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{{Short description|Surgical procedure}} |
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{{POV|date=December 2012}} |
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'''Jaw reduction''' or mandible angle reduction is a type of surgery to narrow the lower one-third of the face—particularly the contribution from the [[human mandible|mandible]] and its muscular attachments. There are several techniques for treatment—including surgical and non-surgical methods. A square lower jaw can be considered a masculine trait, especially in Asian countries.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Park|first=Sanghoon|date=2017-06-14|pages=41–51|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_6|isbn=9789811027253|title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|chapter=The Standard Mandible Reduction with Intraoral Approach}}</ref> As a result, whereas square lower jaws are often considered a positive trait in men, a wide mandible can be perceived as discordant or masculine on women, or sometimes in certain men, particularly when there is asymmetry.<ref name="pmid17692710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris DE, Moaveni Z, Lo LJ |title=Aesthetic facial skeletal contouring in the Asian patient |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=547–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17692710 |doi=10.1016/j.cps.2007.05.005}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox interventions | |
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Name = Jaw reduction | |
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Image = | |
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Caption = | |
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ICD10 = | |
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ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|76.61}}-{{ICD9proc|76.64}} | |
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MeshID = | |
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OPS301 = | |
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OtherCodes = | |
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HCPCSlevel2 = |
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'''Jaw reduction''' is a type of surgery in which the objective of treatment is to narrow the lower one-third of the face—particularly the contribution from the [[human mandible|mandible]] and its muscular attachments. There are several techniques for treatment—including surgical and non surgical methods. |
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A wide lower face can primarily be caused by a wide [[mandibular bone]] or large [[masseter muscle]]. A large masseter muscle can be reduced in apparent size with the use of botox injections whereas having a wide mandibular bone requires surgical intervention to reduce the size of the bones. |
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==Facial aesthetics== |
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A square lower jaw is generally considered a very masculine trait.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} Widening of the lower third of the face can cause either a square appearance to the face as a whole or can distort the natural appearance of the angle between the chin and the neck. |
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==Consultation and patient evaluation == |
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Whereas square lower jaws are often considered a positive trait in men, a wide mandible can cause significant facial discordance and/or masculinization of the female face. Even in certain men, the size of the lower jaw can cause facial disharmony—particularly when there is asymmetry.<ref name="pmid17692710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris DE, Moaveni Z, Lo LJ |title=Aesthetic facial skeletal contouring in the Asian patient |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=547–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17692710 |doi=10.1016/j.cps.2007.05.005}}</ref> |
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A facial structure with a larger mandible arch and wide zygoma is common, particularly among Asians, although it is also present in other populations. It can also be the result of certain developmental disorders such as [[acromegaly]]. |
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Prior to selection of a treatment, the patient is examined to determine whether the wide jaw is due to the [[bone]] size, the masseter muscle or both. Three-dimensional analysis of the clinical photos, [[X-ray]]s and [[CT scan|3D CT scans]] from the front, lateral, oblique, basal and overhead views are required for a detailed evaluation.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Chung|first=Seungil|title=The Aesthetic Lower Face Analysis Diagnosis Selection of Surgical Procedures|date=2017-06-14|work=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|pages=31–39|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_5|isbn=9789811027253|last2=Park|first2=Sanghoon}}</ref> The level of protrusion of the mandible angle, the size of the masseter muscle and the overall structure of the jaw are evaluated. Based on the analysis and face-to-face consultation, the surgery plan can be created to produce the desired aesthetic results.<ref name=":0" /> |
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A wide lower face can primarily be caused by enlargement of the mandible or [[masseter muscle]]. |
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==Surgical method== |
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The primary cause of an enlarged mandible is developmental or [[congenital]]. There are some rare disorders that can further widen the jaw such as [[acromegaly]]. |
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Surgical techniques are used to directly reduce the size of a large mandible. Depending on the candidate's individual facial structure, either mandibular resection can be performed alone or in conjunction with a sagittal mandibular reduction.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Park|first=Sanghoon|date=2017-06-14|pages=53–62|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_7|isbn=9789811027253|title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|chapter=Sagittal Resection of the Mandible: Are We Doing Right?}}</ref> |
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The surgery is performed under [[General anaesthesia|general anesthesia]] through [[tracheal intubation]]. The standard surgical procedure uses an intraoral approach, as it leaves no visible scars.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lee|first=Tae Sung|date=2017-06-14|pages=15–22|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_3|isbn=9789811027253|title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|chapter=Surgical Approaches for Facial Bone Surgery}}</ref> |
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==Techniques== |
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There are several jaw reduction techniques available—both surgical and non-surgical. Ideally prior to selection of a treatment, the patient is examined to determine whether the cause is due to the [[bone]], the masseter or both. Additionally, if a treatable cause is present it should be identified. |
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A guarded oscillating saw is first used to mark the proposed osteotomy line to avoid excessive resection of the mandibular bone. Following this process, the bone resection is then performed with the appropriate size of oscillating saws.<ref name=":0" /> Additional sagittal split ramus resection can be performed using a burr.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Surgery complications === |
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| ⚫ | The use of Botox for jaw reduction has been studied scientifically. Improvement is generally not seen for at least |
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Inferior alveolar nerve is the most important anatomic structure during mandible reduction surgery and great care should be taken to avoid injury to this nerve.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lim|first=Jongwoo|date=2017-06-14|pages=7–13|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_2|isbn=9789811027253|title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|chapter=Essential Surgical Anatomy for Facial Bone Contouring Surgery}}</ref> Potential complications include injury to the [[inferior alveolar nerve]] which provides permanent numbness and damage to the lower lip and even death. |
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Another factor to consider is the [[Mentalis|mentalis muscle]] which elevates the lower lip and chin. During the surgery, the mentalis muscles should be carefully reattached after the mandible bone has been excised. Failure to reattach the mentalis muscles will lead to the chin and lower lip to sag, causing permanent damage.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Post-surgery symptoms === |
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===Surgical reduction=== |
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Common symptoms include [[Hematoma|haematoma]], infection, asymmetry, over- or under-correction of the mandibular bone, sensory deficit. Excluding asymmetry and over- or under-correction, the other symptoms dissipate within three to six months post-surgery.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lee|first=Tae Sung|date=2017-06-14|pages=23–28|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_4|isbn=9789811027253|title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery|chapter=Standard Surgical Instruments for Facial Bone Surgery}}</ref> Individuals with abundant soft tissue or thick skin may consider an additional lifting procedure done simultaneously with the jaw reduction surgery, as there is a high possibility of sagging soft tissue. Age and skin elasticity level also determines whether a lifting procedure is required.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Surgical techniques are used to directly reduce the size of an enlarged mandible. Incision can be to the inside or outside of the mouth, though the internal incision is the most common because it leaves no visible scar. A burr is used to remove the outer layer of the enlarged [[human mandible|mandible]], narrowing the jaw.<ref name="pmid15959692">{{cite journal |author=Jin H |title=Misconceptions about mandible reduction procedures |journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=317–24 |year=2005 |pmid=15959692 |doi=10.1007/s00266-004-0111-8}}</ref> |
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== Non-surgical method == |
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Potential complications include injury to the [[inferior alveolar nerve]] which provides permanent numbness to the lower lip and even death. |
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| ⚫ | Non-surgical techniques are essentially limited to cases in which the masseter is enlarged. While a masseter muscle can be large due to genetic reasons, it can commonly be an acquired trait. Like any muscle it increases in size with exercise. Behaviors such as repeated gum chewing, teeth clenching, or [[bruxism]] can contribute to enlargement of the muscle. |
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| ⚫ | A convenient method to treat an enlarged muscle is through the use of [[Botulinum toxin|botox]] injections. Botox is injected into the muscle, weakening it so it slowly becomes smaller through [[Muscle atrophy|atrophy]] over several months. There is no down-time and improvement is gradual—individuals who interact with the patient may never know that a plastic surgical procedure was performed |
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| ⚫ | The use of Botox for jaw reduction has been studied scientifically. Improvement is generally not seen for at least 2–3 weeks. Peak improvement occurs at months 3 to 9 with good results still observable at one year in many patients.<ref name="pmid11254408">{{cite journal|vauthors=To EW, Ahuja AT, Ho WS, etal|year=2001|title=A prospective study of the effect of botulinum toxin A on masseteric muscle hypertrophy with ultrasonographic and electromyographic measurement|journal=Br J Plast Surg|volume=54|issue=3|pages=197–200|doi=10.1054/bjps.2000.3526|pmid=11254408}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaw Reduction}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaw Reduction}} |
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Latest revision as of 17:24, 13 March 2024
Jaw reduction or mandible angle reduction is a type of surgery to narrow the lower one-third of the face—particularly the contribution from the mandible and its muscular attachments. There are several techniques for treatment—including surgical and non-surgical methods. A square lower jaw can be considered a masculine trait, especially in Asian countries.[1] As a result, whereas square lower jaws are often considered a positive trait in men, a wide mandible can be perceived as discordant or masculine on women, or sometimes in certain men, particularly when there is asymmetry.[2]
A wide lower face can primarily be caused by a wide mandibular bone or large masseter muscle. A large masseter muscle can be reduced in apparent size with the use of botox injections whereas having a wide mandibular bone requires surgical intervention to reduce the size of the bones.
Consultation and patient evaluation
[edit]A facial structure with a larger mandible arch and wide zygoma is common, particularly among Asians, although it is also present in other populations. It can also be the result of certain developmental disorders such as acromegaly.
Prior to selection of a treatment, the patient is examined to determine whether the wide jaw is due to the bone size, the masseter muscle or both. Three-dimensional analysis of the clinical photos, X-rays and 3D CT scans from the front, lateral, oblique, basal and overhead views are required for a detailed evaluation.[3] The level of protrusion of the mandible angle, the size of the masseter muscle and the overall structure of the jaw are evaluated. Based on the analysis and face-to-face consultation, the surgery plan can be created to produce the desired aesthetic results.[1]
Surgical method
[edit]Surgical techniques are used to directly reduce the size of a large mandible. Depending on the candidate's individual facial structure, either mandibular resection can be performed alone or in conjunction with a sagittal mandibular reduction.[4]
The surgery is performed under general anesthesia through tracheal intubation. The standard surgical procedure uses an intraoral approach, as it leaves no visible scars.[5]
A guarded oscillating saw is first used to mark the proposed osteotomy line to avoid excessive resection of the mandibular bone. Following this process, the bone resection is then performed with the appropriate size of oscillating saws.[1] Additional sagittal split ramus resection can be performed using a burr.[4]
Surgery complications
[edit]Inferior alveolar nerve is the most important anatomic structure during mandible reduction surgery and great care should be taken to avoid injury to this nerve.[6] Potential complications include injury to the inferior alveolar nerve which provides permanent numbness and damage to the lower lip and even death.
Another factor to consider is the mentalis muscle which elevates the lower lip and chin. During the surgery, the mentalis muscles should be carefully reattached after the mandible bone has been excised. Failure to reattach the mentalis muscles will lead to the chin and lower lip to sag, causing permanent damage.[1]
Post-surgery symptoms
[edit]Common symptoms include haematoma, infection, asymmetry, over- or under-correction of the mandibular bone, sensory deficit. Excluding asymmetry and over- or under-correction, the other symptoms dissipate within three to six months post-surgery.[7] Individuals with abundant soft tissue or thick skin may consider an additional lifting procedure done simultaneously with the jaw reduction surgery, as there is a high possibility of sagging soft tissue. Age and skin elasticity level also determines whether a lifting procedure is required.[3]
Non-surgical method
[edit]Botox injection
[edit]Non-surgical techniques are essentially limited to cases in which the masseter is enlarged. While a masseter muscle can be large due to genetic reasons, it can commonly be an acquired trait. Like any muscle it increases in size with exercise. Behaviors such as repeated gum chewing, teeth clenching, or bruxism can contribute to enlargement of the muscle.
A convenient method to treat an enlarged muscle is through the use of botox injections. Botox is injected into the muscle, weakening it so it slowly becomes smaller through atrophy over several months. There is no down-time and improvement is gradual—individuals who interact with the patient may never know that a plastic surgical procedure was performed
The use of Botox for jaw reduction has been studied scientifically. Improvement is generally not seen for at least 2–3 weeks. Peak improvement occurs at months 3 to 9 with good results still observable at one year in many patients.[8]
The procedure can result in temporary paralysis of the muscles that move the lips, a rare, but danger acknowledged complication.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Park, Sanghoon (2017-06-14), "The Standard Mandible Reduction with Intraoral Approach", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 41–51, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_6, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ Morris DE, Moaveni Z, Lo LJ (2007). "Aesthetic facial skeletal contouring in the Asian patient". Clin Plast Surg. 34 (3): 547–56. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2007.05.005. PMID 17692710.
- ^ a b Chung, Seungil; Park, Sanghoon (2017-06-14), "The Aesthetic Lower Face Analysis Diagnosis Selection of Surgical Procedures", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 31–39, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_5, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ a b Park, Sanghoon (2017-06-14), "Sagittal Resection of the Mandible: Are We Doing Right?", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 53–62, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_7, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ Lee, Tae Sung (2017-06-14), "Surgical Approaches for Facial Bone Surgery", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 15–22, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_3, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ Lim, Jongwoo (2017-06-14), "Essential Surgical Anatomy for Facial Bone Contouring Surgery", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 7–13, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_2, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ Lee, Tae Sung (2017-06-14), "Standard Surgical Instruments for Facial Bone Surgery", Facial Bone Contouring Surgery, Springer Singapore, pp. 23–28, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2726-0_4, ISBN 9789811027253
- ^ To EW, Ahuja AT, Ho WS, et al. (2001). "A prospective study of the effect of botulinum toxin A on masseteric muscle hypertrophy with ultrasonographic and electromyographic measurement". Br J Plast Surg. 54 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1054/bjps.2000.3526. PMID 11254408.