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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Hydrophis''
| image = Hydrophis - Brehms.jpg
| name = ''Hydrophis''
| image = Hydrophis - Brehms.jpg
| image_caption = Annulated sea snake, ''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus|H. cyanocinctus]]''
| image_caption = Annulated sea snake, ''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus|H. cyanocinctus]]''
| taxon = Hydrophis
| taxon = Hydrophis
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]] ''In'' [[Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt|Sonnini]] & Latreille, 1801
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]] ''In'' [[Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt|Sonnini]] & Latreille, 1801
| type_species = ''[[Hydrophis platurus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 35, ''See text''
| subdivision = ''See text''
| synonyms = ''Disteira'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1804</small>
}}
}}


'''''Hydrophis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[sea snake]]s. They are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 35 [[species]] are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=700227 |taxon=''Hydrophis'' |accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref>
'''''Hydrophis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[sea snake]]s, [[venomous snake]]s in the [[subfamily]] [[Hydrophiinae]] of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Elapidae]]. [[Species]] in the genus ''Hydrophis'' are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 36 species are recognized as being valid.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=700227 |taxon=''Hydrophis'' |accessdate=7 September 2007}}</ref>


==Systematics and classification==
==Systematics and classification==
There are more than 30 recognized species in the genus ''Hydrophis''.<ref name="ITIS"/>
There are more than 30 recognized species in the genus.<ref name="ITIS"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species
!Species
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Authority
!Authority
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.*
!Subsp.*
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name
!Common name
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range
!Geographic range
|-
|''[[Hydrophis annandalei|H. annandalei]]''
|(Laidlaw, 1901)
|align="center"|0
|bighead sea snake, [[Nelson Annandale|Annandale's]] sea snake
|Indian Ocean
|-
|''[[Hydrophis anomalus|H. anomalus]]''
|Schmidt, 1852
|align="center"|0
|anomalous sea snake
|South Chinese Sea, Indian Ocean
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis atriceps|H. atriceps]]''
|''[[Hydrophis atriceps|H. atriceps]]''
Line 25: Line 41:
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|black-headed sea snake
|black-headed sea snake
|
|style="width:40%"|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis belcheri|H. belcheri]]''
|''[[Hydrophis belcheri|H. belcheri]]''
|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849)
|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|sea snake
|[[Edward Belcher|Belcher's]] sea snake
|[[Queensland]] and New Territories, [[Australia]]
|[[Queensland]] and New Territories, [[Australia]]
|-
|-
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|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1873
|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1873
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
| Peters' Sea Snake
| [[Wilhelm Peters|Peters']] sea snake
| [[Indian Ocean]] ([[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]])
| [[Indian Ocean]] ([[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]])
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis brooki|H. brooki]]''
|''[[Hydrophis brooki|H. brookii]]''
|Günther, 1872
|Günther, 1872
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[James Brooke|Brooke's]] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis caerulescens|H. caerulescens]]''
|''[[Hydrophis caerulescens|H. caerulescens]]''
|([[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1802)
|([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1802)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|2
|dwarf sea snake
|dwarf sea snake
|[[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
|[[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
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|Günther, 1864
|Günther, 1864
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor's]] narrow-headed sea snake, Cantor's small-headed sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|([[Vladimir Emelyanovich Kharin|Kharin]], 1984)
|([[Vladimir Emelyanovich Kharin|Kharin]], 1984)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|slender-necked sea snake, [[Harold Cogger|Cogger's sea snake]]<ref name=EDR>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Hydrophis coggeri'', p. 56; ''H. laboutei'', p. 149).</ref>
|slender-necked sea snake
|[[Western Australia]]
|[[Western Australia]]
|-
|''[[Hydrophis curtus|H. curtus]]''
|(Shaw, 1802)
|align="center"|0
|[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw's]] sea snake, short sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake, spine-bellied sea snake
|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus|H. cyanocinctus]]''
|''[[Hydrophis cyanocinctus|H. cyanocinctus]]''
|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803
|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|annulated sea snake, blue-banded sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|(Kharin, 1984)
|(Kharin, 1984)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|fine-spined sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis donaldi|H. donaldi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120302-new-sea-snake-species-animals-science-australia/ |title=Spiny, Venomous New Sea Snake Discovered—"Something Special" |accessdate=March 6, 2012}}</ref>
|''[[Hydrophis donaldi|H. donaldi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120302-new-sea-snake-species-animals-science-australia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304150559/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120302-new-sea-snake-species-animals-science-australia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |title=Spiny, Venomous New Sea Snake Discovered—"Something Special" |access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref>
|[[Kanishka D. Ukuwela|Ukuwela]], [[Kate Laura Sanders|K. Sanders]] <br> & [[Bryan G. Fry|B. Fry]], 2012
|[[Kanishka D. Ukuwela|Ukuwela]], [[Kate Laura Sanders|K. Sanders]] <br> & [[Bryan G. Fry|B. Fry]], 2012
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|rough-scaled sea snake
|
|[[Northern Australia]]
|[[Northern Australia]]
|-
|-
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|([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799)
|([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1799)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|striped sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis gracilis|H. gracilis]]''
|''[[Hydrophis hardwickii|H. hardwickii]]''
|(Shaw, 1802)
|(Gray, 1834)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Thomas Hardwicke|Hardwicke's]] spine-bellied sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|plain sea snake
|plain sea snake
|[[Western Australia]]
|[[Western Australia]]
|-
|''[[Hydrophis jerdonii|H. jerdonii]]''
|(Gray, 1849)
|align="center"|2
|[[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon's]] sea snake
|Indian Ocean
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis kingii|H. kingii]]''
|''[[Hydrophis kingii|H. kingii]]''
|[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896
|[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Philip Parker King|King's]] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Boulenger, 1912
|Boulenger, 1912
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[C. Boden Kloss|Kloss']] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis laboutei|H. laboutei]]''
|[[Arne Redsted Rasmussen|A. Rasmussen]] & [[Ivan Ineich|Ineich]], 2000
|align="center"|0
|[[Pierre Laboute|Laboute's]] sea snake<ref name=EDR/>
|[[New Caledonia]]
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis lamberti|H. lamberti]]''
|''[[Hydrophis lamberti|H. lamberti]]''
|[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1917
|[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1917
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Lambert's sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|(Gray, 1849)
|(Gray, 1849)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Persian Gulf]] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Kharin, 1983
|Kharin, 1983
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|small-headed sea snake
|small-headed sea snake, [[Samuel Booker McDowell Jr|McDowell's]] sea snake
|[[Western Australia]]
|[[Western Australia]]
|-
|-
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|(Shaw, 1802)
|(Shaw, 1802)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|greater sea snake, olive-headed sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|(Daudin, 1803)
|(Daudin, 1803)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Mumbai|Bombay]] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Gray, 1849
|Gray, 1849
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|sea snake
|slender-necked sea snake
|
|
|-
|-
Line 162: Line 196:
|Daudin, 1803
|Daudin, 1803
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|black-banded sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Daudin, 1803
|Daudin, 1803
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|estuarine sea snake, [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Russel's]] sea snake
|
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis ocellatus|H. ocellatus]]''
|(Gray, 1849)
|align="center"|0
|spotted sea snake
|
|
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis ornatus|H. ornatus]]''
|''[[Hydrophis ornatus|H. ornatus]]''
|(Gray, 1842)
|(Gray, 1842)
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|4
|sea snake
|ornate reef sea snake
|
|
|-
|-
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|M.A. Smith, 1935
|M.A. Smith, 1935
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith's]] small-headed sea snake
|
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis peronii|H. peronii]]''
|(A.M.C. Duméril, 1853)
|align="center"|0
|[[François Péron|Peron's]] sea snake
|
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis platurus|H. platurus]]''
|Linnaeus, 1766
|align="center"|0
|yellow-bellied sea snake
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis schistosus|H. schistosus]]''
|[[Daudin]], 1803
|align="center"|0
|beaked sea snake
|[[Indian Ocean]] and [[Persian Gulf]] to [[Pacific Ocean]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176719/136258180|title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydrophis schistosus|journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date = 15 February 2009|last1 = Rasmussen|first1 = A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Hydrophis&species=schistosus|title = Hydrophis schistosus}}</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis semperi|H. semperi]]''
|''[[Hydrophis semperi|H. semperi]]''
|[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1881
|[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1881
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Lake Taal snake, Garman's sea snake, Philippine freshwater sea snake, Luzon sea snake
|
|
|[[Lake Taal]], [[Philippines]]
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis sibauensis|H. sibauensis]]''
|''[[Hydrophis sibauensis|H. sibauensis]]''
|[[Arne Redsted Rasmussen|A. Rasmussen]], [[Mark Auliya|Auliya]] <br>& [[:de:Wolfgang Böhme (Zoologe)|W. Böhme]], 2001
|A. Rasmussen, [[Mark Auliya|Auliya]] <br>& [[:de:Wolfgang Böhme (Zoologe)|W. Böhme]], 2001
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|[[Kalimantan]] sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|yellow sea snake
|yellow sea snake
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis stokesii|H. stokesii]]''
|(Gray, 1846)
|align="center"|0
|[[John Lort Stokes|Stokes']] sea snake, Stokes's sea snake
|
|
|-
|-
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|Günther, 1864
|Günther, 1864
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|collared sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Günther, 1864
|Günther, 1864
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|west coast black-headed sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Hydrophis viperinus|H. viperinus]]''
|Schmidt, 1852
|align="center"|0
|viperine sea snake
|Persian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean to Western Pacific Ocean<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/176711/136259318|title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydrophis viperinus|journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date = 15 February 2009|last1 = Rasmussen|first1 = A.}}</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis vorisi|H. vorisi]]''
|''[[Hydrophis vorisi|H. vorisi]]''
|Kharin, 1984
|Kharin, 1984
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|sea snake
|[[estuarine sea snake]]
|[[Torres Strait]], [[Queensland]]
|[[Torres Strait]], [[Queensland]]
|-
|-
|''[[Hydrophis walli|H. walli]]''
|''[[Hydrophis zweifeli|H. zweifeli]]''
|(Kharin, 1989)
|(Kharin, 1985)
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|0
|Sepik beaked sea snake, Zweifel’s beaked sea snake
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/snakes/marine/marine.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616160645/http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/snakes/marine/marine.htm |archivedate=2010-06-16 |df= }} (downloaded Feb. 18,2010.)</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/snakes/marine/marine.htm |title=The Reptiles of Australia, Marine snakes |access-date=2010-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616160645/http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/snakes/marine/marine.htm |archive-date=2010-06-16 }} (downloaded Feb. 18,2010.)</ref>
''*) Not including the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]] (typical form).''
''*) Not including the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]] (typical form).''


Line 245: Line 315:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last =Zug | first =George R. | authorlink =George Zug |author2=Laurie J. Vitt |author3=Janalee P. Caldwell | title =Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=Second | publisher =Academic Press | date =May 2001 | location = | url =https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=012782622X/theemblreptiledaA/ | isbn =0-12-782622-X| page =630 p }}
*{{cite book|author1=Zug, George R.|author-link1=:de:George Robert Zug|author2=Vitt, Laurie J.|author3=Caldwell, Janalee P.|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|edition=Second|publisher=Academic Press|date=May 2001|url=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=012782622X/theemblreptiledaA/|isbn=0-12-782622-X|page=630}}
* {{cite web | last =Uetz | first =Peter | authorlink =Peter Uetz | title =Family Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes, and seasnakes etc.) | publisher =The Reptile Database | date =2007-08-24 | url =http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}
*{{cite web|last=Uetz|first=Peter|title=Family Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes, and seasnakes etc.)|publisher=The Reptile Database|url=http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php|access-date=2007-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004551/http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/families/elapidae.php|archive-date=2008-10-11|url-status=dead}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Hydrophis|date=7 September|year=2007}}
* {{NRDB genus|genus=Hydrophis|date=7 September|year=2007}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q152504|from2=Q152199}}
[[Category:Sea snakes]]

[[Category:Hydrophis| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]

Latest revision as of 06:05, 12 March 2024

Hydrophis
Annulated sea snake, H. cyanocinctus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Subfamily: Hydrophiinae
Genus: Hydrophis
Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
Type species
Hydrophis platurus
Linnaeus, 1766
Species

See text

Synonyms

Disteira Lacépède, 1804

Hydrophis is a genus of sea snakes, venomous snakes in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. Species in the genus Hydrophis are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 36 species are recognized as being valid.[1]

Systematics and classification

[edit]

There are more than 30 recognized species in the genus.[1]

Species Authority Subsp.* Common name Geographic range
H. annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901) 0 bighead sea snake, Annandale's sea snake Indian Ocean
H. anomalus Schmidt, 1852 0 anomalous sea snake South Chinese Sea, Indian Ocean
H. atriceps Günther, 1864 0 black-headed sea snake
H. belcheri (Gray, 1849) 0 Belcher's sea snake Queensland and New Territories, Australia
H. bituberculatus W. Peters, 1873 0 Peters' sea snake Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Thailand)
H. brookii Günther, 1872 0 Brooke's sea snake
H. caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) 2 dwarf sea snake Queensland, Australia
H. cantoris Günther, 1864 0 Cantor's narrow-headed sea snake, Cantor's small-headed sea snake
H. coggeri (Kharin, 1984) 0 slender-necked sea snake, Cogger's sea snake[2] Western Australia
H. curtus (Shaw, 1802) 0 Shaw's sea snake, short sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake, spine-bellied sea snake
H. cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803 0 annulated sea snake, blue-banded sea snake
H. czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984) 0 fine-spined sea snake
H. donaldi[3] Ukuwela, K. Sanders
& B. Fry, 2012 		rough-scaled sea snake Northern Australia
H. elegans (Gray, 1842) 0 elegant sea snake
H. fasciatus (Schneider, 1799) 0 striped sea snake
H. hardwickii (Gray, 1834) 0 Hardwicke's spine-bellied sea snake
H. inornatus (Gray, 1849) 0 plain sea snake Western Australia
H. jerdonii (Gray, 1849) 2 Jerdon's sea snake Indian Ocean
H. kingii Boulenger, 1896 0 King's sea snake
H. klossi Boulenger, 1912 0 Kloss' sea snake
H. laboutei A. Rasmussen & Ineich, 2000 0 Laboute's sea snake[2] New Caledonia
H. lamberti M.A. Smith, 1917 0 Lambert's sea snake
H. lapemoides (Gray, 1849) 0 Persian Gulf sea snake
H. macdowelli Kharin, 1983 0 small-headed sea snake, McDowell's sea snake Western Australia
H. major (Shaw, 1802) 0 greater sea snake, olive-headed sea snake
H. mamillaris (Daudin, 1803) 0 Bombay sea snake
H. melanocephalus Gray, 1849 0 slender-necked sea snake
H. melanosoma Günther, 1864 0 black-banded robust sea snake
H. nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803 0 black-banded sea snake
H. obscurus Daudin, 1803 0 estuarine sea snake, Russel's sea snake
H. ocellatus (Gray, 1849) 0 spotted sea snake
H. ornatus (Gray, 1842) 4 ornate reef sea snake
H. pacificus Boulenger, 1896 0 large-headed sea snake
H. parviceps M.A. Smith, 1935 0 Smith's small-headed sea snake
H. peronii (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) 0 Peron's sea snake
H. platurus Linnaeus, 1766 0 yellow-bellied sea snake
H. schistosus Daudin, 1803 0 beaked sea snake Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to Pacific Ocean[4][5]
H. semperi Garman, 1881 0 Lake Taal snake, Garman's sea snake, Philippine freshwater sea snake, Luzon sea snake
H. sibauensis A. Rasmussen, Auliya
& W. Böhme, 2001 		0 Kalimantan sea snake
H. spiralis (Shaw, 1802) 0 yellow sea snake
H. stokesii (Gray, 1846) 0 Stokes' sea snake, Stokes's sea snake
H. stricticollis Günther, 1864 0 collared sea snake
H. torquatus Günther, 1864 2 west coast black-headed sea snake
H. viperinus Schmidt, 1852 0 viperine sea snake Persian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean to Western Pacific Ocean[6]
H. vorisi Kharin, 1984 0 estuarine sea snake Torres Strait, Queensland
H. zweifeli (Kharin, 1985) 0 Sepik beaked sea snake, Zweifel’s beaked sea snake

[7] *) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Hydrophis.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Hydrophis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
  2. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Hydrophis coggeri, p. 56; H. laboutei, p. 149).
  3. ^ "Spiny, Venomous New Sea Snake Discovered—"Something Special"". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  4. ^ Rasmussen, A. (15 February 2009). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydrophis schistosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. ^ "Hydrophis schistosus".
  6. ^ Rasmussen, A. (15 February 2009). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydrophis viperinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  7. ^ "The Reptiles of Australia, Marine snakes". Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2010-02-19. (downloaded Feb. 18,2010.)

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hydrophis&oldid=1213303098"