 100).

Distantly related orthologs with similarities less than 50% (around 30 – 40%) are found in hemichordates, echinoderms, arthropods, molluscs, cnidaria and placozoa. Multiple sequence alignment with distant orthologs indicates poor alignment in the N-terminus of the protein.

Two COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) domains were found in this protein (see Fig.3): COG1196 at position 106 - 340 (Chromosome segregation ATPase[44]) and COG4372 at 259 - 431 (uncharacterized conserved protein containing a DUF3084 domain[45])[46]

Table 2: MIPOL1 Ortholog space
Species Organism Common Name NCBI Accession Date of Divergence from humans (MYA)[47] Sequence length (AAs) Sequence Identity to human protein (%)
Homo sapiens Human NP_001182226.1 0 442 100
Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating macaque XP_005561170.1 29.44 442 94.3
Lipotes vexillifer Yangtze River dolphin XP_007465863.1 96 442 85.5
Manis javanica Malayan pangolin XP_017524645.1 96 407 77.6
Myotis brandtii Brandt's bat XP_005865039.1 96 463 74.6
Chelonia mydas Green sea turtle XP_007065307.1 312 440 67.9
Notechis scutatus Mainland tiger snake XP_026520263.1 312 429 54.0
Gallus gallus Chicken XP_004941823.1 312 429 55.9
Rhinatrema bivittatum Two-lined caecilian XP_029454767.1 351.8 443 59.3
Latimeria chalumnae West Indian Ocean coelacanth XP_005989227.1 413 532 51.9
Danio rerio Zebrafish XP_021322786.1 435 381 38.8
Oryzias melastigma Indian medaka XP_024129547.1 435 404 30.9
Amblyraja radiata Thorny skate XP_032883021.1 473 497 45.8
Saccoglossus kowalevskii Acorn worm XP_006815617.1 684 666 23.3
Asterias rubens Common starfish XP_033636481.1 684 646 22.2
Limulus polyphemus Atlantic horseshoe crab XP_022249371.1 797 579 19.2
Pecten maximus Great scallop XP_033734074.1 797 598 22.5
Exaiptasia pallida Brown anemone KXJ12639.1 824 468 27.5
Orbicella faveolata Mountainous star coral XP_020610356.1 824 453 27.5
Trichoplax adhaerens Trichoplax XP_002117892.1 948 553 22.9
Fig.5. Plot of number of amino acid changes per 100 amino acids as a function of date of divergence for MIPOL1, cytochrome c and Fibrinogen alpha

Phylogenetics

[edit]

Using a linear regression analysis on a plot of corrected percent divergence (amino acid changes per 100 amino acids) as a function of date of divergence from humans for different MIPOL1 orthologs (see Fig.5), it is estimated that a 1% change in amino acids in the MIPOL1 protein takes 5.68 million years. MIPOL1 protein is evolving at a moderate rate relative to fast evolving protein such as fibrinogen alpha, and slow evolving proteins such as cytochrome C.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000151338 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000047022 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c d NCBI Gene Mirror-Image Polydactyly 1. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  6. ^ "MIPOL1 - Mirror-image polydactyly gene 1 protein - Homo sapiens (Human) - MIPOL1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Uniprot. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  7. ^ OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b Kondoh S, Sugawara H, Harada N, et al. A novel gene is disrupted at a 14q13 breakpoint of t(2;14) in a patient with mirror-image polydactyly of hands and feet. J Hum Genet. 2002;47(3):136-139. doi:10.1007/s1003802000 15
  9. ^ Hubbard T, Barker D, Birney E, et al. "The Ensembl genome database project." Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(1):38-41. doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.38
  10. ^ Meyertholen K, Ravnan JB, Matalon R. Identification of a Novel 14q13.3 Deletion Involving the SLC25A21 Gene Associated with Familial Synpolydactyly. Mol Syndromol. 2012;3(1):25-29. doi:10.1159/000339177
  11. ^ Ensembl Entry on MIPOL1. Retrieved 30 July 2020
  12. ^ ExPASy Compute pI/MW tool. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  13. ^ SAPS (Statistical Analysis of Protein Sequences) - Compositional Analysis. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  14. ^ Prosite MyDomains tool. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  15. ^ Nardozzi, J. D., Lott, K., & Cingolani, G. (2010). Phosphorylation meets nuclear import: a review. Cell communication and signaling : CCS, 8, 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-8-32
  16. ^ a b c Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics MyHits Motif Scan. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  17. ^ Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ExPASy Portal. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  18. ^ Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  19. ^ NetPhos 3.1. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  20. ^ NetOGlyc. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  21. ^ YinOYang. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  22. ^ NetGlycate. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  23. ^ GPS-SUMO Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  24. ^ BDM-PUB. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  25. ^ a b I-TASSER Server for protein structure and function prediction. Retrieved 20 July 2020
  26. ^ Coiled-coil prediction. Retrieved 27 July 2020
  27. ^ Thermo Fisher Scientific anti-MIPOL1 Antibody produced in rabbit (PA5-65599). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  28. ^ Sigma Aldrich anti-MIPOL1 polyclonal antibody produced in rabbit (HPA002893). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  29. ^ ElDorado Genomatix regulatory analysis tools Archived 2001-02-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  30. ^ RNA secondary structure prediction. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  31. ^ miRDB microRNA database. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  32. ^ a b OMIM Entry on Laurin-Sandrow Syndrome (Mirror-Image Polydactyly). Retrieved 27 July 2020
  33. ^ Umair M, Ahmad F, Bilal M, Ahmad W, Alfadhel M. Clinical Genetics of Polydactyly: An Updated Review. Front Genet. 2018;9:447. Published 2018 Nov 6. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00447
  34. ^ Shaffer JR, Orlova E, Lee MK, et al. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Multiple Loci Influencing Normal Human Facial Morphology. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(8):e1006149. Published 2016 Aug 25. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006149
  35. ^ Cheung AK, Lung HL, Ko JM, et al. Chromosome 14 transfer and functional studies identify a candidate tumor suppressor gene, mirror image polydactyly 1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(34):14478-14483. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900198106
  36. ^ Leong MML, Cheung AKL, Kwok TCT, Lung ML. Functional characterization of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, Mirror Image Polydactyly 1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(10):2891-2900. doi:10.1002/ijc.32732
  37. ^ Smith SJ, Tilly H, Ward JH, et al. CD105 (Endoglin) exerts prognostic effects via its role in the microvascular niche of paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124(1):99-110. doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0952-1
  38. ^ a b UniProt entry on Replicase 1ab. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  39. ^ UniProt entry on LATS2. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  40. ^ UniProt entry on ZGPAT. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  41. ^ UniProt entry on RCOR3. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  42. ^ UniProt entry on protein E7. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  43. ^ NCBI entry on MIPOL1 orthologs. Retrieved 30 June 2020
  44. ^ NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG1196. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  45. ^ NCBI Conserved Protein Domain Family entry on COG4372. Retrieved 10 June 2020
  46. ^ Tatusov, R. L., Galperin, M. Y., Natale, D. A., & Koonin, E. V. (2000). The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic acids research, 28(1), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.33
  47. ^ Time tree: Approximate divergence between two taxa. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
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