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Dominican tea culture combines many customs adapted from various colonial and immigrant cultures that have mingled in Dominica. "Bush teas", made from local herbal plants and often taken for medicinal purposes, are a traditional part of Dominica's culture.

Tea terms in Dominican culture

Dominica's tropical rainforest climate makes it suitable for cultivating many types of plant that may be used to make teas. The word "tea" has a broader meaning in Dominica than in most other parts of the English-speaking world. In Dominica, the word is used for many beverages other than the traditional Camellia sinensis imported from Asia. Imported tea from Asia is called "green tea". Dominicans also consume "Cocoa Tea", made of cocoa beans, and several types of "bush tea". Bush teas are brewed from herbs, in some cases using plant roots, bark or flowers, which are traditionally held to have medicinal properties. Dominicans also distinguish between "hot teas" and "cooling teas".^[1]

"Tea" is often used instead of "breakfast" for the first meal of the day. This usage has its origins in the colonial era, when plantation workers would have "tea" at sunrise before going to work. The second "tea" of the day took place in mid-morning. This is different from British culture, where "tea" often refers to a light meal with a cup of Assam tea in the late afternoon.^[1]

Cocoa tea

Cocoa is a staple crop in Dominica that most farmers traditionally harvested, and that is common in Caribbean markets. Cocoa tea is made by chopping a cocoa stick or ball into small pieces, or shredding the cocoa on a grater. It is mixed with water, condensed milk, cinnamon, leaves from a Christmas bush or bay leaves, grated nutmeg and sugar. Cocoa tea is served hot, often accompanied by a light snack such as banana fritters.^[2] Cocoa tea is similar to hot chocolate.^[3]

Hibiscus tea

Hibiscus tea is popular in Dominica, as in other Caribbean and Latin American cultures. Hibiscus plants are native to the tropics, and have long been associated with health benefits in traditional medicine. Hibiscus tea may be served either hot or as an iced tea.^[4] Some studies indicate that hibiscus tea lowers blood pressure in adults with mild hypertension or prehypertension.^[5]^[6]

Medicinal teas

Bush teas are usually drunk for medicinal purposes or to maintain health.^[3] Many common plants in Dominica are used in these teas. Tea from the Common Guava leaf is used for diarrhea, and tea from the orange leaf is taken to stop vomiting. Caribbean Albizia bark (Albizia niopoides) gives a tea that soothes scorpion stings. Other bush teas are used to treat vitamin deficiencies, digestive ailments, or parasitic infections. Some plants believed to have medicinal properties are located at the Dominica Botanic Gardens. These include varieties that have been used in traditional medicinal teas in Dominica, and plants used in traditional medicine in other Caribbean islands or other parts of the world.^[7]

Medicinal teas in Dominica can be traced to the original indigenous Carib inhabitants and to the African slaves who were brought to the islands. The Caribs traditionally made a tea from the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus) for use as a treatment for diabetes.^[7] Pharmacological companies today extract several medicinal alkaloids from periwinkle sap. The alkaloids derived from this plant include the anti-cancer agents vinblastine and vincristine.^[8] Other extracts from periwinkle help lower blood sugar in diabetics and are the basis for powerful tranquilizers.^[7]^[9] The powerful qualities of this plant were known to other cultures; it is known by the name Violette de Sorcier (Sorcerer's Violet) in France.^[10]^[11]

As with many indigenous traditional medicines, the active ingredients of the plants used to make bush teas are not well understood. At incorrect doses, or otherwise misused, teas made from these plants are toxic and may be deadly. Worldwide, researchers are investigating indigenous herbal medicines in an effort to identify active ingredients and traditional preparations, which may have uses for modern medicine.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "A to Z of Dominican Culture: Tea". Lennox Honychurch. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ "Caribbean Tea Time". Caribbean Culinary. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Anna McCanse (2011). Dominica (Other Places Travel Guide). Other Places Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-9822619-7-2.
^ "Hibiscus Tea". Caribarena Dominica. Retrieved October 23, 2011.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ H Mozaffari-Khosravi; B-A Jalali-Khanabadi; M Afkhami-Ardekani; F Fatehi; M Noori-Shadkam (January 2009). "The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes". Journal of Human Hypertension. 23 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.100. PMID 18685605.
^ Diane L. McKay; C.-Y. Oliver Chen; Edward Saltzman; Jeffrey B. Blumberg (February 2010). "Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea (Tisane) Lowers Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Mildly Hypertensive Adults". Journal of Nutrition. 140 (2): 298–303. doi:10.3945/jn.109.115097. PMID 20018807. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Medicinal Plants". Dominica Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ "Meet the plants: Catharanthus roseus". National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Dholakia, Shamik; Chris John; Michael Schachter (2011). The Final Hurdle: Single Best Answers in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. World Scientific Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84816-744-5.
^ "Petite Pervenche/Violette de Sorcier". Université de Rennes. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Bush Medicine: Medicinal Herbs, Trees and Plants of The Bahamas, Bahamasgroup.com (Carib Acquisitions Ltd.), accessed November 26, 2011

[Honychurch-1] "A to Z of Dominican Culture: Tea". Lennox Honychurch. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2011.

[2] "Caribbean Tea Time". Caribbean Culinary. Retrieved October 23, 2011.

[McCanse2011-3] Anna McCanse (2011). Dominica (Other Places Travel Guide). Other Places Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-9822619-7-2.

[4] "Hibiscus Tea". Caribarena Dominica. Retrieved October 23, 2011.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[5] H Mozaffari-Khosravi; B-A Jalali-Khanabadi; M Afkhami-Ardekani; F Fatehi; M Noori-Shadkam (January 2009). "The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes". Journal of Human Hypertension. 23 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.100. PMID 18685605.

[6] Diane L. McKay; C.-Y. Oliver Chen; Edward Saltzman; Jeffrey B. Blumberg (February 2010). "Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea (Tisane) Lowers Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Mildly Hypertensive Adults". Journal of Nutrition. 140 (2): 298–303. doi:10.3945/jn.109.115097. PMID 20018807. Retrieved 2011-11-13.

[DBGMedicinal-7] "Medicinal Plants". Dominica Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.

[8] "Meet the plants: Catharanthus roseus". National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 24, 2011.

[9] Dholakia, Shamik; Chris John; Michael Schachter (2011). The Final Hurdle: Single Best Answers in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. World Scientific Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84816-744-5.

[10] "Petite Pervenche/Violette de Sorcier". Université de Rennes. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

[11] Bush Medicine: Medicinal Herbs, Trees and Plants of The Bahamas, Bahamasgroup.com (Carib Acquisitions Ltd.), accessed November 26, 2011

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Catharanthus roseus.jpg|thumb|Periwinkle plants in bloom. Indigenous [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] made medicinal tea from Periwinkle ([[Catharanthus roseus]]),{{cn|date=August 2015}} and it is used today in modern pharmacology.]]
+[[File:Catharanthus roseus.jpg|thumb|Periwinkle plants in bloom. Indigenous [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] made medicinal tea from Periwinkle ([[Catharanthus roseus]]),{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} and it is used today in modern pharmacology.]]
-'''Dominican tea culture''' combines many customs adapted from various colonial and immigrant cultures that have mingled on the Caribbean island. "Bush teas", made from local herbal plants and often taken for medicinal purposes, are a traditional part of [[Dominica]]'s culture.
+'''Dominican tea culture''' combines many customs adapted from various colonial and immigrant cultures that have mingled in [[Dominica]]. "Bush teas", made from local herbal plants and often taken for medicinal purposes, are a traditional part of Dominica's culture.
-==Tea terms in Dominica==
+==Tea terms in Dominican culture==
-[[File:Dominica cocoa3.JPG|thumb|[[Theobroma cacao|Cocoa]] plants, commonly cultivated in [[Dominica]], and used to make cocoa tea.]]
+[[File:Cacao pods - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|alt=Cacoa pods|thumb|[[Theobroma cacao|Cocoa]] plants, commonly cultivated in [[Dominica]], and used to make cocoa tea.]]
 Dominica's [[tropical rainforest climate]] makes it suitable for cultivating many types of plant that may be used to make teas.
 The word "tea" has a broader meaning in Dominica than in most other parts of the English-speaking world.
 In Dominica, the word is used for many beverages other than the traditional [[Camellia sinensis]] imported from Asia.
-Imported tea from Asia is called "green tea". Dominicans also consume "Cocoa Tea", made of cocoa beans, and several types of "bush tea". Bush teas are brewed from herbs, in some cases using plant roots, bark or flowers, which are traditionally held to have medicinal properties. Dominicans also distinguish between "hot teas" and "cooling teas".<ref name=Honychurch>{{cite web|title=A to Z of Dominican Culture: Tea|url=http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=249|publisher=Lennox Honychurch|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
+Imported tea from Asia is called "green tea". Dominicans also consume "Cocoa Tea", made of cocoa beans, and several types of "bush tea". Bush teas are brewed from herbs, in some cases using plant roots, bark or flowers, which are traditionally held to have medicinal properties. Dominicans also distinguish between "hot teas" and "cooling teas".<ref name=Honychurch>{{cite web|title=A to Z of Dominican Culture: Tea|url=http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=249|publisher=Lennox Honychurch|access-date=October 23, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427041737/http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=249|archive-date=April 27, 2012}}</ref>
 "Tea" is often used instead of "breakfast" for the first meal of the day. This usage has its origins in the colonial era, when plantation workers would have "tea" at sunrise before going to work. The second "tea" of the day took place in mid-morning. This is different from British culture, where "tea" often refers to a light meal with a cup of Assam tea in the late afternoon.<ref name=Honychurch/>
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Cocoa is a staple crop in Dominica that most farmers traditionally harvested, and that is common in Caribbean markets. Cocoa tea is made by chopping a cocoa stick or ball into small pieces, or shredding the cocoa on a grater. It is mixed with water, [[condensed milk]], cinnamon, leaves from a [[Senna bicapsularis|Christmas bush]] or [[bay leaves]], grated [[nutmeg]] and sugar. Cocoa tea is served hot, often accompanied by a light snack such as banana [[fritter]]s.<ref>{{cite web
- |title=Caribbean Tea Time|url=http://caribbeanculinary.blogspot.com/2011/10/caribbean-tea-time-cocoa-tea-and-banana.html|publisher=Caribbean Culinary|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
+ |title=Caribbean Tea Time|url=http://caribbeanculinary.blogspot.com/2011/10/caribbean-tea-time-cocoa-tea-and-banana.html|publisher=Caribbean Culinary|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
 Cocoa tea is similar to hot chocolate.<ref name=McCanse2011/>
 ==Hibiscus tea==
 [[File:Hibiscus palm.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus flowers are common in [[Dominica]] and other [[Caribbean]] islands, and make a [[hibiscus tea]] popular throughout the region.]]
-[[Hibiscus tea]] is popular in Dominica, as in other Caribbean and Latin American cultures. Hibiscus plants are native to the tropics, and have long been associated with health benefits in traditional medicine. Hibiscus tea may be served either hot or as an iced tea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibiscus Tea|url=http://www.caribarena.com/dominica/life-a-style/food-a-drink/7041-hibiscus-tea.html |publisher=Caribarena Dominica|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
+[[Hibiscus tea]] is popular in Dominica, as in other Caribbean and Latin American cultures. Hibiscus plants are native to the tropics, and have long been associated with health benefits in traditional medicine. Hibiscus tea may be served either hot or as an iced tea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibiscus Tea|url=http://www.caribarena.com/dominica/life-a-style/food-a-drink/7041-hibiscus-tea.html|publisher=Caribarena Dominica|access-date=October 23, 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-Some studies indicate that hibiscus tea lowers blood pressure in adults with mild [[hypertension]] or prehypertension.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ayahuasca Tea|url=https://www.soul-herbs.com/|publisher=David T. Freeman|date=23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
+Some studies indicate that hibiscus tea lowers blood pressure in adults with mild [[hypertension]] or prehypertension.<ref>{{cite journal
- |url=http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/full/jhh2008100a.html
  |journal=Journal of Human Hypertension |volume=23 |pages=48–54 |date=January 2009
  |title=The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes
- |author=H Mozaffari-Khosravi, B-A Jalali-Khanabadi, M Afkhami-Ardekani, F Fatehi and M Noori-Shadkam
+ |author1=H Mozaffari-Khosravi |author2=B-A Jalali-Khanabadi |author3=M Afkhami-Ardekani |author4=F Fatehi |author5=M Noori-Shadkam |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/jhh.2008.100 |pmid=18685605|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
- |accessdate=2011-11-13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/jhh.2008.100 |pmid=18685605}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
  |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/2/298.abstract
  |title=Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea (Tisane) Lowers Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Mildly Hypertensive Adults
- |author=Diane L. McKay, C-Y. Oliver Chen, Edward Saltzman and Jeffrey B. Blumberg
+ |author1=Diane L. McKay |author2=C.-Y. Oliver Chen |author3=Edward Saltzman |author4=Jeffrey B. Blumberg |journal=Journal of Nutrition
- |journal=Journal of Nutrition
  |date=February 2010 |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=298–303
- |accessdate=2011-11-13 |doi=10.3945/jn.109.115097 |pmid=20018807}}</ref>
+ |access-date=2011-11-13 |doi=10.3945/jn.109.115097 |pmid=20018807|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 ==Medicinal teas==
@@ Line 37: / Line 34: @@
 Bush teas are usually drunk for medicinal purposes or to maintain health.<ref name=McCanse2011/>
 Many common plants in Dominica are used in these teas.
-Tea from the [[Common Guava]] leaf is used for diarrhea, and tea from the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] leaf is taken to stop vomiting. Caribbean Albizia bark ([[Albizia niopoides]]) gives a tea that soothes scorpion stings. Other bush teas are used to treat vitamin deficiencies, digestive ailments, or parasitic infections. Some plants believed to have medicinal properties are located at the [[Dominica Botanic Gardens]]. These include varieties that have been used in traditional medicinal teas in Dominica, and plants used in traditional medicine in other Caribbean islands or other parts of the world.<ref name=DBGMedicinal>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Plants|url=http://www.da-academy.org/medplants.html|publisher=Dominica Botanical Gardens|accessdate=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
+Tea from the [[Common Guava]] leaf is used for diarrhea, and tea from the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] leaf is taken to stop vomiting. Caribbean Albizia bark ([[Albizia niopoides]]) gives a tea that soothes scorpion stings. Other bush teas are used to treat vitamin deficiencies, digestive ailments, or parasitic infections. Some plants believed to have medicinal properties are located at the [[Dominica Botanic Gardens]]. These include varieties that have been used in traditional medicinal teas in Dominica, and plants used in traditional medicine in other Caribbean islands or other parts of the world.<ref name=DBGMedicinal>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Plants|url=http://www.da-academy.org/medplants.html|publisher=Dominica Botanical Gardens|access-date=October 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821052744/http://www.da-academy.org/medplants.html|archive-date=August 21, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Medicinal teas in Dominica can be traced to  the original indigenous [[Island Caribs|Carib]] inhabitants and to the [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]] who were brought to the islands. The Caribs traditionally made a tea from the leaves of the [[Catharanthus roseus|periwinkle]] plant (''Catharanthus roseus'') for use as a treatment for diabetes.<ref name=DBGMedicinal/> Pharmacological companies today extract several medicinal [[alkaloid]]s from periwinkle sap. The alkaloids derived from this plant include the anti-cancer agents [[vinblastine]] and [[vincristine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?rid=413&plantid=2497 | title=Meet the plants: Catharanthus roseus |publisher= National Tropical Botanical Garden |accessdate=November 24, 2011}}</ref> Other extracts from periwinkle help lower blood sugar in diabetics and are the basis for powerful [[tranquilizer]]s.<ref name=DBGMedicinal/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Final Hurdle: Single Best Answers in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|last=Dholakia, Shamik; Chris John; Michael Schachter|publisher=World Scientific Publishing|year=2011|page=66|isbn=978-1-84816-744-5}}</ref> The powerful qualities of this plant were known to other cultures; it is known by the name ''Violette de Sorcier'' (Sorcerer's Violet) in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petite Pervenche/Violette de Sorcier|publisher=Université de Rennes|url=http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cgi-bin/adm/reponse?prg=1&cod=Z00104|accessdate=November 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bahamasgroup.com/xtra/herbs.htm Bush Medicine: Medicinal Herbs, Trees and Plants of The Bahamas], Bahamasgroup.com (Carib Acquisitions Ltd.), accessed November 26, 2011</ref>
+Medicinal teas in Dominica can be traced to  the original indigenous [[Island Caribs|Carib]] inhabitants and to the [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]] who were brought to the islands. The Caribs traditionally made a tea from the leaves of the [[Catharanthus roseus|periwinkle]] plant (''Catharanthus roseus'') for use as a treatment for diabetes.<ref name=DBGMedicinal/> Pharmacological companies today extract several medicinal [[alkaloid]]s from periwinkle sap. The alkaloids derived from this plant include the anti-cancer agents [[vinblastine]] and [[vincristine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?rid=413&plantid=2497 | title=Meet the plants: Catharanthus roseus |publisher= National Tropical Botanical Garden |access-date=November 24, 2011}}</ref> Other extracts from periwinkle help lower blood sugar in diabetics and are the basis for powerful [[tranquilizer]]s.<ref name=DBGMedicinal/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Final Hurdle: Single Best Answers in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|author1=Dholakia, Shamik |author2=Chris John |author3=Michael Schachter |publisher=World Scientific Publishing|year=2011|page=66|isbn=978-1-84816-744-5}}</ref> The powerful qualities of this plant were known to other cultures; it is known by the name ''Violette de Sorcier'' (Sorcerer's Violet) in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petite Pervenche/Violette de Sorcier|publisher=Université de Rennes|url=http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cgi-bin/adm/reponse?prg=1&cod=Z00104|access-date=November 13, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161753/http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/cgi-bin/adm/reponse?prg=1&cod=Z00104|archive-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bahamasgroup.com/xtra/herbs.htm Bush Medicine: Medicinal Herbs, Trees and Plants of The Bahamas], Bahamasgroup.com (Carib Acquisitions Ltd.), accessed November 26, 2011</ref>
 As with many indigenous traditional medicines, the active ingredients of the plants used to make bush teas are not well understood.
@@ Line 55: / Line 52: @@
 {{Reflist|2|refs=
 <ref name=McCanse2011>{{cite book
- |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Cpyw8DutnbMC&pg=PT87
+ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cpyw8DutnbMC&pg=PT87
  |page=87
  |title=Dominica (Other Places Travel Guide)
  |author=Anna McCanse
  |publisher=Other Places Publishing |year=2011
- |ISBN=0-9822619-7-7}}</ref>
+ |isbn=978-0-9822619-7-2}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 68: / Line 65: @@
 [[Category:Traditional medicine]]
 [[Category:Tea culture by country]]
-[[Category:Dominica culture|Tea culture]]
+[[Category:Tea in North America]]
+[[Category:Culture of Dominica|Tea culture]]