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{{Short description|Technique of stone wall construction}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Expand Italian|Opera poligonale|date=October 2014}}
{{Expand Italian|Opera poligonale|date=October 2014}}
'''Polygonal masonry''' is a technique of stone construction. True polygonal masonry is a technique wherein the visible surfaces of the stones are [[Wiktionary:dress|dressed]] with straight sides or joints, giving the block the appearance of a polygon.<ref name="Wright2009">{{cite book|author=G.R.H. Wright|title=Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQHsKG6g5zwC&pg=PA154|date=23 November 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-17745-0|pages=154–}}</ref>
'''Polygonal masonry''' is a technique of stone wall construction. True polygonal masonry is a technique wherein the visible surfaces of the stones are [[Wiktionary:dress|dressed]] with straight sides or joints, giving the block the appearance of a polygon.<ref name="Wright2009">{{cite book|author=G.R.H. Wright|title=Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQHsKG6g5zwC&pg=PA154|date=23 November 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-17745-0|pages=154–}}</ref>


This technique is found throughout the world and sometimes corresponds to the less technical category of [[Cyclopean masonry]].<ref name="Malacrino2010">{{cite book|author=Carmelo G. Malacrino|title=Constructing the Ancient World: Architectural Techniques of the Greeks and Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gfk34wJ8-kC&pg=PA97|year=2010|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-1-60606-016-2|pages=97–}}</ref>
This technique is found throughout the world and sometimes corresponds to the less technical category of [[Cyclopean masonry]].<ref name="Malacrino2010">{{cite book|author=Carmelo G. Malacrino|title=Constructing the Ancient World: Architectural Techniques of the Greeks and Romans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gfk34wJ8-kC&pg=PA97|year=2010|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-1-60606-016-2|pages=97–}}</ref>


{{horizontal TOC}}
__NOTOC__


==Armenia==
==Places==
[[File:S. Hripsime exterior.JPG|thumb|Saint Hripsime Church, 618, with later alterations]]
⚫
*[[Geghard]]
*[[Saint Hripsime Church]]


==Bolivia==
===Albania===
*[[Kalasasaya]]
*[[Lezhe]]
*[[Pumapunku]]
*[[Chaonia]]
And others
*[[Tiwanaku]]


==Bosnia==
===Crimea===
[[File:Daorson, Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpg|thumb|The remains of the outer walls of Daorson, as seen in 2013]]
⚫
*[[Daorson]]
*[[Stari Most]]

==Brazil==
*[[Valongo Wharf]]

==Bulgaria==
⚫
*[[Abritus]]
⚫
*[[Tatul]]
*[[Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari]]

==Canada==
[[File:Hatley Castle, garden side.jpg|thumb|Hatley Castle, garden side]]
*[[Hatley Park National Historic Site]]

==China==
*[[Anji Bridge]]
*[[Anping Bridge]]
*[[Luoyang Bridge]]
*[[Tongji Bridge (Yuyao)|Tongji Bridge]]

==Chile==
⚫
[[File:Ahu Vinapu 4.jpg|thumb|Ahu Vinapú]]
*[[Ahu Vinapu]]

==Crimea==
*[[Chufut-Kale]]
*[[Chufut-Kale]]
*[[Mangup]]
*[[Mangup]]
*[[Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]]
*[[Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]]


==Easter Island==
===Easter Island===
⚫
[[File:Ahuvinapu.jpg|thumb|Ahu Vinapú]]
*[[Ahu Vinapu]]
*[[Ahu Vinapu]]


==Ecuador==
===Ecuador===
*[[Ingapirca]]
*[[Ingapirca]]


==Finland==
===Finland===
[[File:Bomarsund 3.jpg|thumb|175px|A part of the wall of the Bomarsund Fortress]]
[[File:Bomarsund 3.jpg|thumb|175px|A part of the wall of the Bomarsund Fortress]]

*[[Bomarsund, Åland|Bomarsund Fortress]]
*[[Bomarsund, Åland|Bomarsund Fortress]]
*[[Suomenlinna]]
*[[Suomenlinna]]


==Germany==
===Georgia===
*[[Bamberg Cathedral]]
*[[Anakopia Fortress]]

==Georgia==
*[[Anacopia Fortress]]
*[[Ateni Sioni Church]]
*[[Ateni Sioni Church]]
*[[Bagrati Cathedral]]
*[[Bagrati Cathedral]]
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*[[Gelati Monastery]]
*[[Gelati Monastery]]


==Greece==
===Greece===
[[File:Section of Polygonal Wall at Delphi.jpg|thumb|Section of polygonal wall at Delphi]]
[[File:Section of Polygonal Wall at Delphi.jpg|thumb|Section of polygonal wall at Delphi]]

*[[Delphi]]
*[[Delphi]]
*[[Keramikos]]
*[[Keramikos]]
*[[Nekromanteion]]
*[[Nekromanteion]]


==Hungary==
===Hungary===
*[[Komárom]]
*[[Komárom]]
*[[Fort Monostor]]
*[[Fort Monostor]]


==India==
===India===
*[[Vellore Fort]]
*[[Vellore Fort]]
*[[Great Wall of India]]
*[[Great Wall of India]]
*[[Murud Janjira ]]
*[[Murud Janjira]]


==Indonesia==
===Indonesia===
*[[Nias]]
*[[Nias]]
*[[Toraja]]
*[[Toraja]]


==Italy==
===Iran===
*[[Si-o-se-pol]]

===Italy===
[[File:Velia 0975.jpg|thumb|Velia, Porta Rosa]]
[[File:Velia 0975.jpg|thumb|Velia, Porta Rosa]]

In Italy, polygonal masonry is particularly indicative of the region of Latium, but it occurs also in [[Etruria]], [[Lucania]], [[Samnium]], and [[Umbria]]; scholars including [[Giuseppe Lugli]] have carried out studies of the technique.<ref>[[Tenney Frank|Frank, T.]] 1924. "Roman buildings of the Republic: an attempt to date them from their materials." ''MAAR'' 3.</ref><ref name="Lugli1957">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Lugli|title=La Tecnica Edilizia Romana Con Particolare Riguardo a Roma E Lazio: Testo. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftGxnQEACAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Johnson Reprint}}</ref> Some notable sites that have fortification walls built in this technique include [[Norba]], [[Segni|Signia]], [[Aletrium|Alatri]], [[Bovianum Undecumanorum|Boiano]], [[Circeii|Circeo]], [[Cosa]], [[Alba Fucens]], [[Palestrina]], and [[Terracina]].<ref name="Becker2007">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Alan Becker|title=The Building Blocks of Empire: Civic Architecture, Central Italy, and the Roman Middle Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMjzj8WJhgC&pg=PA109|year=2007|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-0-549-55847-7|pages=109–}}</ref> The Porta Rosa of the ancient city of [[Velia]] employs a variant of the technique known as Lesbian masonry.<ref name="Wright2009"/>
In Italy, polygonal masonry is particularly indicative of the region of Latium, but it occurs also in [[Etruria]], [[Lucania]], [[Samnium]], and [[Umbria]]; scholars including [[Giuseppe Lugli]] have carried out studies of the technique.<ref>[[Tenney Frank|Frank, T.]] 1924. "Roman buildings of the Republic: an attempt to date them from their materials." ''MAAR'' 3.</ref><ref name="Lugli1957">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Lugli|title=La Tecnica Edilizia Romana Con Particolare Riguardo a Roma E Lazio: Testo. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftGxnQEACAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Johnson Reprint}}</ref> Some notable sites that have fortification walls built in this technique include [[Norba]], [[Segni|Signia]], [[Aletrium|Alatri]], [[Bovianum Undecumanorum|Boiano]], [[Circeii|Circeo]], [[Cosa]], [[Alba Fucens]], [[Palestrina]], and [[Terracina]].<ref name="Becker2007">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Alan Becker|title=The Building Blocks of Empire: Civic Architecture, Central Italy, and the Roman Middle Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMjzj8WJhgC&pg=PA109|year=2007|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-0-549-55847-7|pages=109–}}</ref> The Porta Rosa of the ancient city of [[Velia]] employs a variant of the technique known as Lesbian masonry.<ref name="Wright2009"/>


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*[[Rialto Bridge]]
*[[Rialto Bridge]]


==Japan==
===Japan===
[[File:Naha Shuri Castle50s3s4500.jpg|thumb|Naha Shuri Castle]]
[[File:Naha Shuri Castle50s3s4500.jpg|thumb|Shuri Castle, Naha]]

*[[Akō Castle]]
*[[Akō Castle]]
*[[Fushimi Castle]]
*[[Fushimi Castle]]
Line 110: Line 86:
*[[Uwajima Castle]]
*[[Uwajima Castle]]


==Latvia==
===Latvia===
[[File:Nikolaja vārti. Ārējā fasāde.JPG|thumb|Daugavpils Fortress]]
[[File:Nikolaja vārti. Ārējā fasāde.JPG|thumb|Daugavpils Fortress]]

*[[Daugavpils]]
*[[Daugavpils]]


==Malta==
===Malta===
*[[Corradino Lines]]
*[[Corradino Lines]]
*[[Ħaġar Qim]]
*[[Ħaġar Qim]]
*[[Megalithic Temples of Malta]]
*[[Megalithic Temples of Malta]]


==Mexico==
===Mexico===
*[[Teotihuacan]]
*[[Teotihuacan]]


==Montenegro==
===Montenegro===
[[File:Entrance to Stützpunkt Grabovac, Fort Trašte.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Stützpunkt Grabovac at the fort's rear]]
[[File:Entrance to Stützpunkt Grabovac, Fort Trašte.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Stützpunkt Grabovac at the rear of Fort Trašte]]

*[[Fort Gorazda]]
*[[Fort Gorazda]]
*[[Fort Trašte]]
*[[Fort Trašte]]
*[[Lovćen]]
*[[Lovćen]]


==Morocco==
===Morocco===
*[[Lixus (ancient city)|Lixus]]
*[[Lixus (ancient city)|Lixus]]


==Peru==
===Peru===
[[File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG|thumb|Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú|alt=Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG]]
[[File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG|thumb|Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú|alt=Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG]]

⚫
[[File:Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall.jpg|thumb|Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall|alt=Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall.jpg]]
*[[Chinchero]]
*[[Chinchero]]
*[[Chullpa|Chullpa Towers]]
*[[Chullpa|Chullpa Towers]]
*[[Coricancha]]
*[[Coricancha]]
*[[Inti Watana, Ayacucho]]
*[[Inti Watana, Ayacucho]]
⚫
[[File:Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall.jpg|thumb|Pumacocha Archaeological site|alt=Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall.jpg]]

*[[Ollantaytambo]]
*[[Ollantaytambo]]
*[[Raqch'i]]
*[[Raqch'i]]
Line 147: Line 127:
*[[Vilcashuamán]]
*[[Vilcashuamán]]
*[[Wanuku Pampa]]
*[[Wanuku Pampa]]
*[[Twelve-angled_stone]]


==Philippines==
===Philippines===
*[[Fort Pilar]]
*[[Fort Pilar]]
*[[Fort San Pedro]]
*[[Fort San Pedro]]


==Portugal==
===Portugal===
*[[Quinta da Regaleira]]
*[[Quinta da Regaleira]]


==Romania==
===Romania===
[[File:Iulia Hasdeu Castle.jpg|thumb|Iulia Hasdeu Castle]]
[[File:Iulia Hasdeu Castle.jpg|thumb|Iulia Hasdeu Castle]]

*[[Curtea de Argeș Cathedral]]
*[[Curtea de Argeș Cathedral]]
*[[Iulia Hasdeu Castle]]
*[[Iulia Hasdeu Castle]]
Line 162: Line 144:
*[[Sarmizegetusa Regia|Sarmisegetusa]]
*[[Sarmizegetusa Regia|Sarmisegetusa]]


==Russia==
===Russia===
[[File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Forts of Kronstadt (Fort Alexander I).jpg|thumb|Fort Alexander I]]
[[File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Forts of Kronstadt (Fort Alexander I).jpg|thumb|Fort Alexander I]]

*[[Fort Alexander (Saint Petersburg)]]
*[[Fort Alexander (Saint Petersburg)|Fort Alexander]]
*[[Königsberg Castle]]
*[[Königsberg Castle]]


==Spain==
===Spain===
*[[Olèrdola|Castell d'Olèrdola]]
*[[Olèrdola|Castell d'Olèrdola]]
*[[Les Ferreres Aqueduct]]
*[[Les Ferreres Aqueduct]]


==Sudan==
===Sudan===
*[[Meroë]]
*[[Meroë]]


==Sweden==
===Sweden===
*[[Älvsborg fortress]]
*[[Älvsborg fortress]]
*[[Vaberget Fortress]]
*[[Vaberget Fortress]]


== Syria ==
=== Syria ===
[[File:Hosnsuleiman.jpg|thumb|Hosn Suleiman temple]]
[[File:Hosnsuleiman.jpg|thumb|Hosn Suleiman temple]]

*[[Arwad]]
*[[Arwad]]
*[[Hosn Suleiman|Hosn Suleiman Baitokaike]]
*[[Hosn Suleiman|Hosn Suleiman Baitokaike]]
*[[Bara, Syria|Bara]]
*[[Barad, Syria|Barad]]
⚫
*[[Barjaka]]
⚫
*[[Basufan]]
* [[Bauda, Syria|Bauda]]
[[File:BaudaS,pyramidtomb.jpg|thumb|Pyramidal tomb in 6th century Bauda, one of the former [[Dead Cities]] in northwestern Syria]]


*[[Bara]]
*[[Benastur Monastery]]

*[[Church of Saint Simeon Stylites]]
*[[Church of Saint Simeon Stylites]]
*[[Churches of Sheikh Suleiman village]]

⚫
*[[Cyrrhus]]
*[[Al-Dana, Syria|Dana]]
*[[Deir Qeita]]
⚫
*[[Jarada]]
*[[Kharab Shams Basilica]]
*[[Mount Simeon]]
*[[Mushabbak Basilica]]
*[[Refade]]
*[[Serjilla]]
*[[Serjilla]]
[[File:Serjilla 06 - Press-house.jpg|thumb|The press-house of Serjilla, Syria]]


*[[Qalb Loze]]
⚫
==Thailand==
*[[Qatura]]

⚫
===Thailand===
*[[Phimai|Phi Mai]]
*[[Phimai|Phi Mai]]
*[[Phanom Rung]]
*[[Phanom Rung]]


==Turkey==
===Turkey===
[[File:Selimiye Kışlası.jpg|thumb|Selimiye Kışlası]]
[[File:Selimiye Kışlası.jpg|thumb|Selimiye Kışlası]]

*[[Enderun School]]
*[[Enderun School]]
*[[Efes, Turkey|Efes]]
*[[Efes, Turkey|Efes]]
Line 202: Line 204:
*[[Selimiye Barracks]]
*[[Selimiye Barracks]]


==United Kingdom==
===United Arab Emirates===
*[[Hili Archaeological Park]]

===United Kingdom===
*[[Gloucester Cathedral]]
*[[Gloucester Cathedral]]
*[[Maes Howe]]
*[[Maes Howe]]
*[[Stanton Moor]]
*[[Stanton Moor]]


==United States==
===United States===
[[File:Memorial quadrangle gate.jpg|thumb|Memorial Quadrangle Gate at Yale]]
[[File:Memorial quadrangle gate.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial Quadrangle Gate at Yale]]

*[[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]]
*[[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]]
*[[Harsimus Stem Embankment]]
*[[Harsimus Stem Embankment]]
Line 221: Line 227:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Polygonal Masonry}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polygonal Masonry}}
⚫
[[Category:Polygonal masonry| ]]
[[Category:Masonry]]
[[Category:Masonry]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman architecture]]
⚫
[[Category:Polygonal masonry]]

Latest revision as of 20:55, 10 March 2024

Polygonal masonry is a technique of stone wall construction. True polygonal masonry is a technique wherein the visible surfaces of the stones are dressed with straight sides or joints, giving the block the appearance of a polygon.[1]

This technique is found throughout the world and sometimes corresponds to the less technical category of Cyclopean masonry.[2]

Places

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

And others

Crimea

[edit]

Easter Island

[edit]
Ahu Vinapú

Ecuador

[edit]

Finland

[edit]
A part of the wall of the Bomarsund Fortress

Georgia

[edit]

Greece

[edit]
Section of polygonal wall at Delphi

Hungary

[edit]

India

[edit]

Indonesia

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

Italy

[edit]
Velia, Porta Rosa

In Italy, polygonal masonry is particularly indicative of the region of Latium, but it occurs also in Etruria, Lucania, Samnium, and Umbria; scholars including Giuseppe Lugli have carried out studies of the technique.[3][4] Some notable sites that have fortification walls built in this technique include Norba, Signia, Alatri, Boiano, Circeo, Cosa, Alba Fucens, Palestrina, and Terracina.[5] The Porta Rosa of the ancient city of Velia employs a variant of the technique known as Lesbian masonry.[1]

Japan

[edit]
Shuri Castle, Naha

Latvia

[edit]
Daugavpils Fortress

Malta

[edit]

Mexico

[edit]

Montenegro

[edit]
Entrance to Stützpunkt Grabovac at the rear of Fort Trašte

Morocco

[edit]

Peru

[edit]
Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG
Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú
Pumacocha Archaeological site - wall.jpg
Pumacocha Archaeological site

Philippines

[edit]

Portugal

[edit]

Romania

[edit]
Iulia Hasdeu Castle

Russia

[edit]
Fort Alexander I

Spain

[edit]

Sudan

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]

Syria

[edit]
Hosn Suleiman temple
Pyramidal tomb in 6th century Bauda, one of the former Dead Cities in northwestern Syria
The press-house of Serjilla, Syria

Thailand

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]
Selimiye Kışlası

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Memorial Quadrangle Gate at Yale

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b G.R.H. Wright (23 November 2009). Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols). BRILL. pp. 154–. ISBN 90-04-17745-0.
  2. ^ Carmelo G. Malacrino (2010). Constructing the Ancient World: Architectural Techniques of the Greeks and Romans. Getty Publications. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-1-60606-016-2.
  3. ^ Frank, T. 1924. "Roman buildings of the Republic: an attempt to date them from their materials." MAAR 3.
  4. ^ Giuseppe Lugli (1957). La Tecnica Edilizia Romana Con Particolare Riguardo a Roma E Lazio: Testo. 1. Johnson Reprint.
  5. ^ Jeffrey Alan Becker (2007). The Building Blocks of Empire: Civic Architecture, Central Italy, and the Roman Middle Republic. ProQuest. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-0-549-55847-7.
  • P. Gros. 1996. L'architecture romaine: du début du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. à la fin du Haut-Empire. 2 v. Paris: Picard.
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