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{{Short description|Fictional character based on the author}} |
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As a [[literary technique]], an '''author surrogate''' is a |
As a [[literary technique]], an '''author surrogate''' (also called an '''author avatar''') is a fictional character based on the author.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pandey | first = Ashish | year = 2005 | title = Academic Dictionary Of Fiction | publisher = Isha Books | page = 18 | isbn = 8182052629}}</ref> The author surrogate may be disguised, with a different name, or the author surrogate may be quite close to the author, with the same name. Some authors use author surrogates to express philosophical or political views in the narrative. Authors may also insert themselves under their own name into their works. |
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==Usage== |
==Usage== |
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===Fiction=== |
===Fiction=== |
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Frequently, the author surrogate is the same as the [[main character]] and/or the [[protagonist]], and is also often the [[narrator]]. As an example, the author surrogate may be the one who delivers political diatribe, expressing the author's beliefs |
Frequently, the author surrogate is the same as the [[main character]] and/or the [[protagonist]], and is also often the [[narrator]]. As an example, the author surrogate may be the one who delivers political diatribe, expressing the author's beliefs, or expound on the strengths and weaknesses of other characters, thereby communicating directly the author's opinion on the characters in question. |
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Philosophers and writers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thanetwriters.com/essay/characters/narrative-techniques-author-surrogates/ | title=Narrative Techniques: Author Surrogates | date=7 June 2017 }}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=essay is on the same subject but does not support all of the ideas presented here, for example: no mention of unpopular views in the source|date=September 2022}} |
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British writer [[David Hume]] used the author-surrogate 'Philo' in the ''Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion''. Philonous was the author-surrogate of the Irish philosopher George Berkeley in his work ''Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous''. Novelist [[Michael Crichton]] used his character Ian Malcolm to express views on catastrophic system failure in his novel ''[[Jurassic Park (novel)|Jurassic Park]]''. Perhaps the best-known philosophical author-surrogate is [[Socrates]] in the writings of [[Plato]]. |
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A surrogate's life may be very similar to that of the author. Like his creator, Peter Marlowe—a character in [[James Clavell]]'s novels—wrote about his experience as a prisoner of war with the Japanese during [[World War II]], became a Hollywood writer, and visited Hong Kong to research a book on its [[trading company|trading companies]].<ref name="bernstein19810913">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/13/magazine/making-of-a-literary-shogun.html |title=Making of a Literary Shogun |last=Bernstein |first=Paul |date=1981-09-13 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-03-15 |language=en}}</ref> Most stories have an author surrogate, insofar as the author is usually capable of pointing to one character (major or minor) whom he or she identifies with to a much greater degree than any other character. This can take the form of a realistic depiction of the author (Benjamin in ''[[Animal Farm]]''), or a negative ([[Woody Allen]] in many of his films) or positive depiction of the author. [[Steve Gerber]] depicted himself saving the universe in his final issue of ''[[Man-Thing]]'' for [[Marvel Comics]], and [[Chris Claremont]] did the same, while Gerber's act was passive and Claremont's had him merge briefly with the title character.<ref>Man-Thing #22; Man-Thing (vol. 2) #11</ref> In both cases, the authors had other characters that were more traditional author surrogates, [[Richard Rory]] and Jonh Daltry. In ''[[Animal Man]]'', [[Grant Morrison]] appears as the author who controls the title characters actions. For example, he tells Buddy Baker that the next writer could have him eating meat (which in fact did happen, in a bizarre set of circumstances), and Buddy says, "But I don't eat meat," to which Morrison retorts, "No, '''I''' don't eat meat."<ref>Grant Morrison. ''Animal Man: Deus Ex Machina'' DC Comics</ref> |
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A surrogate's life may be very similar to that of the author. Like his creator, Peter Marlowe—a character in [[James Clavell]]'s novels—wrote about his experience as a prisoner of war with the Japanese during [[World War II]], became a Hollywood writer, and visited Hong Kong to research a book on its [[trading company|trading companies]].<ref name="bernstein19810913">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/13/magazine/making-of-a-literary-shogun.html |title=Making of a Literary Shogun |last=Bernstein |first=Paul |date=1981-09-13 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-03-15 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Most stories have an author surrogate, insofar as the author is usually capable of pointing to one character (major or minor) whom he or she identifies with to a much greater degree than any other character. This can take the form of a realistic depiction of the author ([[Benjamin (Animal Farm)|Benjamin]] in ''[[Animal Farm]]''), or a negative ([[Woody Allen]] in many of his films) or positive depiction of the author. |
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[[Steve Gerber]] depicted himself saving the universe in his final issue of ''[[Man-Thing]]'' for [[Marvel Comics]], and [[Chris Claremont]] did the same, while Gerber's act was passive and Claremont's had him merge briefly with the title character.<ref>Man-Thing #22; Man-Thing (vol. 2) #11</ref> In both cases, the authors had other characters that were more traditional author surrogates, [[Richard Rory]] and Jonh Daltry. |
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In ''[[Animal Man (comic book)|Animal Man]]'', [[Grant Morrison]] appears as the author who controls the title character's actions. For example, they tell Buddy Baker that the next writer could have him eating meat (which in fact did happen, in a bizarre set of circumstances), and Buddy says, "But I don't eat meat," to which Morrison retorts, "No, '''I''' don't eat meat."<ref>Grant Morrison. ''Animal Man: Deus Ex Machina'' DC Comics</ref> |
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===Fan fiction=== |
===Fan fiction=== |
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{{main|Mary Sue}} |
{{main|Mary Sue}} |
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[[Fan fiction]] critics have evolved the term Mary Sue to refer to an idealized author surrogate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Segall |year=2008 |title=Fan Fiction Writing: New Work Based on Favorite Fiction |publisher=Rosen Pub. |page=[https://archive.org/details/careerbuildingth0000sega/page/26 26] |isbn=978-1404213562 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/careerbuildingth0000sega/page/26 }}</ref> The term 'Mary Sue' is thought to evoke the cliché of an author who uses writing as a vehicle for the indulgence of self-idealization, to create a character that is so competent or perfect that it lacks verisimilitude.<ref>Chander, A., & Sunder, M. (2007). "Everyone's a Superhero: A Cultural Theory of 'Mary Sue' Fan Fiction as Fair Use." ''[[California Law Review]]'', 95(2), 597-626. Retrieved from [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20439103 JSTOR]</ref> For male author surrogates, similar names such as 'Marty Stu' or 'Gary Stu' are occasionally used.<ref>{{cite book|author=Luc Reid|title=Talk the Talk: The Slang of 65 American Subcultures|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781582974231|url-access=registration|access-date=30 July 2013|date=4 September 2006|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|isbn=978-1-59963-375-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781582974231/page/300 300]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Harper|title=Writing the Paranormal Novel: Techniques and Exercises for Weaving Supernatural Elements Into Your Story.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y80Cr__mKlkC&pg=PA76|access-date=30 July 2013|date=18 February 2011|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|isbn=978-1-59963-301-5|page=76}}</ref> |
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In fan fiction, an author surrogate is more commonly called a "self-insert". |
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==Other uses== |
==Other uses== |
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The expression has also been used in a different sense, meaning the ''principal author'' of a multi-author document.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/8290.html | title=9/11 Report As An Award-Winning Historical Narrative | work=The New York Times | date=October 24, 2004 | |
The expression has also been used in a different sense, meaning the ''principal author'' of a multi-author document.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/8290.html | title=9/11 Report As An Award-Winning Historical Narrative | work=The New York Times | date=October 24, 2004 | access-date=September 16, 2016 | author=Thomas Crampton |via=History News Network | quote=''Call me an author surrogate, not an author,'' Mr. Zelikow said moments before speaking about the book before the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. ''This really is not my book tour since it is not my book.''}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Audience surrogate]] |
*[[Audience surrogate]] |
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*[[Autobiographical novel]] |
*[[Autobiographical novel]] |
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*[[Cameo appearance]]s by directors (e.g., [[List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock]]) |
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*[[Self-insertion]] |
*[[Self-insertion]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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[[Category:Author surrogates| ]] |
[[Category:Author surrogates| ]] |
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[[Category:Fictional characters by role in the narrative structure]] |
[[Category:Fictional characters by role in the narrative structure]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Narrative techniques]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:17, 12 March 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2014) |
As a literary technique, an author surrogate (also called an author avatar) is a fictional character based on the author.[1] The author surrogate may be disguised, with a different name, or the author surrogate may be quite close to the author, with the same name. Some authors use author surrogates to express philosophical or political views in the narrative. Authors may also insert themselves under their own name into their works.
Usage
[edit]Fiction
[edit]Frequently, the author surrogate is the same as the main character and/or the protagonist, and is also often the narrator. As an example, the author surrogate may be the one who delivers political diatribe, expressing the author's beliefs, or expound on the strengths and weaknesses of other characters, thereby communicating directly the author's opinion on the characters in question. Philosophers and writers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.[2][failed verification]
British writer David Hume used the author-surrogate 'Philo' in the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Philonous was the author-surrogate of the Irish philosopher George Berkeley in his work Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. Novelist Michael Crichton used his character Ian Malcolm to express views on catastrophic system failure in his novel Jurassic Park. Perhaps the best-known philosophical author-surrogate is Socrates in the writings of Plato.
A surrogate's life may be very similar to that of the author. Like his creator, Peter Marlowe—a character in James Clavell's novels—wrote about his experience as a prisoner of war with the Japanese during World War II, became a Hollywood writer, and visited Hong Kong to research a book on its trading companies.[3]
Most stories have an author surrogate, insofar as the author is usually capable of pointing to one character (major or minor) whom he or she identifies with to a much greater degree than any other character. This can take the form of a realistic depiction of the author (Benjamin in Animal Farm), or a negative (Woody Allen in many of his films) or positive depiction of the author.
Steve Gerber depicted himself saving the universe in his final issue of Man-Thing for Marvel Comics, and Chris Claremont did the same, while Gerber's act was passive and Claremont's had him merge briefly with the title character.[4] In both cases, the authors had other characters that were more traditional author surrogates, Richard Rory and Jonh Daltry.
In Animal Man, Grant Morrison appears as the author who controls the title character's actions. For example, they tell Buddy Baker that the next writer could have him eating meat (which in fact did happen, in a bizarre set of circumstances), and Buddy says, "But I don't eat meat," to which Morrison retorts, "No, I don't eat meat."[5]
Colombian author and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez appears near the end of his own book, One Hundred Years of Solitude as a minor character in the novel.
Fan fiction
[edit]Fan fiction critics have evolved the term Mary Sue to refer to an idealized author surrogate.[6] The term 'Mary Sue' is thought to evoke the cliché of an author who uses writing as a vehicle for the indulgence of self-idealization, to create a character that is so competent or perfect that it lacks verisimilitude.[7] For male author surrogates, similar names such as 'Marty Stu' or 'Gary Stu' are occasionally used.[8][9] In fan fiction, an author surrogate is more commonly called a "self-insert".
Other uses
[edit]The expression has also been used in a different sense, meaning the principal author of a multi-author document.[10]
See also
[edit]- Alter ego
- Audience surrogate
- Autobiographical novel
- Cameo appearances by directors (e.g., List of cameo appearances by Alfred Hitchcock)
- Self-insertion
Notes
[edit]- ^ Pandey, Ashish (2005). Academic Dictionary Of Fiction. Isha Books. p. 18. ISBN 8182052629.
- ^ "Narrative Techniques: Author Surrogates". 7 June 2017.
- ^ Bernstein, Paul (1981-09-13). "Making of a Literary Shogun". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
- ^ Man-Thing #22; Man-Thing (vol. 2) #11
- ^ Grant Morrison. Animal Man: Deus Ex Machina DC Comics
- ^ Segall (2008). Fan Fiction Writing: New Work Based on Favorite Fiction. Rosen Pub. p. 26. ISBN 978-1404213562.
- ^ Chander, A., & Sunder, M. (2007). "Everyone's a Superhero: A Cultural Theory of 'Mary Sue' Fan Fiction as Fair Use." California Law Review, 95(2), 597-626. Retrieved from JSTOR
- ^ Luc Reid (4 September 2006). Talk the Talk: The Slang of 65 American Subcultures. Writer's Digest Books. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-59963-375-6. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Steven Harper (18 February 2011). Writing the Paranormal Novel: Techniques and Exercises for Weaving Supernatural Elements Into Your Story. Writer's Digest Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-59963-301-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Thomas Crampton (October 24, 2004). "9/11 Report As An Award-Winning Historical Narrative". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2016 – via History News Network.
Call me an author surrogate, not an author, Mr. Zelikow said moments before speaking about the book before the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. This really is not my book tour since it is not my book.