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{{Short description|Chinese kingdom or principality (203 BC-213 AD)}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
[[File:Han dynasty Kingdoms 195 BC.png|thumb|Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC]]
'''King of Zhao''' was a title used by several rebellion leaders during the collapse of the [[Qin dynasty]] in ancient [[China]]. By using the old [[Warring States period|Warring State]] name [[zhao (state)|Zhao]], they claimed to be the rightful rulers of the old [[zhao (state)|Zhao]] territory (now [[Shanxi]] province and South [[Hebei]]). [[Xie, King of Zhao]], was a descendant of the old [[zhao (state)|Zhao]] royal family.
'''Zhao Kingdom''' or '''Zhao Principality''' ({{lang-zh|趙國}}) was a [[Government of the Han dynasty#Kingdoms, marquisates, and fiefs of princesses|kingdom or principality]] in early Imperial China, located in present-day [[North China]].


King of Zhao then became a noble title of the [[Han dynasty]]. When the [[Han dynasty]] was established in 202 BC, [[Zhang Er, King Jing of Zhao]], kept this title for his loyalty to [[Liu Bang|Emperor Gao of Han]] in the [[Chu-Han Contention]]. In 199 BC, however, because of the rebellion of several other kings, [[Zhang Ao|Zhang Ao, King of Zhao]], son of [[Zhang Er]], was demoted to marquess and this kingdom became extinct.
The kingdom was created in 203 BC and granted to Zhang Er (張耳), a follower of [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]. The kingdom covered five [[Qin dynasty|Qin]]-era [[Jun (country subdivision)|commanderies]], including Handan (邯鄲), Julu (鉅鹿), Qinghe (清河), Hejian (河間) and Changshan (常山). In 199 BC, however, because of a failed assassination attempt on the emperor by several of his ministers, [[Zhang Ao]], son of Zhang Er, was demoted to marquess and this kingdom became extinct.<ref>''[[Book of Han]]'', Chapter 32.</ref>


[[Liu Ruyi|Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao]], a young son of Liu Bang (Emperor Gao of Han) and a favored concubine, [[Consort Qi]], was made Prince Yin of Zhao under this emperor at around 198 BC. Soon after the death of the emperor, he died in 195 BC by poisoning in a plot instigated by the emperor's widow, [[Empress Dowager Lü]], to ensure he would not become emperor.
[[Liu Ruyi]], a young son of Liu Bang (Emperor Gao of Han) and a favoured concubine, [[Consort Qi (Han dynasty)|Consort Qi]], was made Prince Yin of Zhao by Emperor Gao in around 198 BC. Shortly after the death of the emperor in 195 BC, Prince Yin of Zhao died as a result of poisoning in a plot instigated by the emperor's widow, [[Empress Lü]], to ensure he would not become emperor.


Ruyi was succeeded by [[Liu You]], son of Emperor Gaozu and Empress Lü. In 181 BC, his consort, a relative of Empress Lü, falsely accused You to be plotting a rebellion. Liu You was called back to the capital and killed. He was succeeded by Liu Hui (劉恢), who committed suicide the same year after his favorite concubine was poisoned by the Empress Lü. After Hui's death, Lü dissolved the kingdom.<ref>''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Chapter 13</ref>
King of Zhao was created again by Empress Dowager Lü in 187 BC for Liu Qiang, King of Zhao. [[Liu Qiang]] was a faked son of [[Emperor Hui of Han]]. After [[Liu Qiang]] died in 183 BC without an heir, another faked son of [[Emperor Hui of Han]], [[Liu Wu (Prince of Zhao)|Liu Wu, King of Zhao]], succeeded. Liu Wu was killed in a [[Lü Clan Disturbance|coup to overthrow the Lü Family]] in 180 BC and this kingdom became extinct.

In 179 BC, Zhao was granted to [[Liu Sui]], son of Liu You. A year later, Hejian was created as a separate kingdom. Sui rebelled during the [[Rebellion of the Seven States]] and was defeated. Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), a son of [[Emperor Jing of Han|Emperor Jing]] was named the new Prince of Zhao. Thereafter, Zhao was reduced to a fraction of its former size and only covered Handan Commandery.

Over the rest of [[Western Han]], more than 20 marquessates were created on the territories of Zhao. They were administered by neighboring commanderies, further reducing Zhao's territory. In 2 AD, Zhao administered only 4 counties, namely Handan, Yiyang (易陽), Bairen (柏人) and Xiangguo (襄國), with a population of 349,952, in 84,202 households.<ref>''[[Book of Han]]'', Chapter 28.</ref> The kingdom was abolished during [[Wang Mang]]'s usurpation.

After the restoration of the Han dynasty under [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]], the kingdom was granted to Liu Liang (劉良), the uncle of the emperor. His descendants held the kingdom until 213 AD when the kingdom was abolished and converted to Zhao Commandery (趙郡).<ref>''[[Book of Later Han]]'', Chapter 14.</ref>

The territory became the fief of [[Cao Gan]] after the establishment of the [[Cao Wei]] Dynasty, while during the early [[Western Jin]] dynasty, it was [[Sima Lun]]'s fief.


==Kings of Zhao==
==Kings of Zhao==
*[[Wu Chen, King of Zhao]], 209 BC-208 BC
*[[Xie, King of Zhao]], 208 BC-206 BC
⚫
*[[Zhang Er, King Jing of Zhao]], under the title King of Changshan, 206 BC-205 BC
*[[Xie, King of Zhao]], 2nd reign, 205 BC-204 BC
*[[Zhang Er, King Jing of Zhao]], 2nd reign, 204 BC-202 BC
*[[Zhang Ao|Zhang Ao, King of Zhao]], (202 BC-199 BC)


⚫
*Zhang Er, King Jing of Zhao (趙景王), 203–202 BC
==Kings of Zhao, recreated in Han dynasty==
*[[Zhang Ao]], 202–199 BC
*[[Liu Qiang|Liu Qiang, King of Zhao]], (187 BC-183 BC)
*[[Liu Wu (Prince of Zhao)|Liu Wu, King of Zhao]], (183 BC-180 BC)
*[[Liu Ruyi]], King Yin of Zhao (趙隱王), 197–194 BC
*[[Liu You]], King You of Zhao (趙幽王), 194–181 BC
*Liu Hui (劉恢), King Gong of Zhao (趙共王), 181 BC
*[[Liu Sui]], 179–154 BC
*Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), King Su of Zhao (趙肅王), 153–92 BC
*Liu Chang (劉昌), King Qing of Zhao (趙頃王), 92–73 BC
*Liu Zun (劉尊), King Huai of Zhao (趙懷王), 73–68 BC
*Liu Gao (劉高), King Ai of Zhao (趙哀王), 66 BC
*Liu Chong (劉充), King Gong of Zhao (趙共王), 65–10 BC
*Liu Yin (劉隱), 10–9 BC
*Liu Liang (劉良), King Xiao of Zhao (趙孝王), 29–37 AD
*Liu Xu (劉栩), King Jie of Zhao (趙節王), ?–81
*Liu Shang (劉商), King Qing of Zhao (趙頃王), 81–104
*Liu Hong (劉宏), King Jing of Zhao (趙靖王), 104–116
*Liu Qian (劉乾), King Hui of Zhao (趙惠王), 116–164
*Liu Yu (劉豫), King Huai of Zhao (趙懷王), 164–?
*Liu She (劉赦), King Xian of Zhao (趙獻王), ?–?
*Liu Gui (劉珪), ?–213


==See also==
*[[Zhao (state)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Zhao}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Zhao}}

[[Category:Qin dynasty]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of the Han dynasty]]

Latest revision as of 08:10, 18 March 2024

Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC

Zhao Kingdom or Zhao Principality (Chinese: 趙國) was a kingdom or principality in early Imperial China, located in present-day North China.

The kingdom was created in 203 BC and granted to Zhang Er (張耳), a follower of Emperor Gaozu of Han. The kingdom covered five Qin-era commanderies, including Handan (邯鄲), Julu (鉅鹿), Qinghe (清河), Hejian (河間) and Changshan (常山). In 199 BC, however, because of a failed assassination attempt on the emperor by several of his ministers, Zhang Ao, son of Zhang Er, was demoted to marquess and this kingdom became extinct.[1]

Liu Ruyi, a young son of Liu Bang (Emperor Gao of Han) and a favoured concubine, Consort Qi, was made Prince Yin of Zhao by Emperor Gao in around 198 BC. Shortly after the death of the emperor in 195 BC, Prince Yin of Zhao died as a result of poisoning in a plot instigated by the emperor's widow, Empress Lü, to ensure he would not become emperor.

Ruyi was succeeded by Liu You, son of Emperor Gaozu and Empress Lü. In 181 BC, his consort, a relative of Empress Lü, falsely accused You to be plotting a rebellion. Liu You was called back to the capital and killed. He was succeeded by Liu Hui (劉恢), who committed suicide the same year after his favorite concubine was poisoned by the Empress Lü. After Hui's death, Lü dissolved the kingdom.[2]

In 179 BC, Zhao was granted to Liu Sui, son of Liu You. A year later, Hejian was created as a separate kingdom. Sui rebelled during the Rebellion of the Seven States and was defeated. Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), a son of Emperor Jing was named the new Prince of Zhao. Thereafter, Zhao was reduced to a fraction of its former size and only covered Handan Commandery.

Over the rest of Western Han, more than 20 marquessates were created on the territories of Zhao. They were administered by neighboring commanderies, further reducing Zhao's territory. In 2 AD, Zhao administered only 4 counties, namely Handan, Yiyang (易陽), Bairen (柏人) and Xiangguo (襄國), with a population of 349,952, in 84,202 households.[3] The kingdom was abolished during Wang Mang's usurpation.

After the restoration of the Han dynasty under Emperor Guangwu, the kingdom was granted to Liu Liang (劉良), the uncle of the emperor. His descendants held the kingdom until 213 AD when the kingdom was abolished and converted to Zhao Commandery (趙郡).[4]

The territory became the fief of Cao Gan after the establishment of the Cao Wei Dynasty, while during the early Western Jin dynasty, it was Sima Lun's fief.

Kings of Zhao

[edit]
  • Zhang Er, King Jing of Zhao (趙景王), 203–202 BC
  • Zhang Ao, 202–199 BC
  • Liu Ruyi, King Yin of Zhao (趙隱王), 197–194 BC
  • Liu You, King You of Zhao (趙幽王), 194–181 BC
  • Liu Hui (劉恢), King Gong of Zhao (趙共王), 181 BC
  • Liu Sui, 179–154 BC
  • Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), King Su of Zhao (趙肅王), 153–92 BC
  • Liu Chang (劉昌), King Qing of Zhao (趙頃王), 92–73 BC
  • Liu Zun (劉尊), King Huai of Zhao (趙懷王), 73–68 BC
  • Liu Gao (劉高), King Ai of Zhao (趙哀王), 66 BC
  • Liu Chong (劉充), King Gong of Zhao (趙共王), 65–10 BC
  • Liu Yin (劉隱), 10–9 BC
  • Liu Liang (劉良), King Xiao of Zhao (趙孝王), 29–37 AD
  • Liu Xu (劉栩), King Jie of Zhao (趙節王), ?–81
  • Liu Shang (劉商), King Qing of Zhao (趙頃王), 81–104
  • Liu Hong (劉宏), King Jing of Zhao (趙靖王), 104–116
  • Liu Qian (劉乾), King Hui of Zhao (趙惠王), 116–164
  • Liu Yu (劉豫), King Huai of Zhao (趙懷王), 164–?
  • Liu She (劉赦), King Xian of Zhao (趙獻王), ?–?
  • Liu Gui (劉珪), ?–213

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 32.
  2. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, Chapter 13
  3. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 28.
  4. ^ Book of Later Han, Chapter 14.
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