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Touring car and tourer are both terms for open cars (i.e. cars without a fixed roof). "Touring car" is a style of open car built in the United States which seats four or more people. The style was popular from the early 1900s to the 1930s. The cars used for touring car racing in various series since the 1960s, are unrelated to these early touring cars, despite sharing the same name.

"Tourer" is used in British English for any open car. The term "all-weather tourer" was used to describe convertibles (vehicles that could be fully enclosed). A popular version of the tourer was the torpedo, with the hood/bonnet line level at the car's waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back.

Touring car (U.S.)

Design

1920 Studebaker Big Six touring car with its top down. The folded top behind passengers was known as the "fan" when in the down position.

1924 Ford Model T touring car

1907 Enfield 15 HP Demi-Limousine

Touring car was applied in the U.S. to open cars (cars without a fixed roof, for example convertibles) that seat four or more people and have direct entrance to the tonneau (rear passenger area),^[1] although it has also been described as seating five or more people.^[2] Touring cars may have two or four doors, and the drivetrain layouts of early touring cars was either front- or mid-engined.

When the top was folded down, it formed a bulky mass known as the fan behind the back seat: fan covers were made to protect the top and its wooden ribs while in the down position. Some touring cars were available with side curtains to protect occupants from wind and weather by snapping or zipping them into place; otherwise, the occupants had minimal weather protection.

History

The touring car body style was popular in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the two-seat runabout and the roadster. By the mid-1910s, the touring car body had evolved into several types, including the four-door touring car which was equipped with a convertible top.^[3]^[4]

Most of Model T's produced by Ford between 1908 and 1927 were four and then three-door models (with drivers sliding behind the wheel from passenger seat) touring cars, accounting for 6,519,643 cars sold out of the 15,000,000 estimated Model T's built. This accounted for 44% of all Model T's sold over the model's eighteen-plus year life span, making it the most popular body style.^{[citation needed]}

The popularity of the touring car began to wane in the 1920s when cars with enclosed passenger compartments (i.e. fixed steel roofs) became more affordable, and began to consistently out-sell the open cars.^[5]

Demi-Limousine

For a brief time, touring sedans were offered with a solid back and permanent roof, unlike the roof on a touring sedan which could be folded back and stowed. Neither version offered permanent protection from the elements.^[6]

Tourer in British English

Tourer is used for open cars.^[7]

The belt lines of 1930s tourers were often lowered at the front doors to suggest a more sporting character^[8] (however, this only allowed for removable glass or Perspex/Plexiglas side screens; wind-up windows, introduced later, required a more horizonal belt line on the doors).

Just as in the U.S, all-weather tourers are cars with high quality tops and glass side windows;^[9] they were later called convertibles.^[10]

1927 Austin 20 tourer, front (without side curtains)
1927 Austin 20 tourer, rear
1951 Ford Anglia tourer: note the lowered beltline at the front door

Torpedo body

The torpedo was a style of 4-seat or 5-seat tourers built from 1908 until the mid-1930s.^[11] The design consists of a hood/bonnet line raised to be level with the car's waistline, resulting in a straight beltline from front to back.^[12]

References

^ "What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined" (pdf). The New York Times. New York, NY USA. Nomenclature Division, Society of Automobile Engineers. 20 August 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 31 May 2012. Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers:
^ Stein, Jess, ed. (1975) [1968]. The Random House College Dictionary (Revised ed.). New York, NY USA: Random House. p. 1389. ISBN 0-394-43600-8. touring car, an open automobile designed for five or more passengers.
^ "1927 Ford Model T Touring (Fifteen-Millionth Ford)". www.historicvehicle.org. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ "The Automobiles". www.fountainheadmuseum.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ Ullman, William (19 January 1930). "Show Reflects Car's Progress – Dawn of New Decade Finds Motordom Has Made Gigantic Strides". The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, PA USA. Automobile Section. Retrieved 2 June 2012. Interest was centered in the development of low-priced closed models in every automobile factory in the country and the rapid decline of the open car was apparent on all sides.
^ Motor Body, Paint and Trim. The Vehicle Monthly. April 1918. p. 16. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ Tourer. Ian Beattie. "The complete book of Automobile Body Design, March 1977, Haynes, Yeovil. ISBN 0854292179
^ Davis, Pedr., ed. (1986). The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie Library. p. 485. ISBN 0-949757-35-7.
^ Georgano, G. N.; Andersen, Thorkil Ry (21 October 1982) [1973]. Georgano, G. N. (ed.). The New encyclopedia of motorcars, 1885 to the present (3rd ed.). Dutton. p. 685. ISBN 0-5259-3254-2. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
^ Georgano & Andersen 1982, p. 683.
^ Georgano, G. N., ed. (1971). "Glossary". Encyclopedia of American Automobiles. New York, NY USA: E. P. Dutton. p. 217. ISBN 0-525-097929. LCCN 79-147885. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
^ Roberts, Peter (1974). "Carriage to Car". Veteran and Vintage Cars. London, UK: Octopus Books. p. 111. ISBN 0-7064-0331-2. Torpedo – Continental term for an open four-seat tourer with soft hood and sporting tendencies and in which the line of the bonnet was continued back to the rear of the car.

[NYT1916_08SAEbodies-1] "What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined" (pdf). The New York Times. New York, NY USA. Nomenclature Division, Society of Automobile Engineers. 20 August 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 31 May 2012. Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers:

[RandomHouseDictionary-2] Stein, Jess, ed. (1975) [1968]. The Random House College Dictionary (Revised ed.). New York, NY USA: Random House. p. 1389. ISBN 0-394-43600-8. touring car, an open automobile designed for five or more passengers.

[3] "1927 Ford Model T Touring (Fifteen-Millionth Ford)". www.historicvehicle.org. Retrieved 9 November 2018.

[4] "The Automobiles". www.fountainheadmuseum.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.

[PittsPress19300119-5] Ullman, William (19 January 1930). "Show Reflects Car's Progress – Dawn of New Decade Finds Motordom Has Made Gigantic Strides". The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, PA USA. Automobile Section. Retrieved 2 June 2012. Interest was centered in the development of low-priced closed models in every automobile factory in the country and the rapid decline of the open car was apparent on all sides.

[6] Motor Body, Paint and Trim. The Vehicle Monthly. April 1918. p. 16. Retrieved 13 March 2021.

[7] Tourer. Ian Beattie. "The complete book of Automobile Body Design, March 1977, Haynes, Yeovil. ISBN 0854292179

[Macquarie-8] Davis, Pedr., ed. (1986). The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie Library. p. 485. ISBN 0-949757-35-7.

[NEMCp685-9] Georgano, G. N.; Andersen, Thorkil Ry (21 October 1982) [1973]. Georgano, G. N. (ed.). The New encyclopedia of motorcars, 1885 to the present (3rd ed.). Dutton. p. 685. ISBN 0-5259-3254-2. Retrieved 12 August 2012.

[FOOTNOTEGeorganoAndersen1982683-10] Georgano & Andersen 1982, p. 683.

[EAAp217-11] Georgano, G. N., ed. (1971). "Glossary". Encyclopedia of American Automobiles. New York, NY USA: E. P. Dutton. p. 217. ISBN 0-525-097929. LCCN 79-147885. Retrieved 12 August 2012.

[VVCp111-12] Roberts, Peter (1974). "Carriage to Car". Veteran and Vintage Cars. London, UK: Octopus Books. p. 111. ISBN 0-7064-0331-2. Torpedo – Continental term for an open four-seat tourer with soft hood and sporting tendencies and in which the line of the bonnet was continued back to the rear of the car.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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[11]

[12]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Type of car body}}
-{{Refimprove|date=November 2011}}
 {{For|the use of the term in motor racing|Touring car racing}}
+{{For|modern sports cars designed for long-distance cruising|Grand tourer}}
+{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
 [[File:Mot 21 - Maxwell.jpg|thumb|1913 [[Maxwell automobile|Maxwell]] Model 24-4 touring car]]
+'''Touring car''' and '''tourer''' are both terms for open cars (i.e. cars without a fixed roof). "Touring car" is a style of open car built in the United States which seats four or more people. The style was popular from the early 1900s to the 1930s. The cars used for [[touring car racing]] in various series since the 1960s, are unrelated to these early touring cars, despite sharing the same name.
-A '''touring car''' is an open car seating four or more.  A popular [[car body style]] in the early twentieth century, it declined in popularity in the 1920s when closed bodies became less expensive and more practical.
+"Tourer" is used in [[British English]] for any open car. The term "all-weather tourer" was used to describe [[convertible (car)|convertibles]] (vehicles that could be fully enclosed). A popular version of the tourer was the [[Torpedo (car)|torpedo]], with the hood/bonnet line level at the car's waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back.
-The cars used for [[touring car racing]] in various series since the 1960s are unrelated to these early touring cars, despite sharing the same name.
-A '''tourer''', in the UK and the Commonwealth, is a similar [[vehicle]]; however, the term is sometimes used to describe pre-war two-seaters which, in US terminology, would be [[Roadster (automobile)|roadsters]]. The term "all-weather tourer" was used to describe [[convertible (car)|open vehicles that could be fully enclosed]].
-A popular version of the touring car style was the [[Torpedo (car)|torpedo]], with the hood/bonnet line at the car's waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back. This eventually became the normal version of the touring car, and the term "torpedo" fell out of use, having been replaced by the [[hardtop]].
 ==Touring car (U.S.)==
@@ Line 18: / Line 16: @@
 | image2   = 1924 Ford Model T Touring MEM895.jpg
 | caption2 = 1924 [[Ford Model T]] touring car
+| image3   = Enfield 15 HP Demi-Limousine (1907).jpg
+| caption3 = 1907 Enfield 15 HP Demi-Limousine
 }}
-"Touring car" was applied in the U.S. to open cars (cars without a fixed roof, for example [[convertible]]s) that seat four or more people and has direct entrance to the [[tonneau]] (rear passenger area),<ref name="NYT1916_08SAEbodies" /> although it has also been described as seating five or more people.<ref name="RandomHouseDictionary" /> Touring cars may have two or four doors, and the drivetrain layouts of early touring cars was either [[FR layout|front engined]] or [[MR layout|mid-engined]].
+''Touring car'' was applied in the U.S. to open cars (cars without a fixed roof, for example [[convertible]]s) that seat four or more people and have direct entrance to the [[tonneau]] (rear passenger area),<ref name="NYT1916_08SAEbodies" /> although it has also been described as seating five or more people.<ref name="RandomHouseDictionary" /> Touring cars may have two or four doors, and the drivetrain layouts of early touring cars was either [[FR layout|front-]] or [[MR layout|mid-engined]].
-When the top was folded down, it formed a bulky mass known as the "fan" behind the back seat: "fan covers" were made to protect the top and its wooden ribs while in the down position. Some touring cars were available with side curtains to protect occupants from wind and weather by snapping or zipping them into place; otherwise, the occupants had minimal weather protection.
+When the top was folded down, it formed a bulky mass known as the ''fan'' behind the back seat: ''fan covers'' were made to protect the top and its wooden ribs while in the down position. Some touring cars were available with side curtains to protect occupants from wind and weather by snapping or zipping them into place; otherwise, the occupants had minimal weather protection.
 ===History===
-The touring car [[car body style|body style]] was popular in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the two-seat [[runabout (car)|runabout]] and the [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]. By the mid-1910s, the touring car body had evolved into several types, including the four-door touring car which was equipped with a convertible top.<ref>{{cite web |title=1927 Ford Model T Touring (Fifteen-Millionth Ford) |url=https://www.historicvehicle.org/national-historic-vehicle-register/vehicles/1927-ford-model-t-15-millionth-ford/ |website=www.historicvehicle.org |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Automobiles |url=http://www.fountainheadmuseum.com/the-automobiles-en.html |website=www.fountainheadmuseum.com |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref>
+The touring car [[car body style|body style]] was popular in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the two-seat [[runabout (car)|runabout]] and the [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]]. By the mid-1910s, the touring car body had evolved into several types, including the four-door touring car which was equipped with a convertible top.<ref>{{cite web |title=1927 Ford Model T Touring (Fifteen-Millionth Ford) |url=https://www.historicvehicle.org/national-historic-vehicle-register/vehicles/1927-ford-model-t-15-millionth-ford/ |website=www.historicvehicle.org |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Automobiles |url=http://www.fountainheadmuseum.com/the-automobiles-en.html |website=www.fountainheadmuseum.com |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
 Most of [[Ford Model T|Model T's]] produced by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] between 1908 and 1927 were four and then three-door models (with drivers sliding behind the wheel from passenger seat) touring cars, accounting for 6,519,643 cars sold out of the 15,000,000 estimated Model T's built. This accounted for 44% of all Model T's sold over the model's eighteen-plus year life span, making it the most popular body style.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}
 The popularity of the touring car began to wane in the 1920s when cars with enclosed passenger compartments (i.e. fixed steel roofs) became more affordable, and began to consistently out-sell the open cars.<ref name="PittsPress19300119" />
+====Demi-Limousine====
+For a brief time, touring sedans were offered with a solid back and permanent roof, unlike the roof on a touring sedan which could be folded back and stowed. Neither version offered permanent protection from the elements.<ref>{{cite book |title=Motor Body, Paint and Trim |date=April 1918 |publisher=The Vehicle Monthly |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-w_AQAAMAAJ&dq=what+is+a+demi-limousine&pg=PA16 |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
 {{clear right}}
-==Tourer (U.K.)==
+==Tourer in British English==
+''Tourer'' is used for open cars.<ref>Tourer. Ian Beattie. "The complete book of Automobile Body Design'', March 1977, Haynes, Yeovil. {{ISBN|0854292179}}</ref>
-[[File:1951 Ford Anglia A494A Tourer (28545161011).jpg|thumb|An Australian built 1951 [[Ford Anglia]] A494A Tourer with side curtains attached. The belt line at the front door is lowered.]]
-The British tourer, as [[#Description|an open car with minimal weather protection]], is similar to the touring car, and the terms have been considered interchangeable;<ref name="NEMCp685" /><ref name="EAAp217" /> However, not all definitions specify tourers to have four or more seats,<ref name="NEMCp685" /><ref name="Macquarie" />
+The belt lines of 1930s tourers were often lowered at the front doors to suggest a more sporting character<ref name="Macquarie" /> (however, this only allowed for removable glass or Perspex/Plexiglas side screens; wind-up windows, introduced later, required a more horizonal belt line on the doors).
-"All-weather tourer" was used for open four-door cars with high quality tops and winding windows;<ref name="NEMCp685" /> these vehicles were later called [[Convertible (car)|convertibles]].{{Sfn|Georgano|Andersen|1982|p=683}}
+Just as in the U.S, all-weather tourers are cars with high quality tops and glass side windows;<ref name="NEMCp685" /> they were later called [[Convertible (car)|convertibles]].{{Sfn|Georgano|Andersen|1982|p=683}}
-In Australia tourers may have two or four doors. The belt lines of tourers were often lowered in the front doors to give the car a more sporting character.<ref name="Macquarie" /> and would then be named sports tourers.
-{{Gallery
-|title=1927 Austin 20 with tourer body—a typical example<br>this car is not an all-weather tourer
-|align=center
-|File:Austin 20 Tourer 1927 (1) (4330958482).jpg|
-|File:Austin 20 tourer 1927 (10251793113).jpg|
-}}
-{{-}}
-{{see also|Morgan Four Seater}}
+<gallery mode="nolines" widths="250">
-==Torpedo body==
+File:Austin 20 Tourer 1927 (1) (4330958482).jpg|1927 [[Austin 20]] tourer, front (without side curtains)
+File:Austin 20 tourer 1927 (10251793113).jpg|1927 Austin 20 tourer, rear
+File:1951 Ford Anglia A494A Tourer (28545161011).jpg|1951 [[Ford Anglia]] tourer: note the lowered beltline at the front door
+</gallery>
+{{clear right}}
+===Torpedo body===
 {{Main|Torpedo (car)}}
-[[File:Humber 11 Torpedo style 1944cc registered April 1914.JPG|thumb|1914 [[Humber Limited|Humber 11]] [[torpedo (car)|torpedo]]. The straight line from the radiator to the back of the car makes this an example of a torpedo body]]
+[[File:Humber 11 Torpedo style 1944cc registered April 1914.JPG|thumb|1914 [[Humber Limited|Humber 11]] [[torpedo (car)|torpedo]]- note the straight line from the radiator to the rear of the car]]
-The ''[[Torpedo (car)|torpedo]]'' body style was a type of touring body used from the early 20th century until the mid-1920s. A torpedo's hood (bonnet) line was level with the car's waistline, giving a straight line from front to back.<ref name="VVCp111" />
+The torpedo was a style of 4-seat or 5-seat tourers built from 1908 until the mid-1930s.<ref name="EAAp217" /> The design consists of a [[Hood (vehicle)|hood/bonnet]] line raised to be level with the car's waistline, resulting in a straight [[Beltline (automotive)|beltline]] from front to back.<ref name="VVCp111" />
-The torpedo body style was usually fitted to 4- or 5-seat cars and was a touring car with detachable or folding top (hood) and low side panels and doors, but no [[B pillar]]s: the only uprights present were those supporting the windshield (windscreen).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
+{{clear right}}
-The torpedo style became the normal style of touring car and the name fell into disuse around 1920.<ref name="EAAp217" />
-{{-}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 64: / Line 62: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist|refs =
+{{Reflist|refs =
 <ref name="Macquarie">{{cite book| editor-last  =Davis | editor-first = Pedr.| title         = The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring| year      = 1986| publisher = Macquarie Library| location  = Sydney, Australia| isbn      = 0-949757-35-7| page      = 485}}</ref>
-<ref name="RandomHouseDictionary">{{cite book| editor-last  = Stein| editor-first = Jess| title         = The Random House College Dictionary| edition   = Revised| origyear  = 1968| year      = 1975| publisher = Random House| location  = New York, NY USA| isbn      = 0-394-43600-8| page      = 1389| quote         = '''touring car,''' an open automobile designed for five or more passengers.}}</ref>
+<ref name="RandomHouseDictionary">{{cite book| editor-last  = Stein| editor-first = Jess| title         = The Random House College Dictionary| edition   = Revised| orig-year  = 1968| year      = 1975| publisher = Random House| location  = New York, NY USA| isbn      = 0-394-43600-8| page      = 1389| quote         = '''touring car''', an open automobile designed for five or more passengers.}}</ref>
-<ref name="NYT1916_08SAEbodies">{{cite news| title       = What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined| url         = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C1FFB3F5D17738DDDA90A94D0405B868DF1D3| format      = pdf| agency      = Nomenclature Division, [[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers]]| newspaper   = [[The New York Times]]| location    = New York, NY USA| issn        = 0362-4331| oclc        = 1645522| date        = August 20, 1916| page        = | pages       = | at          = | accessdate  = 2012-05-31| quote       = Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers:}}</ref>
+<ref name="NYT1916_08SAEbodies">{{cite news| title       = What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined| url         = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C1FFB3F5D17738DDDA90A94D0405B868DF1D3| format      = pdf| agency      = Nomenclature Division, [[SAE International|Society of Automobile Engineers]]| newspaper   = [[The New York Times]]| location    = New York, NY USA| issn        = 0362-4331| oclc        = 1645522| date        = August 20, 1916| access-date  = 2012-05-31| quote       = Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers:}}</ref>
 <ref name="PittsPress19300119">{{cite news
@@ Line 75: / Line 73: @@
 | first       = William
 | last        = Ullman
-| url         = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iCkbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C0sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6063%2C3222688
+| url         = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iCkbAAAAIBAJ&pg=6063%2C3222688
-| format      =
 | newspaper   = The [[Pittsburgh Press]]
 | location    = Pittsburgh, PA USA
-| issn        =
-| oclc        =
-| doi         =
-| id          =
 | date        = 1930-01-19
-| page        =
 | at          = Automobile Section
-| accessdate  = 2012-06-02
+| access-date  = 2012-06-02
 | quote       = Interest was centered in the development of low-priced closed models in every automobile factory in the country and the rapid decline of the open car was apparent on all sides.
 }}</ref>
@@ Line 92: / Line 84: @@
 <ref name="VVCp111">{{cite book| last       = Roberts| first      = Peter| title         = Veteran and Vintage Cars| year      = 1974| publisher = Octopus Books| location  = London, UK| isbn      = 0-7064-0331-2| page      = 111| chapter   = Carriage to Car| quote         = ''Torpedo'' – Continental term for an open four-seat tourer with soft hood and sporting tendencies and in which the line of the bonnet was continued back to the rear of the car.}}</ref>
-<ref name="NEMCp685">{{cite book ||last1= Georgano|first1= G. N. |author1-link= G.N. Georgano|last2= Andersen|first2= Thorkil Ry|editor-first= G. N.|editor-last= Georgano|title= The New encyclopedia of motorcars, 1885 to the present|url= https://books.google.com/books?ei=PzMoULC8LYfo9ASJ5oDIBw&id=j3xTAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22An+open+car+with+seats+for+four+or+more+passengers%22&q=%22Those+with+wind-up+or+fixed+windows+were+more+often+called%22#search_anchor|format= |accessdate= 2012-08-12 |type= |edition= 3rd|date= 1982-10-21|origyear= 1973|publisher= Dutton|location= |isbn= 0-5259-3254-2|page= 685|ref= harv}}</ref>
+<ref name="NEMCp685">{{cite book |last1= Georgano|first1= G. N. |author1-link= G.N. Georgano|last2= Andersen|first2= Thorkil Ry|editor-first= G. N.|editor-last= Georgano|title= The New encyclopedia of motorcars, 1885 to the present|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j3xTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Those+with+wind-up+or+fixed+windows+were+more+often+called%22|access-date= 2012-08-12 |edition= 3rd|date= 1982-10-21|orig-year= 1973|publisher= Dutton|isbn= 0-5259-3254-2|page= 685}}</ref>
-<ref name="EAAp217">{{cite book |editor1-first= G. N.|editor1-last= Georgano| editor1-link          = G.N. Georgano|title= Encyclopedia of American Automobiles|url= https://books.google.com/books?ei=PzMoULC8LYfo9ASJ5oDIBw&id=snLyAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22An+open+car+with+seats+for+four+or+more+passengers%22&q=%22Those+with+wind-up+or+fixed+windows+were+more+often+called%22#search_anchor|format= |accessdate= 2012-08-12| isbn                  = 0-525-097929| lccn                  = 79-147885| chapter               = Glossary|year= 1971|publisher= E. P. Dutton|location= New York, NY USA|page= 217}}</ref>
+<ref name="EAAp217">{{cite book |editor1-first= G. N.|editor1-last= Georgano| editor1-link          = G.N. Georgano|title= Encyclopedia of American Automobiles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=snLyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Those+with+wind-up+or+fixed+windows+were+more+often+called%22|access-date= 2012-08-12| isbn                  = 0-525-097929| lccn                  = 79-147885| chapter               = Glossary|year= 1971|publisher= E. P. Dutton|location= New York, NY USA|page= 217}}</ref>
 }}
 {{Automobile configuration}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Car body styles]]