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{{short description|Ancient Egyptian funerary practice}}
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[[File:Fayum-80.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fayum mummy portrait]] showing the deceased wearing a "crown of justification," with the rhombus-shaped leaves representing laurel<ref>Lorelei H. Corcoran and Marie Svoboda, ''Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt'' (Getty Publications, 2010), p. 32.</ref>|alt=]]


[[File:Fayum-39.jpg|thumb|Crown of justification on an [[Encaustic painting|encaustic]] [[Fayum mummy portrait]] with the name Isidora ("gifts of Isis") given in Greek (100-110 CE)]]
In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], the '''crown of justification''' ''(mꜣḥ n mꜣꜥ ḫrw''<ref>''Wb.'' ii. 31. 5.</ref>) was a [[wreath]] or [[fillet (clothing)|fillet]] worn by the deceased to represent victory over death in the [[Egyptian afterlife|afterlife]]. Its symbolism is based on Chapter 19 of the ''[[Egyptian Book of the Dead|Book of the Dead]],'' in which the wearer is said to be "justified" by a triumph over death just as the god [[Osiris]] eventually rose above his enemies. A ritual text was recited as the dead person was crowned.<ref>[[Christina Riggs]], ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion'' (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81.</ref>
In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], the '''crown of justification''' ''(mꜣḥ n mꜣꜥ ḫrw''<ref>''Wb.'' ii. 31. 5.</ref>) was a [[wreath]] or [[fillet (clothing)|fillet]] worn by the deceased to represent victory over death in the [[Egyptian afterlife|afterlife]]. Its symbolism is based on Chapter 19 of the ''[[Egyptian Book of the Dead|Book of the Dead]],'' in which the wearer is said to be "justified" by a triumph over death just as the god [[Osiris]] eventually rose above his enemies. A ritual text was recited as the dead person was crowned.<ref>[[Christina Riggs]], ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion'' (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81.</ref>


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[[File:Fayum-Man-Gold-Crown.jpg|alt=Pushkin Museum, inv. № 5776.|thumb|left|upright|Mummy portrait of a young man with gilded "crown of justification". [[Pushkin Museum]], inv. № 5776.]]
The crown of justification might be made of laurel, [[palm branch (symbol)|palm]], feathers, [[papyrus]], or precious metals. It was syncretized with the [[solar crown]] of the [[sun god]] [[Ra|Re]], and might be made of gold to mimic the properties of the sun.<ref>Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' p. 32.</ref> Among the collections of the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], is an intricately woven papyrus wreath with bronze insets to reflect light.<ref>[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], inv. 50.3788; Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' pp. 32–33.</ref> In the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], initiates into the [[mysteries of Isis]] might wear a wreath of palm leaves to suggest the rays of the sun.<ref>As described by [[Apuleius]], ''[[The Golden Ass|Metamorphoses]]''; Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' p. 32.</ref>
The crown of justification might be made of laurel, [[palm branch (symbol)|palm]], feathers, [[papyrus]], or precious metals. It was syncretized with the [[solar crown]] of the [[sun god]] [[Ra|Re]], and might be made of gold to mimic the properties of the sun.<ref>Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' p. 32.</ref> Among the collections of the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], is an intricately woven papyrus wreath with bronze insets to reflect light.<ref>[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], inv. 50.3788; Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' pp. 32–33.</ref> In the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], initiates into the [[mysteries of Isis]] might wear a wreath of palm leaves to suggest the rays of the sun.<ref>As described by [[Apuleius]], ''[[The Golden Ass|Metamorphoses]]''; Corcoran and Svoboda, ''Herakleides,'' p. 32.</ref>


In the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] and [[Roman Egypt|Roman Imperial]] periods, [[ancient Egyptian art|religious art]] in [[Egyptian temple|temples]] shows the king offering the crown to [[Horus]] or other [[ancient Egyptian deities|deities]]. These crowns of justification take the form of a [[circlet]], which sometimes has a [[uraeus]] or [[wedjat]]-eye.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' p. 81.</ref> [[Rosalia (festival)|Rose wreaths]] might be substituted during the Roman period, in reference to the use of rose garlands and wreaths in the [[interpretatio graeca|Romanized]] mysteries of Isis.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' pp. 81–82.</ref> The crown of justification was in this way integrated into the broader festal and religious uses of floral and vegetative wreaths in the Roman Empire.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' pp. 82–83.</ref>
In the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] and [[Roman Egypt|Roman Imperial]] periods, [[ancient Egyptian art|religious art]] in [[Egyptian temple|temples]] shows the king offering the crown to [[Horus]] or other [[ancient Egyptian deities|deities]]. These crowns of justification take the form of a [[circlet]], which sometimes has a [[uraeus]] or [[wedjat]]-eye.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' p. 81.</ref> [[Rosalia (festival)|Rose wreaths]] might be substituted during the Roman period, in reference to the use of rose garlands and wreaths in the [[interpretatio graeca|Romanized]] mysteries of Isis.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' pp. 81–82.</ref> The crown of justification was in this way integrated into the broader festal and religious uses of floral and vegetative wreaths in the Roman Empire.<ref>Riggs, ''The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt,'' pp. 82–83.</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=
|lines=
|File:Fayum-14.jpg|Mummy portrait from [[Hawara]] (100-110 CE)
|File:Fayum-83.jpg|Crowned mummy portrait (2nd–3rd century CE)
⚫
|File:Fayum-Man-Gold-Crown.jpg|Mummy portrait of a young man with gilded crown
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|File:Fayum-80.jpg|Fayum mummy portrait with the rhombus-shaped leaves representing laurel<ref>Lorelei H. Corcoran and Marie Svoboda, ''Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt'' (Getty Publications, 2010), p. 32.</ref>
|File:Fayum-43.jpg|Young woman in red (90–120 CE)<ref>"Portrait of a young woman in red,"
Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession no. [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/100004686 09.181.6]</ref>
}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Crowns of Egypt]]
* [[Crowns of Egypt]]
* [[Crown of Immortality]]
* [[Crown of Immortality]]
* [[Klila]] in Mandaeism
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


Latest revision as of 18:14, 17 March 2024

Crown of justification on an encaustic Fayum mummy portrait with the name Isidora ("gifts of Isis") given in Greek (100-110 CE)

In ancient Egyptian religion, the crown of justification (mꜣḥ n mꜣꜥ ḫrw[1]) was a wreath or fillet worn by the deceased to represent victory over death in the afterlife. Its symbolism is based on Chapter 19 of the Book of the Dead, in which the wearer is said to be "justified" by a triumph over death just as the god Osiris eventually rose above his enemies. A ritual text was recited as the dead person was crowned.[2]

The crown of justification might be made of laurel, palm, feathers, papyrus, or precious metals. It was syncretized with the solar crown of the sun god Re, and might be made of gold to mimic the properties of the sun.[3] Among the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is an intricately woven papyrus wreath with bronze insets to reflect light.[4] In the Roman era, initiates into the mysteries of Isis might wear a wreath of palm leaves to suggest the rays of the sun.[5]

In the Ptolemaic and Roman Imperial periods, religious art in temples shows the king offering the crown to Horus or other deities. These crowns of justification take the form of a circlet, which sometimes has a uraeus or wedjat-eye.[6] Rose wreaths might be substituted during the Roman period, in reference to the use of rose garlands and wreaths in the Romanized mysteries of Isis.[7] The crown of justification was in this way integrated into the broader festal and religious uses of floral and vegetative wreaths in the Roman Empire.[8]

[edit]
  • Mummy portrait from Hawara (100-110 CE)
    Mummy portrait from Hawara (100-110 CE)
  • Crowned mummy portrait (2nd–3rd century CE)
    Crowned mummy portrait (2nd–3rd century CE)
  • Mummy portrait of a young man with gilded crown
    Mummy portrait of a young man with gilded crown
  • Fayum mummy portrait with the rhombus-shaped leaves representing laurel[9]
    Fayum mummy portrait with the rhombus-shaped leaves representing laurel[9]
  • Young woman in red (90–120 CE)[10]
    Young woman in red (90–120 CE)[10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wb. ii. 31. 5.
  2. ^ Christina Riggs, The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81.
  3. ^ Corcoran and Svoboda, Herakleides, p. 32.
  4. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. 50.3788; Corcoran and Svoboda, Herakleides, pp. 32–33.
  5. ^ As described by Apuleius, Metamorphoses; Corcoran and Svoboda, Herakleides, p. 32.
  6. ^ Riggs, The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt, p. 81.
  7. ^ Riggs, The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt, pp. 81–82.
  8. ^ Riggs, The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt, pp. 82–83.
  9. ^ Lorelei H. Corcoran and Marie Svoboda, Herakleides: A Portrait Mummy from Roman Egypt (Getty Publications, 2010), p. 32.
  10. ^ "Portrait of a young woman in red," Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession no. 09.181.6
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