Stockade: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Enclosure of palisades and tall walls made of logs}} |
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{{about|the architectural element}} |
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[[File:Stockade (PSF).png|thumb|Line art drawing of a stockade]] |
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A '''stockade''' is an enclosure of [[palisade]]s and tall walls, made of logs placed side by side vertically, with the tops sharpened as a [[defensive wall]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockade - Cambridge Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/stockade}}</ref> |
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A '''stockade''' is a wooden [[fortification]] enclosed of [[palisade]]s and tall walls, made of logs placed side by side vertically, with the tops sharpened as a [[defensive wall]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stockade - Cambridge Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/stockade|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Such wooden fortresses usually contain a small garrison and they are important in that they can be built and expanded quickly.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2010|p=21}} Stockades were often used to protect areas of strategic value, such as military routes, [[Bank (geography)|riverside]] or a [[Human settlement|settlement]], to quickly build a base for troops during sieges, or to defend borders.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Burcu|first=Özgüven|date=|title=The Palanka: A Characteristic Building Type of The Ottoman Fortification Network in Hungary|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35636735/Palanka_A_Characteristic_Building_Type-_EJOS.pdf?1416377889=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Palanka_A_Characteristic_Building_T.pdf&Expires=1603260520&Signature=W5tty-rpcCX~LHnXmTt3ijT8jFIEwIr2bt9J9Z205Emdfg0d6JYFvXBlMRY6V4cBU1U9J8HM2-cu-L4tSgafR4~hYI5k8mS4ED6NLyAIqBKLnJquBpOJjeG4yc~rw5417t7wfFb~TzFXFvwn9jG7S~US670UdPPXso8A7wLl~gEaITN6psNhPnLUhBJc8l8xmAFlT68rPVuBGR3zLa5dzB5Lp8tshIGtrVMlY9KW5Wa-y8m1sb-hcqEP7v12RYbouLQs2Mc9Y7128Y~y7DwP2EreBJ-Q~vYF4EbQOUpM-mfNnIkIIAXNDwI3FqKvcvi4Zw~kccgelQTbKeLhj28ztQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051439/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35636735/Palanka_A_Characteristic_Building_Type-_EJOS.pdf?1416377889=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Palanka_A_Characteristic_Building_T.pdf&Expires=1603260520&Signature=W5tty-rpcCX~LHnXmTt3ijT8jFIEwIr2bt9J9Z205Emdfg0d6JYFvXBlMRY6V4cBU1U9J8HM2-cu-L4tSgafR4~hYI5k8mS4ED6NLyAIqBKLnJquBpOJjeG4yc~rw5417t7wfFb~TzFXFvwn9jG7S~US670UdPPXso8A7wLl~gEaITN6psNhPnLUhBJc8l8xmAFlT68rPVuBGR3zLa5dzB5Lp8tshIGtrVMlY9KW5Wa-y8m1sb-hcqEP7v12RYbouLQs2Mc9Y7128Y~y7DwP2EreBJ-Q~vYF4EbQOUpM-mfNnIkIIAXNDwI3FqKvcvi4Zw~kccgelQTbKeLhj28ztQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=21 October 2020|website=}}</ref> |
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Stockades were not specific to any particular nation, almost all agricultural societies on earth built defensive fortifications out of wood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McNeill|first=J. R.|date=|title=Forests and Warfare in World History|url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/John-McNeill-Lecture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The Romans built stockades both as military encampments and as defensive points,{{Sfn|Nicolle|2010|p=21}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ottoman Fortification Type: Palanka|url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/osmanli-kalesi-palanka.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610175008/https://dokumen.tips/documents/osmanli-kalesi-palanka.html|archive-date=10 June 2020|access-date=|website=}}</ref> a series of [[Palisade|palisades]] were built around the [[Motte-and-bailey castle|Motte and Bailey castles]] in the [[Middle Ages]] to form a stockade. In the [[late Middle Ages]], [[Daimyo|daimyos]] preferred the stockades because of their low cost to maintain and ensure their independence against increasing centralization, the Ottomans took advantage of the ''palankas'' to defend their borders from the Adriatic to the Black Sea against the rival states in Europe, especially the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and the [[Archduchy of Austria]],<ref name=":1" /> the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and the European states that later [[Colonization|colonized]] North America used stockades, Russians continued to build wooden fortresses in [[Siberia|eastern Siberia]] until the 1840s.<ref name=":0" /><gallery> |
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File:Castrum Sardegna.jpg|A roman fort rebuilt in Sardinia |
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File:Display Board of Huntingdon Hill Motte and Bailey Castle - geograph.org.uk - 975631.jpg|A Motte and bailey castle surrounded by palisades that can be considered a stockade |
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File:Felin Geri Mill Wooden Fort - geograph.org.uk - 384304.jpg|Felin Geri Mill Wooden Fort |
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File:Spanish Palisade Fort.jpg|Spanish Palisade Fort |
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</gallery> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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''Stockade'' is derived from the French word ''estocade''. The French word was derived from the Spanish word ''estacada''. |
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{{Empty section|date=October 2020}} |
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== Construction == |
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The troops or settlers would build a stockade by clearing a space of woodland and using the trees whole or chopped in half, with one end sharpened on each. They would dig a narrow [[trench]] around the area, and stand the sharpened logs side-by-side inside it, encircling the perimeter. Sometimes they would add additional defence by placing sharpened sticks in a shallow secondary trench outside the stockade. In colder climates sometimes the stockade received a coating of clay or mud that would make the crude wall wind-proof.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
The troops or settlers would build a stockade by clearing a space of woodland and using the trees whole or chopped in half, with one end sharpened on each. They would dig a narrow [[trench]] around the area, and stand the sharpened logs side-by-side inside it, encircling the perimeter. Sometimes they would add additional defence by placing sharpened sticks in a shallow secondary trench outside the stockade. In colder climates sometimes the stockade received a coating of clay or mud that would make the crude wall wind-proof.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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Builders could also place stones or thick mud layers at the foot of the stockade, improving the resistance of the wall. From that the defenders could, if they had the materials, raise a stone or brick wall inside the stockade, creating a more permanent defence while working protected.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
Builders could also place stones or thick mud layers at the foot of the stockade, improving the resistance of the wall. From that the defenders could, if they had the materials, raise a stone or brick wall inside the stockade, creating a more permanent defence while working protected.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} |
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== Ottoman Empire == |
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Palanka was a type of wooden fort, built on military routes and riverbanks and its history was rooted on fortifications, called ''havale'' which were built beyond the forts that were intended to be conquered during the sieges of [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|foundation era]]. The first havales were built during the siege of Bursa, and other havales are found in miniatures depicting the [[Siege of Szigetvár]]. Again, such structures defending the frontiers are called ''parkan''.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Although they were not indestructible on their own, the palankas were structures connected by road and river routes, and if an army too strong to resist had attacks, the forces of the other palankas would come to their aid.<ref name=":1" /> The weak point of the palankas was the ease with which the outer palisades were set on fire, nevertheless, the stakes used in their construction were damp and could not be easily ignited. Although the artillery fire could shatter the palanka, its main purpose was to slow down the enemy advance. In addition, a construction method called ''Horasani Palanka'' used by the Ottomans and their adversaries increased the resistance to cannon fire.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2010|p=21}}{{Sfn|Murphey|1999|p=113}} |
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{{Empty section|date=October 2020}} |
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==As a military prison== |
==As a military prison== |
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[[File:Andersonville Prison.jpg|thumb|Andersonville Prison, surrounded by three rows of stockades.]] |
[[File:Andersonville Prison.jpg|thumb|[[Andersonville Prison]], surrounded by three rows of stockades.]] |
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The word stockade also refers to a [[military prison]] in an army camp. In some cases, the term was applied to a crude prison camp or a slave camp. In these cases, the stockade keeps people inside, rather than out. |
The word stockade also refers to a [[military prison]] in an army camp. In some cases, the term was applied to a crude prison camp or a slave camp. In these cases, the stockade keeps people inside, rather than out. |
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==As decoration== |
==As decoration== |
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Nowadays, stockade walls are often used as garden fencing, made of finished planks more useful for [[privacy fencing]] and more decoration than security. |
Nowadays, stockade walls are often used as garden fencing, made of finished planks more useful for [[privacy fencing]] and more decoration than security. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Security fence]] |
* [[Security fence]] |
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* [[Tower and stockade]] |
* [[Tower and stockade]], Zionist settlement form during the 1930s Arab revolt in Palestine |
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==External links== |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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*{{Cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2010 |
*{{Cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2010}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Murphey|first=Rhoads|title=Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700 |
*{{Cite book|last=Murphey|first=Rhoads|title=Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700|year=1999}} |
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{{Fortifications}} |
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[[Category:Forts]] |
[[Category:Forts]] |
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[[Category:Prisons]] |
[[Category:Prisons]] |
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{{fort-type-stub}} |
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[[it:Stockade]] |
[[it:Stockade]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:03, 17 March 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2022) |
A stockade is an enclosure of palisades and tall walls, made of logs placed side by side vertically, with the tops sharpened as a defensive wall.[1]
Etymology
[edit]Stockade is derived from the French word estocade. The French word was derived from the Spanish word estacada.
As a security fence
[edit]The troops or settlers would build a stockade by clearing a space of woodland and using the trees whole or chopped in half, with one end sharpened on each. They would dig a narrow trench around the area, and stand the sharpened logs side-by-side inside it, encircling the perimeter. Sometimes they would add additional defence by placing sharpened sticks in a shallow secondary trench outside the stockade. In colder climates sometimes the stockade received a coating of clay or mud that would make the crude wall wind-proof.[citation needed]
Builders could also place stones or thick mud layers at the foot of the stockade, improving the resistance of the wall. From that the defenders could, if they had the materials, raise a stone or brick wall inside the stockade, creating a more permanent defence while working protected.[citation needed]
As a military prison
[edit]
The word stockade also refers to a military prison in an army camp. In some cases, the term was applied to a crude prison camp or a slave camp. In these cases, the stockade keeps people inside, rather than out.
As decoration
[edit]Nowadays, stockade walls are often used as garden fencing, made of finished planks more useful for privacy fencing and more decoration than security.
See also
[edit]- Security fence
- Tower and stockade, Zionist settlement form during the 1930s Arab revolt in Palestine
References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Nicolle, David (2010). Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710. Osprey Publishing.
- Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman Warfare 1500-1700.
