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{{Short description|American ecologist (1941–2021)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Thomas Lovejoy
| name = Thomas Lovejoy
| image = Lovejoy-crop.jpg
| image = Tom_Lovejoy.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| image_upright = 0.8
| birth_name =
| caption = Lovejoy in 1974
| birth_name = Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|8|22|}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|8|22|}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|12|25|1941|8|22|}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|12|25|1941|8|22|}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| death_place = [[McLean, Virginia]], U.S.
| residence =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| citizenship =
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}}


'''Thomas E. Lovejoy''' (August 22, 1941 – December 25, 2021) was an American ecologist who was President of the [[Amazon Biodiversity Center]], a Senior Fellow at the [[United Nations Foundation]] and a university professor in the Environmental Science and Policy department at [[George Mason University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/thomas-lovejoy|title=Thomas Lovejoy|date=2011-07-11|newspaper=Wilson Center|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> Lovejoy was the World Bank's chief biodiversity advisor and the lead specialist for environment for Latin America and the Caribbean as well as senior advisor to the president of the United Nations Foundation. In 2008, he also was the first Biodiversity Chair of the [[The H. John Heinz III Center For Science, Economics And The Environment|H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heinzctr.org/staff/|title=Staff {{!}} heinzcenter.org|website=www.heinzctr.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> to 2013. Previously he served as president of the Heinz Center since May 2002. Lovejoy introduced the term ''[[biological diversity]]'' to the scientific community in 1980. He was a past chair of the Scientific Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) for the [[Global Environment Facility]] (GEF),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegef.org/news/stap-and-gef-leveraging-knowledge-and-science-global-environment|title=STAP and the GEF: Leveraging knowledge and science for the global environment.|date=2016-08-01|newspaper=Global Environment Facility|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref> the multibillion-dollar funding mechanism for developing countries in support of their obligations under international environmental conventions.
'''Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III''' (August 22, 1941{{snd}}December 25, 2021) was an American ecologist who was President of the [[Amazon Biodiversity Center]], a Senior Fellow at the [[United Nations Foundation]] and a university professor in the Environmental Science and Policy department at [[George Mason University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/thomas-lovejoy|title=Thomas Lovejoy|date=2011-07-11|newspaper=Wilson Center|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> Lovejoy was the World Bank's chief biodiversity advisor and the lead specialist for environment for Latin America and the Caribbean as well as senior advisor to the president of the United Nations Foundation. In 2008, he also was the first Biodiversity Chair of the [[The H. John Heinz III Center For Science, Economics And The Environment|H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heinzctr.org/staff/|title=Staff {{!}} heinzcenter.org|website=www.heinzctr.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> to 2013. Previously he served as president of the Heinz Center since May 2002. Lovejoy introduced the term ''[[biological diversity]]'' to the scientific community in 1980. He was a past chair of the Scientific Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) for the [[Global Environment Facility]] (GEF),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegef.org/news/stap-and-gef-leveraging-knowledge-and-science-global-environment|title=STAP and the GEF: Leveraging knowledge and science for the global environment.|date=2016-08-01|newspaper=Global Environment Facility|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref> the multibillion-dollar funding mechanism for developing countries in support of their obligations under international environmental conventions.


==Biography==
==Biography==
⚫
Lovejoy attended [[Millbrook School]], where he worked at The Trevor Zoo, under zoo founder Frank Trevor and his wife Janet. "The first three weeks were the key, and that's what flipped my switch in life and Biology. I was not prepared for the impact the Trevors world actually have on me in the classroom. And it was like my first three weeks and that was it. I'm going to be a biologist." He graduated from Millbrook in 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.millbrook.org/page/news-detail?pk=699484&fromId=201493|title=Underform Awards Presented During Spring Parents Weekend|date=2011-04-25|newspaper=Millbrook School|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref>


=== Early life ===
⚫
Lovejoy, a tropical [[biologist]] and [[conservation biology|conservation]] biologist, has worked in the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] of [[Brazil]] since 1965. He received his B.S. and Ph.D. in biology from [[Yale University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gsas.yale.edu/news/alumnus-honored-lifetime-studying-and-defending-biodiversity|title=Alumnus Honored for Lifetime Studying and Defending Biodiversity {{!}} Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences|website=gsas.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>
⚫
Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III was born on August 22, 1941, in Manhattan, New York, to Jeanne (Gillette) and Thomas Eugene Lovejoy, Jr.<ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Sandomir|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Sandomir|date=2021-12-28|title=Thomas Lovejoy, Wide-Ranging Ecologist and Amazon Rescuer, Dies at 80|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/28/climate/thomas-lovejoy-dead.html|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He attended [[Millbrook School]], where he worked at The Trevor Zoo, under zoo founder Frank Trevor and his wife Janet. "The first three weeks were the key, and that's what flipped my switch in life and Biology. I was not prepared for the impact the Trevors world actually have on me in the classroom. And it was like my first three weeks and that was it. I'm going to be a biologist." He graduated from Millbrook in 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.millbrook.org/page/news-detail?pk=699484&fromId=201493|title=Underform Awards Presented During Spring Parents Weekend|date=2011-04-25|newspaper=Millbrook School|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref>


=== Education ===
⚫
From 1973 to 1987 he directed the conservation program at [[World Wildlife Fund]]-U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/leaders/thomas-lovejoy|title=Thomas Lovejoy {{!}} Leaders {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> and from 1987 to 1998 he served as assistant secretary for environmental and external affairs for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_9084|title=Thomas Lovejoy in Brazil|last=Wolfgang|first=Bayer|date=2011-09-15|newspaper=Smithsonian Institution Archives|access-date=2017-02-20|last2=sysadmin|language=en}}</ref> and in 1994 became counselor to the secretary for biodiversity and environmental affairs. From 1999 to 2002, he served as chief biodiversity adviser to the president of the World Bank. In 2010 and 2011, he served as chair of the Independent Advisory Group on Sustainability for the [[Inter-American Development Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|title=Independent advisory group convened to examine the implementation of IDB's environmental policy - Inter-American Development Bank|newspaper=Inter-American Development Bank|access-date=2017-02-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110355/http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> He was senior adviser to the president of the [[United Nations Foundation]], chair of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, and was past president of the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]], past chairman of the United States Man and Biosphere Program, and past president of the [[Society for Conservation Biology]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/thomas-lovejoy/|title=Thomas E. Lovejoy, Tropical and Conservation Biologist Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic|last=Society|first=National Geographic|newspaper=National Geographic|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamnetwork.org/science-advisory-board|title=Science Advisory Board {{!}} TEAM Network - Early Warning System for Nature|website=www.teamnetwork.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>
⚫
Lovejoy enrolled at Yale University, earning his bachelor's degree in biology in 1964 while working as a zoological assistant at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. He also received his Ph.D. in biology from [[Yale University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gsas.yale.edu/news/alumnus-honored-lifetime-studying-and-defending-biodiversity|title=Alumnus Honored for Lifetime Studying and Defending Biodiversity {{!}} Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences|website=gsas.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>

=== Conservation work ===
As a tropical [[biologist]] and [[conservation biology|conservation]] biologist, Lovejoy worked in the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] of [[Brazil]] beginning in 1965.

⚫
From 1973 to 1987 he directed the conservation program at [[World Wildlife Fund]]-U.S.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/leaders/thomas-lovejoy|title=Thomas Lovejoy {{!}} Leaders {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> and from 1987 to 1998 he served as assistant secretary for environmental and external affairs for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_9084|title=Thomas Lovejoy in Brazil|last1=Wolfgang|first1=Bayer|date=2011-09-15|newspaper=Smithsonian Institution Archives|access-date=2017-02-20|last2=sysadmin|language=en}}</ref> and in 1994 became counselor to the secretary for biodiversity and environmental affairs. From 1999 to 2002, he served as chief biodiversity adviser to the president of the World Bank. In 2010 and 2011, he served as chair of the Independent Advisory Group on Sustainability for the [[Inter-American Development Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|title=Independent advisory group convened to examine the implementation of IDB's environmental policy - Inter-American Development Bank|newspaper=Inter-American Development Bank|access-date=2017-02-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110355/http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> He was senior adviser to the president of the [[United Nations Foundation]], chair of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, and was past president of the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]], past chairman of the United States Man and Biosphere Program, and past president of the [[Society for Conservation Biology]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/thomas-lovejoy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223184753/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/thomas-lovejoy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 23, 2011|title=Thomas E. Lovejoy, Tropical and Conservation Biologist Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic|last=Society|first=National Geographic|newspaper=National Geographic|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamnetwork.org/science-advisory-board|title=Science Advisory Board {{!}} TEAM Network - Early Warning System for Nature|website=www.teamnetwork.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>


Lovejoy developed the [[Debt-for-Nature Swap|debt-for-nature swaps]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/photo/hdebt.html|title=Debt-For-Nature: Past and Future|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|title=International Economic System -Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Article|website=www.uow.edu.au|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110343/https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|archive-date=2017-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which environmental groups purchase shaky foreign debt on the secondary market at the market rate, which is considerably discounted, and then convert this debt at its face value into the local currency to purchase biologically sensitive tracts of land in the debtor nation for purposes of environmental protection.
Lovejoy developed the [[Debt-for-Nature Swap|debt-for-nature swaps]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/photo/hdebt.html|title=Debt-For-Nature: Past and Future|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|title=International Economic System -Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Article|website=www.uow.edu.au|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110343/https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|archive-date=2017-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which environmental groups purchase shaky foreign debt on the secondary market at the market rate, which is considerably discounted, and then convert this debt at its face value into the local currency to purchase biologically sensitive tracts of land in the debtor nation for purposes of environmental protection.
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Critics of the [[Debt-for-nature swap|'debt-for-nature' schemes]], such as [[National Center for Public Policy Research]], which distributes a wide variety of materials consistently justifying corporate freedom and environmental deregulation, aver that plans deprive developing nations of the extractable raw resources that are currently essential to further economic development. Economic stagnation and local resentment of "[[American imperialism|Yankee imperialism]]" can result, they warn. In reality, no debt-for-nature swap occurs without the approval of the country in question.
Critics of the [[Debt-for-nature swap|'debt-for-nature' schemes]], such as [[National Center for Public Policy Research]], which distributes a wide variety of materials consistently justifying corporate freedom and environmental deregulation, aver that plans deprive developing nations of the extractable raw resources that are currently essential to further economic development. Economic stagnation and local resentment of "[[American imperialism|Yankee imperialism]]" can result, they warn. In reality, no debt-for-nature swap occurs without the approval of the country in question.


Lovejoy has also supported the [[Forests Now Declaration]], which calls for new market-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/n8595e/n8595e0d.htm|title=Unasylva - No. 128 - Coexistence forestry and farming - Environment|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>
Lovejoy also supported the [[Forests Now Declaration]], which calls for new market-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/n8595e/n8595e0d.htm|title=Unasylva - No. 128 - Coexistence forestry and farming - Environment|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>


Lovejoy played a central role in the establishment of [[conservation biology]], by initiating the idea and planning with B. A. Wilcox in June 1978 for ''The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology'', that was held in [[La Jolla]], in September 1978. The proceedings,<ref>Soule, Michael E., Bruce A. Wilcox. 1980. ''Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach''. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.</ref> introduced conservation biology to the scientific community.
Lovejoy played a central role in the establishment of [[conservation biology]], by initiating the idea and planning with B. A. Wilcox in June 1978 for ''The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology'', that was held in [[La Jolla]], in September 1978. The proceedings,<ref>Soule, Michael E., Bruce A. Wilcox. 1980. ''Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach''. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.</ref> introduced conservation biology to the scientific community.
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Lovejoy founded the [[Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project|Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP)]] near [[Manaus]], Brazil, in 1979 to understand the effects of the fragmentation on tropical rainforests on ecosystems and wildlife.
Lovejoy founded the [[Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project|Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP)]] near [[Manaus]], Brazil, in 1979 to understand the effects of the fragmentation on tropical rainforests on ecosystems and wildlife.


Lovejoy served on many scientific and conservation boards and advisory groups, is the author of numerous articles and books. As often misassociated, he is not the founder but served as an advisor in the early days of the public television series [[Nature (TV series)|NATURE]]. He is no longer part of the creative team. He has served in an official capacity in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], [[George H.W. Bush]], and [[William Clinton|Clinton]] administrations.
Lovejoy served on many scientific and conservation boards and advisory groups, and was the author of numerous articles and books. As often misassociated, he was not the founder but served as an advisor in the early days of the public television series [[Nature (TV series)|NATURE]]. He served in an official capacity in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[William Clinton|Clinton]] administrations.


Lovejoy predicted in 1980 (see quote below), that 10&ndash;20 percent of all species on earth would have gone extinct by the year 2020.
Lovejoy predicted in 1980 (see quote below), that 10&ndash;20 percent of all species on earth would have gone extinct by the year 2020.


=== Awards and recognitions ===
In 1996, Lovejoy was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Eugene Lovejoy|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-eugene-lovejoy|access-date=2021-12-01|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref>
In 1996, Lovejoy was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Eugene Lovejoy|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-eugene-lovejoy|access-date=2021-12-01|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref>


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In 2004, a new wasp species that acts as a parasite on butterfly larvae was discovered on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca mountain range in Costa Rica by Ronald Zúñiga, a specialist in bees, wasps and ants at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). INBio named the species ''Polycyrtus lovejoyi'' in honor of Lovejoy for his contributions in the world of biodiversity and support for INBio.<ref>{{cite news|title=INBio Discovers New Wasp Species |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|newspaper=Tico Times Online Daily|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527030546/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|archive-date=2011-05-27}}</ref>
In 2004, a new wasp species that acts as a parasite on butterfly larvae was discovered on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca mountain range in Costa Rica by Ronald Zúñiga, a specialist in bees, wasps and ants at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). INBio named the species ''Polycyrtus lovejoyi'' in honor of Lovejoy for his contributions in the world of biodiversity and support for INBio.<ref>{{cite news|title=INBio Discovers New Wasp Species |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|newspaper=Tico Times Online Daily|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527030546/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|archive-date=2011-05-27}}</ref>


On October 31, 2012, Lovejoy was awarded the [[Blue Planet Prize]] for being "the first scientist to academically clarify how humans are causing habitat fragmentation and pushing biological diversity towards crisis."
On October 31, 2012, Lovejoy was awarded the [[Blue Planet Prize]] for being "the first scientist to academically clarify how humans are causing [[habitat fragmentation]] and pushing biological diversity towards crisis."


He served on the board of directors from 2009 for the [[Amazon Conservation Association]], whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Conservation Association|url=http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|access-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306090953/http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|archive-date=2012-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for [[Population Action International]] and served on the Scientific Board of SavingSpecies (dissolved July 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/45-3868475 |title=Guidestar: SavingSpecies |publisher=Guidestar |date=2020-05-19 |accessdate=2020-05-19}}</ref>), a conservation organization featured in a ''Nature'' magazine article about Thomas Lovejoy's scientific accomplishments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tollefson, Jeff |title=Forest ecology: Splinters of the Amazon |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7445 |pages=286–289 |date=April 2013 |doi=10.1038/496286a |pmid=23598321|bibcode=2013Natur.496..286T |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Lovejoy served continuously on the board of directors, from 2000, of the [[Amazon Conservation Team]], which works in partnership with indigenous people of tropical South America in conserving the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest, as well as the culture and land of its indigenous people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Conservation Team|url=http://www.amazonteam.org/|access-date=2021-01-10| website=Amazon Conservation Team|language=en}}</ref> He served on the board of directors from 2009 for the [[Amazon Conservation Association]], whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Conservation Association|url=http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|access-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306090953/http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|archive-date=2012-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for [[Population Action International]] and served on the Scientific Board of SavingSpecies (elevated to SavingNature in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://savingnature.com/about-saving-nature/ |title=About Saving Nature |publisher=SavingNature |date=2019-07-09 |accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref>), a conservation organization featured in a ''Nature'' magazine article about Thomas Lovejoy's scientific accomplishments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tollefson, Jeff |title=Forest ecology: Splinters of the Amazon |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7445 |pages=286–289 |date=April 2013 |doi=10.1038/496286a |pmid=23598321|bibcode=2013Natur.496..286T |doi-access=free }}</ref>


In 2016, he was selected as a U.S. Science Envoy by the [[United States State Department]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of U.S. Science Envoys|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253734.htm|access-date=19 May 2016|work=United States Department of State|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>
In 2016, he was selected as a U.S. Science Envoy by the [[United States State Department]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of U.S. Science Envoys|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253734.htm|access-date=19 May 2016|work=United States Department of State|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>
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In 2021, he was elected member of the U. S. [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-07-04|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: … Lovejoy, Thomas E.; university professor, department of environmental science and policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Va.}}, entry in member directory:{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/44493.html|title=Member Directory|access-date=2021-07-04|publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
In 2021, he was elected member of the U. S. [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-07-04|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: … Lovejoy, Thomas E.; university professor, department of environmental science and policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Va.}}, entry in member directory:{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/44493.html|title=Member Directory|access-date=2021-07-04|publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref>


He died on December 25, 2021, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=Tom Lovejoy, prominent conservation biologist, dies at 80 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/tom-lovejoy-prominent-conservation-biologist-dead-at-80/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Mongabay |date=25 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dell'amore |first1=Christine |title=Thomas Lovejoy, renowned biologist who coined ‘biological diversity,’ dies at 80 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/thomas-lovejoy-obituary |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=National Geographic |date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
He died from [[pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]] on December 25, 2021, in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=Tom Lovejoy, prominent conservation biologist, dies at 80 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/tom-lovejoy-prominent-conservation-biologist-dead-at-80/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Mongabay |date=25 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dell'amore |first1=Christine |title=Thomas Lovejoy, renowned biologist who coined 'biological diversity,' dies at 80 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/thomas-lovejoy-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226041252/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/thomas-lovejoy-obituary |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=National Geographic |date=26 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytobit"/>

==Quotes==
<blockquote>
The natural world in which we live is nothing short of entrancing &mdash; wondrous really. Personally, I take great joy in sharing a world with the shimmering variety of life on earth. Nor can I believe any of us really want a planet which is a lonely wasteland. <br>&mdash;Reith Lecture, ''Biodiversity'', 2000.

<br>
It is nothing short of scandalous that we probably only know one out of every ten species on earth, let alone where they are or, various aspects of their biology... <br>&mdash;Reith Lecture, ''Biodiversity'', 2000.

<br>
Hundreds of thousands of species will perish, and this reduction of 10 to 20 percent of the earth's biota will occur in about half a human life span....This reduction of the biological diversity of the planet is the most basic issue of our time. <br>&mdash;Foreword, in ''Conservation Biology'', Michael Soulé and Bruce Wilcox, 1980.
</blockquote>


==References==
==References==
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* [http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/home/index.jsp BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards]
* [http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/home/index.jsp BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707011631/http://savingspecies.org/about/advisory-committee/ Scientific Board of SavingSpecies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707011631/http://savingspecies.org/about/advisory-committee/ Scientific Board of SavingSpecies]
* {{C-SPAN|Thomas Lovejoy}}
* {{C-SPAN|7448}}


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Latest revision as of 20:05, 16 March 2024

Thomas Lovejoy
Lovejoy in 1974
Born
Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III

(1941-08-22)August 22, 1941
Manhattan, New York, U.S.
DiedDecember 25, 2021(2021-12-25) (aged 80)
McLean, Virginia, U.S.
AwardsTyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2001),

BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2008),

Blue Planet Prize (2012)
Scientific career
FieldsConservation Biology
InstitutionsAmazon Biodiversity Center, George Mason University, World Bank, Heinz Center for Science Economics and the Environment, United Nations Foundation

Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III (August 22, 1941 – December 25, 2021) was an American ecologist who was President of the Amazon Biodiversity Center, a Senior Fellow at the United Nations Foundation and a university professor in the Environmental Science and Policy department at George Mason University.[1] Lovejoy was the World Bank's chief biodiversity advisor and the lead specialist for environment for Latin America and the Caribbean as well as senior advisor to the president of the United Nations Foundation. In 2008, he also was the first Biodiversity Chair of the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment[2] to 2013. Previously he served as president of the Heinz Center since May 2002. Lovejoy introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community in 1980. He was a past chair of the Scientific Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) for the Global Environment Facility (GEF),[3] the multibillion-dollar funding mechanism for developing countries in support of their obligations under international environmental conventions.

Biography

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Early life

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Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III was born on August 22, 1941, in Manhattan, New York, to Jeanne (Gillette) and Thomas Eugene Lovejoy, Jr.[4] He attended Millbrook School, where he worked at The Trevor Zoo, under zoo founder Frank Trevor and his wife Janet. "The first three weeks were the key, and that's what flipped my switch in life and Biology. I was not prepared for the impact the Trevors world actually have on me in the classroom. And it was like my first three weeks and that was it. I'm going to be a biologist." He graduated from Millbrook in 1959.[5]

Education

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Lovejoy enrolled at Yale University, earning his bachelor's degree in biology in 1964 while working as a zoological assistant at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. He also received his Ph.D. in biology from Yale University.[6]

Conservation work

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As a tropical biologist and conservation biologist, Lovejoy worked in the Amazon of Brazil beginning in 1965.

From 1973 to 1987 he directed the conservation program at World Wildlife Fund-U.S.,[7] and from 1987 to 1998 he served as assistant secretary for environmental and external affairs for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.,[8] and in 1994 became counselor to the secretary for biodiversity and environmental affairs. From 1999 to 2002, he served as chief biodiversity adviser to the president of the World Bank. In 2010 and 2011, he served as chair of the Independent Advisory Group on Sustainability for the Inter-American Development Bank.[9] He was senior adviser to the president of the United Nations Foundation, chair of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, and was past president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, past chairman of the United States Man and Biosphere Program, and past president of the Society for Conservation Biology.[10][11]

Lovejoy developed the debt-for-nature swaps,[12][13] in which environmental groups purchase shaky foreign debt on the secondary market at the market rate, which is considerably discounted, and then convert this debt at its face value into the local currency to purchase biologically sensitive tracts of land in the debtor nation for purposes of environmental protection.

Critics of the 'debt-for-nature' schemes, such as National Center for Public Policy Research, which distributes a wide variety of materials consistently justifying corporate freedom and environmental deregulation, aver that plans deprive developing nations of the extractable raw resources that are currently essential to further economic development. Economic stagnation and local resentment of "Yankee imperialism" can result, they warn. In reality, no debt-for-nature swap occurs without the approval of the country in question.

Lovejoy also supported the Forests Now Declaration, which calls for new market-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.[14]

Lovejoy played a central role in the establishment of conservation biology, by initiating the idea and planning with B. A. Wilcox in June 1978 for The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology, that was held in La Jolla, in September 1978. The proceedings,[15] introduced conservation biology to the scientific community.

Lovejoy founded the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) near Manaus, Brazil, in 1979 to understand the effects of the fragmentation on tropical rainforests on ecosystems and wildlife.

Lovejoy served on many scientific and conservation boards and advisory groups, and was the author of numerous articles and books. As often misassociated, he was not the founder but served as an advisor in the early days of the public television series NATURE. He served in an official capacity in the Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton administrations.

Lovejoy predicted in 1980 (see quote below), that 10–20 percent of all species on earth would have gone extinct by the year 2020.

Awards and recognitions

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In 1996, Lovejoy was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[16]

Lovejoy was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999.[17]

In 2001, Lovejoy was the recipient of the University of Southern California's Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement. Lovejoy has been granted the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Ecology and Conservation Biology category (ex aequo with William F. Laurance).

In 2001, Lovejoy received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Peter H. Raven.[18][19]

In 2004, a new wasp species that acts as a parasite on butterfly larvae was discovered on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca mountain range in Costa Rica by Ronald Zúñiga, a specialist in bees, wasps and ants at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). INBio named the species Polycyrtus lovejoyi in honor of Lovejoy for his contributions in the world of biodiversity and support for INBio.[20]

On October 31, 2012, Lovejoy was awarded the Blue Planet Prize for being "the first scientist to academically clarify how humans are causing habitat fragmentation and pushing biological diversity towards crisis."

Lovejoy served continuously on the board of directors, from 2000, of the Amazon Conservation Team, which works in partnership with indigenous people of tropical South America in conserving the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest, as well as the culture and land of its indigenous people.[21] He served on the board of directors from 2009 for the Amazon Conservation Association, whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon.[22] He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for Population Action International and served on the Scientific Board of SavingSpecies (elevated to SavingNature in 2019[23]), a conservation organization featured in a Nature magazine article about Thomas Lovejoy's scientific accomplishments.[24]

In 2016, he was selected as a U.S. Science Envoy by the United States State Department.[25]

In 2018, Lovejoy co-founded the Amazon Biodiversity Center[26] to support the work of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project.

In 2021, he was elected member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences.[27]

He died from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor on December 25, 2021, in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 80.[28][29][4]

References

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  1. ^ "Thomas Lovejoy". Wilson Center. 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  2. ^ "Staff | heinzcenter.org". www.heinzctr.org. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  3. ^ "STAP and the GEF: Leveraging knowledge and science for the global environment". Global Environment Facility. 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  4. ^ a b Sandomir, Richard (2021-12-28). "Thomas Lovejoy, Wide-Ranging Ecologist and Amazon Rescuer, Dies at 80". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  5. ^ "Underform Awards Presented During Spring Parents Weekend". Millbrook School. 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  6. ^ "Alumnus Honored for Lifetime Studying and Defending Biodiversity | Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences". gsas.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  7. ^ "Thomas Lovejoy | Leaders | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  8. ^ Wolfgang, Bayer; sysadmin (2011-09-15). "Thomas Lovejoy in Brazil". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  9. ^ "Independent advisory group convened to examine the implementation of IDB's environmental policy - Inter-American Development Bank". Inter-American Development Bank. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  10. ^ Society, National Geographic. "Thomas E. Lovejoy, Tropical and Conservation Biologist Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  11. ^ "Science Advisory Board | TEAM Network - Early Warning System for Nature". www.teamnetwork.org. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  12. ^ "Debt-For-Nature: Past and Future". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  13. ^ "International Economic System -Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Article". www.uow.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  14. ^ "Unasylva - No. 128 - Coexistence forestry and farming - Environment". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  15. ^ Soule, Michael E., Bruce A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  16. ^ "Thomas Eugene Lovejoy". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  17. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  18. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  19. ^ "Sylvia Earle Biography Photo". 2001. Dr. Sylvia Earle with renowned conservation biologists and fellow American Academy of Achievement members, Thomas E. Lovejoy and Peter H. Raven, at the 2001 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in San Antonio, Texas.
  20. ^ "INBio Discovers New Wasp Species". Tico Times Online Daily. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27.
  21. ^ "Amazon Conservation Team". Amazon Conservation Team. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  22. ^ "Amazon Conservation Association". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  23. ^ "About Saving Nature". SavingNature. 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  24. ^ Tollefson, Jeff (April 2013). "Forest ecology: Splinters of the Amazon". Nature. 496 (7445): 286–289. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..286T. doi:10.1038/496286a. PMID 23598321.
  25. ^ "Announcement of U.S. Science Envoys". United States Department of State. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  26. ^ "Amazon Forest Fragments Project". amazon-biodiversity. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  27. ^ "News from the National Academy of Sciences". 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-07-04. Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: … Lovejoy, Thomas E.; university professor, department of environmental science and policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Va., entry in member directory:"Member Directory". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  28. ^ Butler, Rhett A. (25 December 2021). "Tom Lovejoy, prominent conservation biologist, dies at 80". Mongabay. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  29. ^ Dell'amore, Christine (26 December 2021). "Thomas Lovejoy, renowned biologist who coined 'biological diversity,' dies at 80". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
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