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=== Lead ===
=== Lead ===
The '''stone quarries of ancient Egypt''' once produced quality stone for the building of tombs and temples and for decorative monuments such as [[Sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], [[Stele|stelae]], and [[Statue|statues]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=QuarryScapes: ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2009 |publisher=Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse |isbn=978-82-7385-138-3 |editor-last=Abu-Jaber |editor-first=Nizar |series=Geological survey of Norway special publication |location=Trondheim}}</ref>. These quarries are now recognised [[Archaeology|archaeological]] sites. Ancient quarry sites in the Nile valley accounted for much of the limestone and sandstone used as building stone for temples, monuments, and pyramids<ref name=":0" />. Eighty percent of the ancient sites are located in the [[Nile|Nile valley]]; some of them have disappeared under the waters of [[Lake Nasser]] and some others were lost due to modern [[mining]] activity{{citation needed}}.
The '''stone quarries of ancient Egypt''' once produced quality stone for the building of tombs and temples and for decorative monuments such as [[Sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], [[Stele|stelae]], and [[Statue|statues]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=QuarryScapes: ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2009 |publisher=Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse |isbn=978-82-7385-138-3 |editor-last=Abu-Jaber |editor-first=Nizar |series=Geological survey of Norway special publication |location=Trondheim}}</ref>. These quarries are now recognised [[Archaeology|archaeological]] sites. Ancient quarry sites in the Nile valley accounted for much of the limestone and sandstone used as building stone for temples, monuments, and pyramids<ref name=":0" />. Eighty percent of the ancient sites are located in the [[Nile|Nile valley]]; some of them have disappeared under the waters of [[Lake Nasser]] and some others were lost due to modern [[mining]] activity<ref name=":0" />.


Some of the sites are well identified and the chemical composition of their stones is also well known, allowing the geographical origin of most of the monuments to be traced using [[Petrography|petrographic]] techniques, including [[neutron activation analysis]].
Some of the sites are well identified and the chemical composition of their stones is also well known, allowing the geographical origin of most of the monuments to be traced using [[Petrography|petrographic]] techniques, including [[neutron activation analysis]].
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In June 2006, the [[Supreme Council of Antiquities|Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA)]] of [[Egypt]] established a new department for conservation of ancient quarries and mines in Egypt. The new department was designed to work in close cooperation with the regional SCA offices, and special training programmes for ''Inspectors of Antiquities'' will be carried out to enable the regional authorities to tackle inventory, documentation, risk assessment and management of the ancient quarries and mines.
In June 2006, the [[Supreme Council of Antiquities|Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA)]] of [[Egypt]] established a new department for conservation of ancient quarries and mines in Egypt. The new department was designed to work in close cooperation with the regional SCA offices, and special training programmes for ''Inspectors of Antiquities'' will be carried out to enable the regional authorities to tackle inventory, documentation, risk assessment and management of the ancient quarries and mines.


This article details some of the most important ancient quarry sites in Egypt.
This article details some of the most important ancient quarry sites in Egypt, listing material type and known monuments using sourced material when known.


=== Article body - planning to arrange quarries based on location (Nile valley vs other) ===
=== Article body - quarries listed from N to S ===


== The quarries of Aswan ==
== Abu Rawash ==
[[Abu Rawash]] is located 8 km (5 mi) north of Giza and is home to the pyramid of [[Djedefre]] and the ruins of the first pyramid of Lepsius<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abu Rawash {{!}} Ancient Egypt Online |url=https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/abu-rawash/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref>. A necropolis is located at the site, sat on top of a small hill and contains twelve mastabas dated to the 1st dynasty<ref>Quiles A, Tristant Y. RADIOCARBON-BASED MODELING OF THE REIGN OF KING DEN (1ST DYNASTY, EGYPT) AND THE START OF THE OLD KINGDOM. ''Radiocarbon''. 2023;65(2):485-504. doi:10.1017/RDC.2023.15</ref>.
The quarries of Aswan are located along the [[Nile]] near the city of [[Aswan]]. There are a number of well-known sites: [[Shellal]], consisting of northern and southern quarries within an area of about 20 km<sup>2</sup> (7.7 sq mi) on the west bank, and the islands of [[Elephantine]] and [[Seheil]]. One of the known directors of the Aswan sites was Hori during the reign of [[Ramses III]]. Great amounts of granite were quarried from Aswan at an extent only comparable to ancient Egypt's limestone and sandstone quarries<ref>{{Cite web |title=quarries in Egypt |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/quarries.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref>.
[[File:Chambre-roi-grande-pyramide.jpg|thumb|King Khufu's chamber within the Great Pyramid of Giza. Chamber is constructed of red granite blocks with the granite sarcophagus in the center.]]
In the present days, the quarry area is to become an open-air museum.

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Coarse-grained pinkish to reddish [[granite]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C:\HMPRO2\gifs\geoarc30.htm |url=http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/faculty/harrell/egypt/quarries/Hardst_Quar.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.eeescience.utoledo.edu}}</ref>
* Coarse-grained gray to black [[granodiorite]]<ref name=":1" />
* Fined-grained pinkish to gray granite<ref name=":1" />
* Black [[Diabase|Dolerite]]<ref name=":1" />

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

* [[Cleopatra's Needle (London)|Cleopatra's Needle]]
* The [[unfinished obelisk]] still on site, at the northern quarry
* The unfinished partly worked obelisk base, discovered in 2005
* The [[sarcophagus]] made from [[granite]] at the burial chambers of the Third Dynasty Pharaoh [[Djoser]] at [[Saqqara]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Stone quarries in ancient Egypt. Details about the Giza quarries, the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries |url=https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-quarries.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.cheops-pyramide.ch}}</ref> and the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh [[Sneferu]] at [[Dahshur]]
* The Grand Gallery and the King's Chamber within the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|pyramid of Khufu]] as well as his granite block sarcophagus<ref>{{Cite book |title=The complete pyramids |date=1997 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05084-2 |editor-last=Lehner |editor-first=Mark |location=London}}</ref>
* Sarcophagus and lowest layer of outer casing in the [[pyramid of Khafre]] at Giza, as well as a statue of Khafre all made of granite<ref name=":3" />
* Burial chamber and lower layers of outer casing in the [[pyramid of Menkaure]] at Giza made of granite<ref name=":3" />

== The quarries of Giza - planning to add to this new section ==
The quarries of Giza...


Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:
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== Gebel el Ahmar ==
== Gebel el Ahmar ==
[[File:Colossi of Memnon, Luxor, Egypt.jpg|alt=Photo shows the two statues known as The Colossi of Memnon. The massive statues are made from blocks of quartzite quarried from Gabel el Ahmar.|thumb|The [[Colossi of Memnon]] are two massive statues made from blocks of [[quartzite]] quarried from Gabel el Ahmar. ]]
[[File:Colossi of Memnon, Luxor, Egypt.jpg|alt=Photo shows the two statues known as The Colossi of Memnon. The massive statues are made from blocks of quartzite quarried from Gabel el Ahmar.|thumb|The [[Colossi of Memnon]] are two massive statues made from blocks of [[quartzite]] quarried from Gabel el Ahmar. ]]
Gebel el Ahmar is located near [[Cairo]] on the east bank of the [[Nile]], near the suburb of [[Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)|Heliopolis]]. The name means ''Red Mountain''. The site was in full production in the times of [[Amenhophis III]], [[Akhenaton]], [[Tutankhamon]], and [[Ramses III]]. The quarry was directed by Huy, known as "Chief of the King's Works", and also by Hori.
Gebel el Ahmar is located near [[Cairo]] on the east bank of the [[Nile]], near the suburb of [[Heliopolis (Cairo suburb)|Heliopolis]]. The name means ''Red Mountain''. The site was in full production in the times of [[Amenhophis III]], [[Akhenaton]], [[Tutankhamon]], and [[Ramses III]]. The quarry was directed by Huy, known as "Chief of the King's Works", and also by Hori. The quarry was active during the Pharonic period and is now largely destroyed in modern time<ref name=":0" />.


Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:
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Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:
Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:


* The [[Colossi of Memnon]]{{citation needed}}
* The [[Colossi of Memnon]]<ref name="heizer-colossi" />


== Widan el-Faras ==
== Mokattam Hills ==
The Mokattam hills are a quarry site located near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. The hills were quarried for limestone during the pharonic period<ref name=":0" />.
Widan el-Faras is located on Gebel el-Qatrani, [[Faiyum]], 60 km (37 mi) southwest of [[Cairo]] in the [[Libyan Desert|Western Desert]] and is one of the oldest preserved hard-stone quarries sites<ref name=":5">Storemyr, P., Heldal, T., Bloxam, E.G., Harrell, J.A. (2003) Widan el-Faras Ancient Quarry Landscape, Northern Faiyum Desert, Egypt: Site Description, Historical Significance and Current Destruction (Report Expert -Center für Denkmalpflege ETH Hönggerberg, HIL D 33/34 CH-8093 Zurich - Switzerland (CENTER FOR CONSERVATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES)).</ref>. Widen el-Faras, literarily translates to "Ears of the Mare" and is named for the twin peaks located east of the quarry site<ref name=":5" />. The quarry landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert comprise both the Umm es-Sawan and Widan el-Faras basalt quarries, both heavily exploited for hardstone during the Old Kingdom pyramid age due to their proximity to the Nile Valley<ref name=":0" />. Widen el-Faras continues to be a site for modern quarrying.


Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:


* [[Mokattam]] [[limestone]]
* Dark gray to black [[basalt]]<ref name=":1" />

== Tura-Masara ==
Tura-Masara is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of [[Cairo]] and spans 6 km (3.7 mi) of underground quarries along the eastern bank of the Nile. The Tura quarry and Masara quarry are often separated, viewed individually, but due to their proximity they are more appropriately recognized as one extended system<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Harrell |first=James A. |date=2016 |title=Mapping the Tura-Masara Limestone Quarries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811123 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=52 |pages=199–214 |issn=0065-9991}}</ref>. The quarries were active sometime during in the Old Kingdom through the Late Period and remain partially destroyed in present day<ref name=":0" />.
[[File:Tourah-lepsius.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[limestone]] quarry in Tura by [[Karl Richard Lepsius]], a 19th century Prussian Egyptologist.]]
Typical materials known from this site are:

* High quality, fine-grained white limestone<ref name=":3" />

Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:
Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:


* Casing stones for 4th-6th dynasty [[Pyramid|pyramids]]<ref name=":2" />
* 4th and 5th dynasty mortuary temple walls and floors<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=QuarryScapes :: Northern Faiyum Quarry landscape |url=http://www.quarryscapes.no/egypt_nort.php |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.quarryscapes.no}}</ref>
* [[Memphite Necropolis|Memphite necropolis]] in the 12th dynasty<ref name=":2" />
* Blocks of basalt made up the floor of the funerary temple east of [[Khufu|Khufu's]] [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]]<ref name=":5" />
* 10.5 km long, paved quarry road connecting Widan el-Faras and Qasr el-Sagha used basalt fragments from the quarry along with other materials such as [[limestone]], [[sandstone]], and [[petrified wood]]<ref name=":5" />.


== Umm es-Sawan ==
== Umm es-Sawan ==
Umm es-Sawan is also located on Gevel el-Qatrani, [[Faiyum]], 20 km (mi) north-east of Wide el-Faras in the landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert. The white gypsum from this site occurs in near-vertical veins that cross-cut the other stratigraphy<ref name=":4" />.
Umm es-Sawan is located on Gevel el-Qatrani, [[Faiyum]], 20 km (12.4 mi) north-east of Wide el-Faras in the landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert. The white gypsum from this site occurs in near-vertical veins that cross-cut the other stratigraphy<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=QuarryScapes :: Northern Faiyum Quarry landscape |url=http://www.quarryscapes.no/egypt_nort.php |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.quarryscapes.no}}</ref>. The quarry was active during the Pharonic period and remains largely intact<ref name=":0" />.


Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:
Line 74: Line 59:
* Fine-grained white [[gypsum]] or [[alabaster]]<ref name=":4" />
* Fine-grained white [[gypsum]] or [[alabaster]]<ref name=":4" />


== Tura-Masara ==
== Widan el-Faras ==
Widan el-Faras is located on Gebel el-Qatrani, [[Faiyum]], 60 km (37 mi) southwest of [[Cairo]] in the [[Libyan Desert|Western Desert]] and is one of the oldest preserved hard-stone quarries sites<ref name=":5">Storemyr, P., Heldal, T., Bloxam, E.G., Harrell, J.A. (2003) Widan el-Faras Ancient Quarry Landscape, Northern Faiyum Desert, Egypt: Site Description, Historical Significance and Current Destruction (Report Expert -Center für Denkmalpflege ETH Hönggerberg, HIL D 33/34 CH-8093 Zurich - Switzerland (CENTER FOR CONSERVATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES)).</ref>. Widen el-Faras, literarily translates to "Ears of the Mare" and is named for the twin peaks located east of the quarry site<ref name=":5" />. The quarry landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert comprise both the Umm es-Sawan and Widan el-Faras basalt quarries, both heavily exploited for hardstone during the Old Kingdom pyramid age due to their proximity to the Nile Valley<ref name=":0" />. The quarry was active between the Old Kingdom and Late Period<ref name=":0" />. The ancient quarries have since been partially destroyed but Widen el-Faras continues to be a site for modern quarrying through the 20th century.
Tura-Masara is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of [[Cairo]] and spans 6 km (3.7 mi) of underground quarries along the eastern bank of the Nile. The Tura quarry and Masara quarry are often separated, viewed individually, but due to their proximity they are more appropriately recognized as one extended system<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Harrell |first=James A. |date=2016 |title=Mapping the Tura-Masara Limestone Quarries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811123 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=52 |pages=199–214 |issn=0065-9991}}</ref>.

[[File:Tourah-lepsius.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[limestone]] quarry in Tura by [[Karl Richard Lepsius]], a 19th century Prussian Egyptologist.]]
Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:


* High quality, fine-grained white limestone<ref name=":3" />
* Dark gray to black [[basalt]]<ref name=":1" />
* Petrified Wood

Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:
Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:


* Casing stones for 4th-6th dynasty [[Pyramid|pyramids]]<ref name=":2" />
* 4th and 5th dynasty mortuary temple walls and floors<ref name=":4" />
* Blocks of basalt made up the floor of the funerary temple east of [[Khufu|Khufu's]] [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]]<ref name=":5" />
* [[Memphite Necropolis|Memphite necropolis]] in the 12th dynasty<ref name=":2" />
* 11.5 km long, paved quarry road connecting Widan el-Faras and Qasr el-Sagha used basalt fragments from the quarry along with other materials such as [[limestone]], [[sandstone]], and [[petrified wood]]<ref name=":5" />.

== El Amarna ==
The El Amarna site is located a short distance from [[El Amarna]].

Typical materials known from this site are:

* [[Alabaster]]


== Gabal Abu Dukhan ==
== Gabal Abu Dukhan ==
Main article: [[Mons Porphyrites]]
Main article: [[Mons Porphyrites]]
[[File:Baptismal Font Magdeburg.jpg|alt=Baptismal font in the Cathedral of Magdeburg, Germany. The font is made of purple porphyry quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.|thumb|Baptismal font in the [[Magdeburg Cathedral|Cathedral of Magdeburg]], Germany. The font is made of [[Porphyry (geology)|purple porphyry]] quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.]]
[[File:Baptismal Font Magdeburg.jpg|alt=Baptismal font in the Cathedral of Magdeburg, Germany. The font is made of purple porphyry quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.|thumb|Baptismal font in the [[Magdeburg Cathedral|Cathedral of Magdeburg]], Germany. The font is made of [[Porphyry (geology)|purple porphyry]] quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.]]
The Gabal Abu Dukhan site, near modern [[Hurghada]] on Egypt's [[Red Sea]] coast, was particularly important for the [[Roman Empire]]. [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]'' stated that "imperial porphyry" was discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in 18 CE by a Roman legionary named Caius Cominius Leugas. The location of the site, known to the Romans as [[Mons Porphyrites]], was lost for many centuries until rediscovered in the 19th century. It is the only source of imperial [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] in the world.
The Gabal Abu Dukhan site, near modern [[Hurghada]] on Egypt's [[Red Sea]] coast, was particularly important for the [[Roman Empire]]. [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]'' stated that "imperial porphyry" was discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in 18 CE by a Roman legionary named Caius Cominius Leugas. The location of the site, known to the Romans as [[Mons Porphyrites]], was lost for many centuries until rediscovered in the 19th century. It was the only source of imperial [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] in antiquity. The quarry was active during the Greco-Roman period<ref name=":0" />.


Typical materials known from this site are:
Typical materials known from this site are:
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* The [[Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs]]
* The [[Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs]]


== Abu Rawash ==
== Koptos ==
[[Koptos]] is located in Wadi Rohanu.
Blah blah blah

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Black [[slate]]

== Wadi Hammamat ==
[[Wadi Hammamat]] is a quarrying area located in the [[Eastern Desert]] of Egypt. This site is noted because it is described in the first ancient [[topographic map]] known, the [[Turin Papyrus Map]], describing a quarrying expedition prepared for [[Ramesses IV]]. Inscriptions found at Wadi Hammamat describe quarry workers breaking blocks from the mountain and using a ramp to lower them to the ground when a monument was requested by the King<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goedicke |first=Hans |date=1964 |title=Some Remarks on Stone Quarrying in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2060-1786 B.C.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000984 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=3 |pages=43–50 |doi=10.2307/40000984 |issn=0065-9991}}</ref>. Wadi Hammamat was active through the Pharonic period into the Greco-Roman period and remains largely intact in modern time<ref name=":0" />.

Typical materials known from this site are:

* [[Basalt]]
* [[Basanite]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doryphoros torso {{!}} Artworks {{!}} Uffizi Galleries |url=https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/doryphoros-torso |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=www.uffizi.it |language=en}}</ref>
* Metagraywacke<ref name=":0" />
* Metaconglomerate<ref name=":0" />

== Qurna ==
[[Kurna|Qurna]] is located near [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]. It was an active site during the reign of [[Amenhotep III]].

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Limestone

== El-Dibabiya ==
El-Dibabiya was a limestone quarry site at the southern end of the [[Eastern Desert]] in Egypt along the [[Nile]]. The quarry was active during the Old Kingdom and remained active into the Greco-Roman period in Egypt<ref name=":0" />. The site remains largely intact.

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Limestone

== Edfu ==
These quarries are located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Edfu]].

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

* Stone blocks used by the engineers of [[Septimius Severus]] to reconstruct the north [[Colossi of Memnon|Colossus of Memnon]].<ref name="heizer-colossi">{{cite journal |last=Heizer |first=R. F. |display-authors=etal |date=21 December 1973 |title=The Colossi of Memnon Revisited |journal=Science |volume=182 |issue=4118 |pages=1219–25 |doi=10.1126/science.182.4118.1219 |pmid=17811309}}</ref>

== Gebel el-Silsila ==
[[Gebel el-Silsila]] or Gebel Silsileh is {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Aswan]] along the banks of the [[Nile]]. It was a very well known quarrying area throughout all of ancient Egypt due to the quality of the building stone quarried there. The site is a rich archaeological area, with temples cut directly in the hills. Examples include the rock temple of [[Horemheb]] on the west bank. Many of the monuments here bear inscriptions of [[Hatshepsut]], [[Amenhotep II]], [[Ramesses II]], [[Merenptah]], and [[Ramesses III]]. The quarries and the stone temples here are visible from boats on the [[Nile]]. The quarry was active sometime during the Old Kingdom through the Late Period and remains largely intact in modern time<ref name=":0" />.

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Sandstone<ref name=":0" />

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

* Temple of Horemheb

== The quarries of Aswan ==
The quarries of Aswan are located along the [[Nile]] near the city of [[Aswan]]. There are a number of well-known sites: [[Shellal]], consisting of northern and southern quarries within an area of about 20 km<sup>2</sup> (7.7 sq mi) on the west bank, and the islands of [[Elephantine]] and [[Seheil]]. One of the known directors of the Aswan sites was Hori during the reign of [[Ramses III]]. Great amounts of granite were quarried from Aswan at an extent only comparable to ancient Egypt's limestone and sandstone quarries<ref>{{Cite web |title=quarries in Egypt |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/quarries.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref>. The quarry sites were active in the Old Kingdom through the Late Period, and continued to be active in the Greco-Roman period of Egypt<ref name=":0" />.
[[File:Chambre-roi-grande-pyramide.jpg|thumb|King Khufu's chamber within the Great Pyramid of Giza. Chamber is constructed of red granite blocks with the granite sarcophagus in the center.]]
In the present days, the quarry area is to become an open-air museum.

Typical materials known from this site are:

* Coarse-grained pinkish to reddish [[granite]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C:\HMPRO2\gifs\geoarc30.htm |url=http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/faculty/harrell/egypt/quarries/Hardst_Quar.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.eeescience.utoledo.edu}}</ref>
* Coarse-grained gray to black [[granodiorite]]<ref name=":1" />
* Fined-grained pinkish to gray granite<ref name=":1" />
* Black [[Diabase|Dolerite]]<ref name=":1" />

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

* [[Cleopatra's Needle (London)|Cleopatra's Needle]]
* The [[unfinished obelisk]] still on site, at the northern quarry
* The unfinished partly worked obelisk base, discovered in 2005
* The [[sarcophagus]] made from [[granite]] at the burial chambers of the Third Dynasty Pharaoh [[Djoser]] at [[Saqqara]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Stone quarries in ancient Egypt. Details about the Giza quarries, the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries |url=https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-quarries.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.cheops-pyramide.ch}}</ref> and the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh [[Sneferu]] at [[Dahshur]]
* The Grand Gallery and the King's Chamber within the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|pyramid of Khufu]] as well as his granite block sarcophagus<ref>{{Cite book |title=The complete pyramids |date=1997 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05084-2 |editor-last=Lehner |editor-first=Mark |location=London}}</ref>
* Sarcophagus and lowest layer of outer casing in the [[pyramid of Khafre]] at Giza, as well as a statue of Khafre all made of granite<ref name=":3" />
* Burial chamber and lower layers of outer casing in the [[pyramid of Menkaure]] at Giza made of granite<ref name=":3" />

== Idahet ==
The site is located a few kilometres from Idahet, in barren desert terrain. It was abandoned during the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]].

Typical materials known from this site are:


* [[diorite]]
== Ed-Dibabiya ==
Blah blah blah


== Other sites ==
== Other sites - planning to add new sections for each of these locations then remove this section ==
Other important quarry sites include:
Other important quarry sites include:


* [[Alabaster]] quarries at [[Hatnub]]
* [[Abu Rawash]]
* Chephren [[Gneiss]] Quarry
* Ed-Dibabiya, near [[Gebelein]]
* Limestone quarries north of [[Cairo]]


=== References ===
=== References ===

Latest revision as of 04:53, 19 March 2024

Article Draft

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Lead

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The stone quarries of ancient Egypt once produced quality stone for the building of tombs and temples and for decorative monuments such as sarcophagi, stelae, and statues[1]. These quarries are now recognised archaeological sites. Ancient quarry sites in the Nile valley accounted for much of the limestone and sandstone used as building stone for temples, monuments, and pyramids[1]. Eighty percent of the ancient sites are located in the Nile valley; some of them have disappeared under the waters of Lake Nasser and some others were lost due to modern mining activity[1].

Some of the sites are well identified and the chemical composition of their stones is also well known, allowing the geographical origin of most of the monuments to be traced using petrographic techniques, including neutron activation analysis.

In June 2006, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) of Egypt established a new department for conservation of ancient quarries and mines in Egypt. The new department was designed to work in close cooperation with the regional SCA offices, and special training programmes for Inspectors of Antiquities will be carried out to enable the regional authorities to tackle inventory, documentation, risk assessment and management of the ancient quarries and mines.

This article details some of the most important ancient quarry sites in Egypt, listing material type and known monuments using sourced material when known.

Article body - quarries listed from N to S

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Abu Rawash

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Abu Rawash is located 8 km (5 mi) north of Giza and is home to the pyramid of Djedefre and the ruins of the first pyramid of Lepsius[2]. A necropolis is located at the site, sat on top of a small hill and contains twelve mastabas dated to the 1st dynasty[3].

Typical materials known from this site are:

  • Limestone

Gebel el Ahmar

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Photo shows the two statues known as The Colossi of Memnon. The massive statues are made from blocks of quartzite quarried from Gabel el Ahmar.
The Colossi of Memnon are two massive statues made from blocks of quartzite quarried from Gabel el Ahmar.

Gebel el Ahmar is located near Cairo on the east bank of the Nile, near the suburb of Heliopolis. The name means Red Mountain. The site was in full production in the times of Amenhophis III, Akhenaton, Tutankhamon, and Ramses III. The quarry was directed by Huy, known as "Chief of the King's Works", and also by Hori. The quarry was active during the Pharonic period and is now largely destroyed in modern time[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

Mokattam Hills

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The Mokattam hills are a quarry site located near Memphis. The hills were quarried for limestone during the pharonic period[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Tura-Masara

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Tura-Masara is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Cairo and spans 6 km (3.7 mi) of underground quarries along the eastern bank of the Nile. The Tura quarry and Masara quarry are often separated, viewed individually, but due to their proximity they are more appropriately recognized as one extended system[5]. The quarries were active sometime during in the Old Kingdom through the Late Period and remain partially destroyed in present day[1].

Depiction of a limestone quarry in Tura by Karl Richard Lepsius, a 19th century Prussian Egyptologist.

Typical materials known from this site are:

  • High quality, fine-grained white limestone[6]

Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:

Umm es-Sawan

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Umm es-Sawan is located on Gevel el-Qatrani, Faiyum, 20 km (12.4 mi) north-east of Wide el-Faras in the landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert. The white gypsum from this site occurs in near-vertical veins that cross-cut the other stratigraphy[7]. The quarry was active during the Pharonic period and remains largely intact[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Widan el-Faras

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Widan el-Faras is located on Gebel el-Qatrani, Faiyum, 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Cairo in the Western Desert and is one of the oldest preserved hard-stone quarries sites[8]. Widen el-Faras, literarily translates to "Ears of the Mare" and is named for the twin peaks located east of the quarry site[8]. The quarry landscape of the Northern Faiyum Desert comprise both the Umm es-Sawan and Widan el-Faras basalt quarries, both heavily exploited for hardstone during the Old Kingdom pyramid age due to their proximity to the Nile Valley[1]. The quarry was active between the Old Kingdom and Late Period[1]. The ancient quarries have since been partially destroyed but Widen el-Faras continues to be a site for modern quarrying through the 20th century.

Typical materials known from this site are:

Some of the monuments known to use materials from this site are:

  • 4th and 5th dynasty mortuary temple walls and floors[7]
  • Blocks of basalt made up the floor of the funerary temple east of Khufu's Great Pyramid[8]
  • 11.5 km long, paved quarry road connecting Widan el-Faras and Qasr el-Sagha used basalt fragments from the quarry along with other materials such as limestone, sandstone, and petrified wood[8].

El Amarna

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The El Amarna site is located a short distance from El Amarna.

Typical materials known from this site are:

Gabal Abu Dukhan

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Main article: Mons Porphyrites

Baptismal font in the Cathedral of Magdeburg, Germany. The font is made of purple porphyry quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.
Baptismal font in the Cathedral of Magdeburg, Germany. The font is made of purple porphyry quarried from Gabal Abu Dukhan.

The Gabal Abu Dukhan site, near modern Hurghada on Egypt's Red Sea coast, was particularly important for the Roman Empire. Pliny the Elder's Natural History stated that "imperial porphyry" was discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in 18 CE by a Roman legionary named Caius Cominius Leugas. The location of the site, known to the Romans as Mons Porphyrites, was lost for many centuries until rediscovered in the 19th century. It was the only source of imperial porphyry in antiquity. The quarry was active during the Greco-Roman period[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

Koptos

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Koptos is located in Wadi Rohanu.

Typical materials known from this site are:

Wadi Hammamat

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Wadi Hammamat is a quarrying area located in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. This site is noted because it is described in the first ancient topographic map known, the Turin Papyrus Map, describing a quarrying expedition prepared for Ramesses IV. Inscriptions found at Wadi Hammamat describe quarry workers breaking blocks from the mountain and using a ramp to lower them to the ground when a monument was requested by the King[10]. Wadi Hammamat was active through the Pharonic period into the Greco-Roman period and remains largely intact in modern time[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Qurna

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Qurna is located near Thebes. It was an active site during the reign of Amenhotep III.

Typical materials known from this site are:

  • Limestone

El-Dibabiya

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El-Dibabiya was a limestone quarry site at the southern end of the Eastern Desert in Egypt along the Nile. The quarry was active during the Old Kingdom and remained active into the Greco-Roman period in Egypt[1]. The site remains largely intact.

Typical materials known from this site are:

  • Limestone

Edfu

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These quarries are located 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Edfu.

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

Gebel el-Silsila

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Gebel el-Silsila or Gebel Silsileh is 64 km (40 mi) north of Aswan along the banks of the Nile. It was a very well known quarrying area throughout all of ancient Egypt due to the quality of the building stone quarried there. The site is a rich archaeological area, with temples cut directly in the hills. Examples include the rock temple of Horemheb on the west bank. Many of the monuments here bear inscriptions of Hatshepsut, Amenhotep II, Ramesses II, Merenptah, and Ramesses III. The quarries and the stone temples here are visible from boats on the Nile. The quarry was active sometime during the Old Kingdom through the Late Period and remains largely intact in modern time[1].

Typical materials known from this site are:

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

  • Temple of Horemheb

The quarries of Aswan

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The quarries of Aswan are located along the Nile near the city of Aswan. There are a number of well-known sites: Shellal, consisting of northern and southern quarries within an area of about 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) on the west bank, and the islands of Elephantine and Seheil. One of the known directors of the Aswan sites was Hori during the reign of Ramses III. Great amounts of granite were quarried from Aswan at an extent only comparable to ancient Egypt's limestone and sandstone quarries[12]. The quarry sites were active in the Old Kingdom through the Late Period, and continued to be active in the Greco-Roman period of Egypt[1].

King Khufu's chamber within the Great Pyramid of Giza. Chamber is constructed of red granite blocks with the granite sarcophagus in the center.

In the present days, the quarry area is to become an open-air museum.

Typical materials known from this site are:

Some of the monuments known to come from this site are:

Idahet

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The site is located a few kilometres from Idahet, in barren desert terrain. It was abandoned during the Middle Kingdom.

Typical materials known from this site are:

Other sites

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Other important quarry sites include:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Abu-Jaber, Nizar, ed. (2009). QuarryScapes: ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological survey of Norway special publication. Trondheim: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ISBN 978-82-7385-138-3.
  2. ^ "Abu Rawash | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  3. ^ Quiles A, Tristant Y. RADIOCARBON-BASED MODELING OF THE REIGN OF KING DEN (1ST DYNASTY, EGYPT) AND THE START OF THE OLD KINGDOM. Radiocarbon. 2023;65(2):485-504. doi:10.1017/RDC.2023.15
  4. ^ a b Heizer, R. F.; et al. (21 December 1973). "The Colossi of Memnon Revisited". Science. 182 (4118): 1219–25. doi:10.1126/science.182.4118.1219. PMID 17811309.
  5. ^ a b c Harrell, James A. (2016). "Mapping the Tura-Masara Limestone Quarries". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 52: 199–214. ISSN 0065-9991.
  6. ^ a b c d "Stone quarries in ancient Egypt. Details about the Giza quarries, the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries". www.cheops-pyramide.ch. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  7. ^ a b c "QuarryScapes :: Northern Faiyum Quarry landscape". www.quarryscapes.no. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  8. ^ a b c d Storemyr, P., Heldal, T., Bloxam, E.G., Harrell, J.A. (2003) Widan el-Faras Ancient Quarry Landscape, Northern Faiyum Desert, Egypt: Site Description, Historical Significance and Current Destruction (Report Expert -Center für Denkmalpflege ETH Hönggerberg, HIL D 33/34 CH-8093 Zurich - Switzerland (CENTER FOR CONSERVATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES)).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "C:\HMPRO2\gifs\geoarc30.htm". www.eeescience.utoledo.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  10. ^ Goedicke, Hans (1964). "Some Remarks on Stone Quarrying in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2060-1786 B.C.)". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 3: 43–50. doi:10.2307/40000984. ISSN 0065-9991.
  11. ^ "Doryphoros torso | Artworks | Uffizi Galleries". www.uffizi.it. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  12. ^ "quarries in Egypt". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  13. ^ Lehner, Mark, ed. (1997). The complete pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05084-2.
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