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{{Short description|Genus of horseshoe crab relatives}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Limuloides''
| name = ''Limuloides''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Silurian}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Silurian}}
| image = 20200816 Limuloides limuloides.png
| image = Limuloides limuloides specimen In 60018.jpg
| image_caption = Restoration of the species ''L. limuloides''
| image_caption = Specimen In 60018 of the species ''L. limuloides'', located in the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Limuloides
| taxon = Limuloides
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}}
}}


'''''Limuloides''''' is a [[genus]] of [[synziphosurine]], a [[paraphyletic]] group of fossil [[chelicerate]] [[Arthropod|arthropods]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2020|title=Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00098/full|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=8|page=98|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00098|bibcode=2020FrEaS...8...98B|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Limuloides'' was regarded as part of the [[clade]] [[Planaterga]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|last3=Qi|first3=Liu|title=An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China|url=https://www.academia.edu/14633144|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=44|issue=6|pages=n/a|issn=0300-3256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell|first1=James C.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Liu|first3=Huaibao P.|last4=Witzke|first4=Brian J.|last5=McKay|first5=Robert M.|date=2015|title=A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282127302|journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=102|issue=9–10|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5|pmid=26391849|bibcode=2015SciNa.102...63L|s2cid=8153035|issn=0028-1042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Lustri|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Brougham|first3=Tom|date=2019-12-01|title=Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068319301344|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=967–976|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002|issn=1631-0683|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Fossil]]s of the genus have been discovered in [[Deposition (geology)|deposits]] of the [[Silurian]] [[Period (geology)|period]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and potentially in the [[United States]]. ''Limuloides'' is one of the two genera of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Bunodidae]], the other being the type genus ''[[Bunodes]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Lamsdell|first=James C.|year=2013|title=Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JsWAQAAIAAJ|title=A hemiaspidan crustacean from the New York Silurian waterlimes|first=John Mason|last=Clarke|author-link=John Mason Clarke|journal=New York State Museum Bulletin|year=1924|volume=254|pages=119–120}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Dunlop|first1=J. A.|title=World Spider Catalog|last2=Penney|first2=D.|last3=Jekel|first3=D.|publisher=[[Natural History Museum Bern]]|year=2020|pages=1–296|chapter=A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives|chapter-url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils20.5.pdf}}</ref> ''Limuloides'' characterized by a [[carapace]] with radiated ridges and serrated lateral regions, as well as an [[opisthosoma]] with rows of nodes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldredge|first1=Niles|last2=Smith|first2=LeGrande|date=1974|title=Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543|hdl=2246/2745|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2745|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ''Limuloides'' was once though to have lateral [[compound eye]]s on its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Amati|first2=Lisa|last3=Ortega-Hernández|first3=Javier|date=2019-11-14|title=New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335016132|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=187|issue=4|pages=1061–1077|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065|issn=0024-4082}}</ref>
'''''Limuloides''''' is a [[genus]] of [[synziphosurine]], a [[paraphyletic]] group of fossil [[chelicerate]] [[Arthropod|arthropods]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2020|title=Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=8|page=98|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00098|bibcode=2020FrEaS...8...98B|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Limuloides'' was regarded as part of the [[clade]] [[Planaterga]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Lamsdell|first2=James C.|last3=Qi|first3=Liu|title=An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China|url=https://www.academia.edu/14633144|journal=Zoologica Scripta|year=2015|language=en|volume=44|issue=6|pages=645–652|doi=10.1111/zsc.12124|s2cid=55264483|issn=0300-3256|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell|first1=James C.|last2=Briggs|first2=Derek E. G.|last3=Liu|first3=Huaibao P.|last4=Witzke|first4=Brian J.|last5=McKay|first5=Robert M.|date=2015|title=A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282127302|journal=The Science of Nature|language=en|volume=102|issue=9–10|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5|pmid=26391849|bibcode=2015SciNa.102...63L|s2cid=8153035|issn=0028-1042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Lustri|first2=Lorenzo|last3=Brougham|first3=Tom|date=2019-12-01|title=Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|language=en|volume=18|issue=8|pages=967–976|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002|issn=1631-0683|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Fossil]]s of the genus have been discovered in [[Deposition (geology)|deposits]] of the [[Silurian]] [[Period (geology)|period]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and potentially in the [[United States]]. ''Limuloides'' is one of the two genera of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Bunodidae]], the other being the type genus ''[[Bunodes]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Lamsdell|first=James C.|year=2013|title=Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=167|issue=1|pages=1–27|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x|issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JsWAQAAIAAJ|title=A hemiaspidan crustacean from the New York Silurian waterlimes|first=John Mason|last=Clarke|author-link=John Mason Clarke|journal=New York State Museum Bulletin|year=1924|volume=254|pages=119–120}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Dunlop|first1=J. A.|title=World Spider Catalog|last2=Penney|first2=D.|last3=Jekel|first3=D.|publisher=[[Natural History Museum Bern]]|year=2020|pages=1–296|chapter=A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives|chapter-url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils20.5.pdf}}</ref> ''Limuloides'' is characterized by a [[carapace]] with radiated ridges and serrated lateral regions, and an [[opisthosoma]] with rows of nodes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldredge|first1=Niles|last2=Smith|first2=LeGrande|date=1974|title=Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543|hdl=2246/2745|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2745|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ''Limuloides'' was once thought to have lateral [[compound eye]]s on its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bicknell|first1=Russell D. C.|last2=Amati|first2=Lisa|last3=Ortega-Hernández|first3=Javier|date=2019-11-14|title=New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335016132|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=187|issue=4|pages=1061–1077|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065|issn=0024-4082}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 09:13, 18 March 2024

Limuloides
Temporal range: Silurian
Specimen In 60018 of the species L. limuloides, located in the Natural History Museum in London
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Clade: Prosomapoda
Clade: Planaterga
Family: †Bunodidae
Genus: †Limuloides
Woodward, 1865
Type species
†Limuloides limuloides
Woodward, 1865
Species
  • †?L. eriensis Clarke, 1924
  • †L. limuloides Woodward, 1865
  • †L. horridus Woodward, 1872
  • †L. salweyi Woodward, 1872
  • †L. speratus Woodward, 1872
Synonyms

Limuloides is a genus of synziphosurine, a paraphyletic group of fossil chelicerate arthropods.[1][2] Limuloides was regarded as part of the clade Planaterga.[1][3][4][5][2][6] Fossils of the genus have been discovered in deposits of the Silurian period in the United Kingdom and potentially in the United States. Limuloides is one of the two genera of the family Bunodidae, the other being the type genus Bunodes.[1][7][6] Limuloides is characterized by a carapace with radiated ridges and serrated lateral regions, and an opisthosoma with rows of nodes.[8][1] Limuloides was once thought to have lateral compound eyes on its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Lamsdell, James C. (2013). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  2. ^ a b Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020). "Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 98. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8...98B. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00098. ISSN 2296-6463.
  3. ^ Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015). "An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (6): 645–652. doi:10.1111/zsc.12124. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 55264483.
  4. ^ Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015). "A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids". The Science of Nature. 102 (9–10): 63. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...63L. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 26391849. S2CID 8153035.
  5. ^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019-12-01). "Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (8): 967–976. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002. ISSN 1631-0683.
  6. ^ a b Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. pp. 1–296.
  7. ^ Clarke, John Mason (1924). "A hemiaspidan crustacean from the New York Silurian waterlimes". New York State Museum Bulletin. 254: 119–120.
  8. ^ Eldredge, Niles; Smith, LeGrande (1974). "Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543". hdl:2246/2745. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14). "New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 187 (4): 1061–1077. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065. ISSN 0024-4082.


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