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The Kogelbeen Cave forms part of eight caves on the dolomitic Ghaap Plateau of the Northern Cape, South Africa. It is commonly known as Kogelbeengrotte in Afrikaans. The cave is located on Kogelbeen Farm in Pixley ka Seme District Municipality. It is the longest known cave in the Northern Cape with a length of 788 meters. The Kogelbeen Cave has a diverse fauna with over 39 species living in five life zones within the cave.

History

The cave was first described in speleological literature in 1964. The cave is classified as a South African Natural Heritage Site under the South African Natural Heritage programme^[1]

Surveys and explorations

Irish and Marais survey

The total cave length was measured at 788 metres (2,585 ft). The cave entrance was measured with a 90 by 30 metres (295 ft × 98 ft) doline which leads to a 30 by 15 metres (98 ft × 49 ft) sinkhole. The floor slopes at a depth of just less than 8 metres (26 ft). The doline walls have some holes; however, the main site of the cave starts at the deepest and southern part of the doline. The dry passage is a short and dusky section above the entrance on two levels, which leads for 70 metres (230 ft) in an eastward direction. There is a collapsing overhang to the north of the cave. The main cave sharply descends to a small chamber which is approximately 22 metres (72 ft). Along the north wall of the main chamber is a small hole in the floor. This hole leads to a narrow and moist passage known as the CO₂ passage. In this passage, lethal CO₂ levels are reached after penetration of a depth of 43 metres (141 ft). These lethal levels of CO₂ prevented further exploration. The main cave continues into a main chamber which is approximately at 31 metres (102 ft). Southeast of the main chamber lies a long passage called the bat passage, which slopes upwards for about 120 metres (390 ft). There are a few minor parallel passages linking with the bat passage. The passage has a very high ceiling which is more prominent towards the end of the passage. Westward of the main chamber lies a small crawlway which leads to a low and wide passage called the water passage. The water passage is filled with numerous shallow seepage pools. The water table is reached at 57 metres (187 ft).^[1]

Hitchcock survey

The 1980 Hitchcock survey differs from the Irish & Marais survey with regards to the CO₂ passage. Hitchcock penetrated the CO₂ passage all the way to the water table, but makes no mention of the lethal carbon dioxide levels. The air composition is described as 'very good'. Hitchcock measured the water table level in the water passage at 53 m unlike the 57 m measured from the Irish and Marais survey. The water level in the CO₂ passage is measured at 73 metres (240 ft).^[1]

The current lethal CO₂ levels make it near impossible to confirm Hitchcock's measurements of the carbon dioxide passage.

Climate

The main chamber has a temperature of 19 °C (66 °F); the temperature rises to 21 °C (70 °F) in the bat passage and ultimately 22 °C (72 °F) in the water passage. The relative humidity in the water passage and the bat passage reaches 100%. The humidity drops to 98% in the main chamber and 80% in the entrance passage. The water temperature of the main pool is 21 °C (70 °F). Subjective commentary on the carbon dioxide levels over time indicate an increase in CO₂ over the past two decades. Hitchcock reported no CO₂ levels after penetrating both the water passage and the carbon dioxide passage in 1980. Irish and Marais reported high CO₂ in the water passage and lethal CO₂ presence in the CO₂ passage in 1991. The survey in 1997 found the water passage to be even more uncomfortable with the high CO₂ composition of the air and the CO₂ passage impossible to survey.

Life zones

There are five life zones in the cave that are distinguishable namely:

The entrance zone includes the doline as well as the twilight cave areas (seven taxa)
The dark dry zone includes the dry passage (nine taxa)
The wet zone includes the main passage, water passage and bat passage (twenty four taxa)
The CO₂ zone includes the CO₂ passage (two taxa)
The aquatic zone includes the groundwater pools and one taxon^[1]

Biospeleology

Animals found using the doline and entrance of the Kogelbeen Cave include:

The doline serves well for moisture-loving creatures who would otherwise not survive in other areas of Kogelbeen. The Kogelbeen cave also functions as an important bat roost being home to three bat species, including the common bent-wing bat with a population of over 60,000, the Geoffroy's horseshoe bat and the Darling's horseshoe bat, with a combined population of about 5000.^[2] Other bat species found include:

These bats are mostly found in the main chamber as well as the bat passage.^[1]^[2] Considering the large population of bats, unexpectedly thin guano deposits are found.

Species that are dependent on the guano deposits include:

A white fungus that grows on the guano as well as bat remains,
Psychodidae flies commonly found in the bat passage with multitudes of their nematocerous larvae found in wet guano,
Flies including the Camillidae D. barraclough, pers. com and another two unidentifiable species

Detritivores that feed on older guano deposits include:

Isopods from the Oniscus species as well as small red mites of the Uropodidae family,
Lepidospora species are only found in the carbon dioxide passage,
Crickets such as Orthoptera and Gryllidae,
Ptinidae beetles (Mezium species),
unidentified Psocoptera,
Eurycho species Coleptera and Tenebrionidae as well as
Large hairy caterpillars - Lepidoptera larvae

Predators in the Kogelbeen Cave include:

A large variety of spiders but mostly Gnaphosidae, Dictynida and other Ariadne species
Assassin spiders Reduviidae

Parasites in the Kogelbeen cave include the mite of the Argus species Argasidae, which feed on the birds and bats of the cave.

Aquatic fauna in the cave include stygobiotic amphipod Sternophysinx Basilobata, which is only found from Kogelbeen.^[1]

There is a mammal checklist of the species found in the cave at the Bloemfontein National Museum.^[3]

Deaths

The community members around the Kogelbeen cave believe that an unspecified person died in the cave. It is believed that there is an unknown disease that exists in the cave. Smith reported that some of the members of his team fell ill due to histoplasmosis. Hitchcock's party used masks as a preventative measure against unknown diseases. No recorded members of the Irish and Marais party were affected by illness from the Kogelbeen cave.

Development potential

Griekwastad publicity association has sought assessments of the cave as a possible tourism area. Factors that result in the cave being unfavourable for tourism include difficulty in movement around the cave, lack of cave formations, unpleasant CO₂ conditions in some areas, and threat of disease. Fishing enthusiasts frequently use the areas in the cave for fishing using a man-made outpost structure. Further tourist development would result in a major loss of the bat species, thus threatening the rest of the fauna.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Irish, E.; Marais, J. (February 2012). "Caves of the Northern Cape, South Africa: a baseline study : the Caves". Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researches of the National Museum. 18 (2): 15–29. hdl:10520/AJA00679208_1439.
^ ^a ^b McNeely, Jeffrey A. (1995). Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Island Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-59726-907-0.
^ "Mammalogy". National Museum. Bloemfontein. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

External links

[IrishMarais2012-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Irish, E.; Marais, J. (February 2012). "Caves of the Northern Cape, South Africa: a baseline study : the Caves". Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researches of the National Museum. 18 (2): 15–29. hdl:10520/AJA00679208_1439.

[McNeely1995-2] McNeely, Jeffrey A. (1995). Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Island Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-59726-907-0.

[nasmus.co.za-3] "Mammalogy". National Museum. Bloemfontein. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Cave in Northern Cape, South Africa}}
-{{Orphan|date=November 2017}}
-The '''Kogelbeen Cave''' forms part of eight caves on the [[dolomitic]] [[Ghaap plateau]] of the [[Northern Cape]], [[South Africa]]. It is commonly known as '''Kogelbeengrotte''' by [[Afrikaans]] speaking community members.<ref>http://za.geoview.info/kogelbeengrotte,988412 Accessed 8 October 2017</ref> The cave is located on Kogelbeen Farm in Pixley ka Seme District Municipality.<ref>http://za.geoview.info/kogelbeen,988413 Accessed 8 October 2017</ref> It is the longest known cave in the Northern Cape with a length of 788 meters. The Kogelbeen Cave has a diverse fauna with over 39 species living in five life zones within the cave.
+The '''Kogelbeen Cave''' forms part of eight caves on the [[dolomitic]] [[Ghaap Plateau]] of the [[Northern Cape]], [[South Africa]]. It is commonly known as '''Kogelbeengrotte''' in [[Afrikaans]]. The cave is located on Kogelbeen Farm in [[Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]. It is the longest known cave in the Northern Cape with a length of 788 meters. The Kogelbeen Cave has a diverse fauna with over 39 species living in five life zones within the cave.
 ==History==
-The cave was first described in [[speleological]] literature  in 1964. The cave is classified as a South African Natural Heritage Site under the South African Natural Heritage programme<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
+The cave was first described in [[speleological]] literature in 1964. The cave is classified as a [[South African Natural Heritage Site]] under the South African Natural Heritage programme<ref name="IrishMarais2012">{{cite journal|first1=E.|last1= Irish|first2= J. |last2=Marais|journal=Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researches of the National Museum|volume= 18|issue =2|date= February 2012| pp=15–29|hdl=10520/AJA00679208_1439|title=Caves of the Northern Cape, South Africa: a baseline study : the Caves}}</ref>
 ==Surveys and explorations==
 ===Irish and Marais survey===
-The total cave length was measured at 788 meters. The cave entrance was measured with a 90m x 30m [[doline]] which lead to a 30m x 15m [[sinkhole]]. The floor slopes at a depth of just less than 8m. The [[doline]] walls have some holes however, the main site of the cave starts at the deepest and southern part of the doline. The ''Dry Passage'' is a short and dusky section above the entrance on two levels, which leads for 70m in an eastward direction. There is a collapsing overhang to the north of the cave. The main cave sharply descends to a small chamber which is approximately 22m. Along the north wall of the main chamber is a small hole in the floor. This hole leads to a narrow and moist passage known as the CO<sub>2</sub> passage. In this passage, lethal CO<sub>2</sub> levels are reached after penetration of a depth of 43M. These lethal levels of CO<sub>2</sub> prevented further exploration. The main cave continues into a main chamber which is approximately at 31M. Southeast of the main chamber lies a long passage called the ''Bat Passage'', which slopes upwards for about 120m. There are a few minor parallel passages linking with the ''Bat Passage''. The passage has a very high ceiling which is more prominent towards the end of the passage. Westward of the main chamber lies a small crawlway which leads to a low and wide passage called the ''Water Passage''. The Water passage is filled with numerous shallow seepage pools. The water table is reached at 57m.<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
+The total cave length was measured at {{Convert|788|m|ft}}. The cave entrance was measured with a {{convert|90|x|30|m}} [[doline]] which leads to a {{convert|30|x|15|m}} [[sinkhole]]. The floor slopes at a depth of just less than {{convert|8|m}}. The [[doline]] walls have some holes; however, the main site of the cave starts at the deepest and southern part of the doline. The dry passage is a short and dusky section above the entrance on two levels, which leads for {{convert|70|m}} in an eastward direction. There is a collapsing overhang to the north of the cave. The main cave sharply descends to a small chamber which is approximately {{convert|22|m}}. Along the north wall of the main chamber is a small hole in the floor. This hole leads to a narrow and moist passage known as the CO<sub>2</sub> passage. In this passage, lethal CO<sub>2</sub> levels are reached after penetration of a depth of {{convert|43|m}}. These lethal levels of CO<sub>2</sub> prevented further exploration. The main cave continues into a main chamber which is approximately at {{convert|31|m}}. Southeast of the main chamber lies a long passage called the bat passage, which slopes upwards for about {{convert|120|m}}. There are a few minor parallel passages linking with the bat passage. The passage has a very high ceiling which is more prominent towards the end of the passage. Westward of the main chamber lies a small crawlway which leads to a low and wide passage called the water passage. The water passage is filled with numerous shallow seepage pools. The water table is reached at {{convert|57|m}}.<ref name="IrishMarais2012" />
 ===Hitchcock survey===
-The 1980 Hitchcock survey differs from the Irish & Marais Survey with regards to the CO<sub>2</sub> passage. Hitchcock penetrated the CO<sub>2</sub> passage all the way to the water table, but makes no mention of the lethal carbon dioxide levels. The air composition is described as, 'the air was very good'. Hitcock measured the water table level in the Water Passage at 53m unlike the 57m measured from the Irish and Marais Survey. The water level in the CO<sub>2</sub> passage is measured at 73m.<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
+The 1980 Hitchcock survey differs from the Irish & Marais survey with regards to the CO<sub>2</sub> passage. Hitchcock penetrated the CO<sub>2</sub> passage all the way to the water table, but makes no mention of the lethal carbon dioxide levels. The air composition is described as 'very good'. Hitchcock measured the water table level in the water passage at 53&nbsp;m unlike the 57&nbsp;m measured from the Irish and Marais survey. The water level in the CO<sub>2</sub> passage is measured at {{convert|73|m}}.<ref name="IrishMarais2012" />
-The current lethal CO<sub>2</sub> levels make it near impossible to confirm Hitchcocks measurements of the carbon dioxide passage.
+The current lethal CO<sub>2</sub> levels make it near impossible to confirm Hitchcock's measurements of the carbon dioxide passage.
 ==Climate==
-The main chamber has a temperature of 19 degrees Celsius, the temperature rises to 21° Celsius in the Bat Passage  and ultimately 22° Celsius in the water passage. The relative humidity in the Water Passage and the Bat Passage reaches 100%. The humidity drops to 98% in the Main Chamber and 80% in the Entrance Passage. The water temperature of the main pool is 21° Celsius. Subjective commentary on the carbon dioxide levels over time indicate an increase in  CO<sub>2</sub> over the past two decades. Hitchcock reported no CO<sub>2</sub> levels after penetrating both the Water Passage and the Carbon Dioxide Passage in 1980. Irish and Marais reported high CO<sub>2</sub> in the Water Passage and lethal CO<sub>2</sub> presence in the CO<sub>2</sub> passage in 1991. The survey in 1997 found the Water Passage to be even more uncomfortable with the high CO<sub>2</sub> composition of the air and the CO<sub>2</sub> passage impossible to survey.
+The main chamber has a temperature of {{convert|19|C}}; the temperature rises to {{convert|21|C}} in the bat passage and ultimately {{convert|22|C}} in the water passage. The relative humidity in the water passage and the bat passage reaches 100%. The humidity drops to 98% in the main chamber and 80% in the entrance passage. The water temperature of the main pool is {{convert|21|C}}. Subjective commentary on the carbon dioxide levels over time indicate an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> over the past two decades. Hitchcock reported no CO<sub>2</sub> levels after penetrating both the water passage and the carbon dioxide passage in 1980. Irish and Marais reported high CO<sub>2</sub> in the water passage and lethal CO<sub>2</sub> presence in the CO<sub>2</sub> passage in 1991. The survey in 1997 found the water passage to be even more uncomfortable with the high CO<sub>2</sub> composition of the air and the CO<sub>2</sub> passage impossible to survey.
 ==Life zones==
-There are 5 life zones in the cave that are distinguishable namely:
+There are five life zones in the cave that are distinguishable namely:
-. The entrance zone includes the [[doline]] as well as the [[twilight cave]] areas (seven [[taxa]])
+# The entrance zone includes the [[doline]] as well as the [[twilight cave]] areas (seven [[taxa]])
-. The dark dry zone includes the Dry Passage ( nine taxa)
+# The dark dry zone includes the dry passage (nine taxa)
-. The wet zone includes the Main Passage, Water Passage and Bat Passage (twenty four taxa)
+# The wet zone includes the main passage, water passage and bat passage (twenty four taxa)
-. The CO<sub>2</sub> zone includes the CO<sub>2</sub> passage (two taxa)
+# The CO<sub>2</sub> zone includes the CO<sub>2</sub> passage (two taxa)
-. The aquatic zone includes the groundwater pools and one taxon
+# The aquatic zone includes the groundwater pools and one taxon<ref name="IrishMarais2012" />
-<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
 ==Biospeleology==
 Animals found using the doline and entrance of the Kogelbeen Cave include:
-* [[baboon]] ''Papio ursinus''
+* [[Chacma baboon]]
-* [[hyrax]] ''Procavia capensis''
+* [[Rock hyrax]]
-* [[porcupine]] ''Hystrix africaeaustralis''
+* [[Cape porcupine]]
-* [[rock pigeons]] ''Columbia guinea''
+* [[Speckled pigeon|Rock pigeons]]
+* [[Pale-winged starling]]s
-* palewinged starlings ''Onchognathus nabouroup''
-* [[barn owls]] ''Tyto alba''
+* [[Western barn owl]]s
+* [[Boettger's dainty frog]]s
-* [[frogs]] ''Cacosternum boettgeri''
+* [[Opiliones|Opilionid spiders]]
-* opilionid spider ''Polycoryphus asper''
-[[File:Papio ursinus - cape of good hope.JPG|'340px|thumb|right|Baboons that are found at the entrance of the Kogelbeen Cave]]
+[[File:Papio ursinus - cape of good hope.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|Baboons that are found at the entrance of the Kogelbeen Cave]]
-[[File:Barn Owl RWD2.jpg|'340px|thumb|right|Barn Owls found in the cave]]
+[[File:Barn Owl RWD2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Barn Owls found in the cave]]
-The doline serves well for moisture loving creatures who would otherwise not survive in other areas of Kogelbeen.
+The doline serves well for moisture-loving creatures who would otherwise not survive in other areas of Kogelbeen.
-The Kogelbeen cave also functions as an important [[bat roost]] being home to three bat species, including ''Miniopterus schreibersii'' with a population of over 60 000, the ''Rhinolophus clivosus'' and the ''Rhinolophus darlingi'', with a combined population of about 5000.<ref>Jeffrey A. McNeely. Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Island Press, 01 Nov 1995, pg 257.</ref> Other bat species found include:
+The Kogelbeen cave also functions as an important [[bat roost]] being home to three bat species, including the [[common bent-wing bat]] with a population of over 60,000, the [[Geoffroy's horseshoe bat]] and the [[Darling's horseshoe bat]], with a combined population of about 5000.<ref name="McNeely1995">{{cite book|last=McNeely|first=Jeffrey A. |title=Expanding Partnerships in Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bESBuL5KUnMC&pg=PA257|year=1995|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-907-0|page=257}}</ref> Other bat species found include:
+* [[Dent's horseshoe bat]]
-* ''Rhinolophus denti''
+* [[Egyptian slit-faced bat]]
-* ''Nycteris thebaica''
+* [[Cape hairy bat]]
-* ''Myotis tricolor''
+* [[Cape serotine]]
-* ''Eptesicus capensis''
+* [[Egyptian free-tailed bat]]
-* ''Tadarida aegyptiaca''
-[[File:Miniopterus scheibersii 01.jpg|'340px|thumb|right|The Miniopterus scheibersi bats with a population of over 60 000 in the Kogelbeen Caves]]
+[[File:Miniopterus scheibersii 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Common bent-winged bats with a population of over 60,000 in the Kogelbeen Caves]]
+These bats are mostly found in the main chamber as well as the bat passage.<ref name="IrishMarais2012" /><ref name="McNeely1995" /> Considering the large population of bats, unexpectedly thin [[guano]] deposits are found.
-<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref><ref>Jeffrey A. McNeely. Expanding Partnerships in Conservation. Island Press, 01 Nov 1995, pg 257.</ref>
-These bats are mostly found in the Main Chamber as well as the Bat passage. Considering the large population of bats, unexpectedly thin [[guano]] deposits are found.
 Species that are dependent on the guano deposits include:
-* a white fungus that grows on the [[guano]] as well as bat remains,
+* A white fungus that grows on the [[guano]] as well as bat remains,
-* psychodidae flies (Diptera) commonly found in Bat Passage with multitudes of their nematocerous [[larvae]] found in wet guano,
+* [[Psychodidae|''Psychodidae'' flies]] commonly found in the bat passage with multitudes of their nematocerous [[larvae]] found in wet guano,
-* flies including the Camillidae ''D. barraclough, pers. com'' and another two unidentifiable species
+* Flies including the [[Camillidae]] ''D. barraclough, pers. com'' and another two unidentifiable species
 [[Detritivores]] that feed on older guano deposits include:
-* [[isopods]] ''Oniscus'' species as well as small red mites of [[Uropodidae]] family.
+* [[Isopods]] from the ''[[Oniscus]]'' species as well as small red mites of the ''[[Uropodidae]]'' family,
-* ''Lepidospora'' species are only found in the carbon dioxide passage,
+* ''[[Lepidospora]]'' species are only found in the carbon dioxide passage,
-* [[crickets]] (Orthoptera, Gryllidae),
+* Crickets such as [[Orthoptera]] and [[Gryllidae]],
 * ''Ptinidae'' beetles (Mezium species),
 * unidentified Psocoptera,
 * Eurycho species ''Coleptera'' and ''Tenebrionidae'' as well as
-* Large hairy catterpillers ''Lepidoptera larvae''
+* Large hairy caterpillars - ''Lepidoptera larvae''
-Preditors in the Kogelbeen Cave include:
+Predators in the Kogelbeen Cave include:
 *A large variety of spiders but mostly ''Gnaphosidae'', ''Dictynida'' and other ''Ariadne'' species
 * [[Assassin spiders]] Reduviidae
@@ Line 72: / Line 70: @@
 [[Parasites]] in the Kogelbeen cave include the mite of the Argus species ''Argasidae'', which feed on the birds and bats of the cave.
-Aquatic [[Fauna]] in the cave include stygobiotic amphipod ''Sternophysinx Basilobata'', which is only found from Kogelbeen.<ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
+Aquatic fauna in the cave include stygobiotic amphipod ''Sternophysinx Basilobata'', which is only found from Kogelbeen.<ref name="IrishMarais2012" />
-There is a mammal checklist of the species found in the cave at the [[Bloemfontein]] National Museum.<ref>http://www.nasmus.co.za/departments/mammalogy/mammal-checklists Accessed 8 August 2017</ref>
+There is a mammal checklist of the species found in the cave at the [[Bloemfontein]] National Museum.<ref name=nasmus.co.za>{{Cite web |title=Mammalogy |author= |work=National Museum |location=Bloemfontein |date= |access-date=8 October 2021 |url= https://nasmus.co.za/mammalogy/ |quote=}}</ref>
 ==Deaths==
-The community members around the Kogelbeen cave believe that an unspecified person died in the cave. It is believed that there is an unknown disease that exists in the cave. Smith reported that some of the members of his team fell ill due to [[histoplasmosis]]. Hitchcocks party used masks as a preventative measure against unknown diseases. No recorded members of the Irish and Marais party were affected by illness from the Kogelbeen cave.
+The community members around the Kogelbeen cave believe that an unspecified person died in the cave. It is believed that there is an unknown disease that exists in the cave. Smith reported that some of the members of his team fell ill due to [[histoplasmosis]]. Hitchcock's party used masks as a preventative measure against unknown diseases. No recorded members of the Irish and Marais party were affected by illness from the Kogelbeen cave.
 ==Development potential==
-Griekwastad publicity association has sought assessments of the cave as a possible tourism area. Factors that result in the cave being unfavourable for tourism include difficulty in movement around the cave, lack of cave formations, the CO<sub>2</sub> conditions are unpleasant in some areas, and threat of disease. Fishing enthusiasts frequently use the areas in the cave for fishing using a man-made outpost structure. Further tourist development would result in a major loss of the bat species thus threaten the rest of the fauna.<ref>http://www.myfishmaps.com/intl-fishing-maps/South_Africa/fishing-Man-Made_Structure0_Outpost/Caves/Northern_Cape/Kogelbeen_Caves/ Accessed 8 October 2017</ref><ref>E. Irish, J. Marais.Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researchers of the National Museum, Volume 18, Issue 2, Feb 2012, p.15-29. https://journals.co.za/content/nnm/18/2/AJA00679208_1439 Accessed 10 October 2017</ref>
+Griekwastad publicity association has sought assessments of the cave as a possible tourism area. Factors that result in the cave being unfavourable for tourism include difficulty in movement around the cave, lack of cave formations, unpleasant CO<sub>2</sub> conditions in some areas, and threat of disease. Fishing enthusiasts frequently use the areas in the cave for fishing using a man-made outpost structure. Further tourist development would result in a major loss of the bat species, thus threatening the rest of the fauna.<ref name="IrishMarais2012" />
 ==See also==
@@ Line 88: / Line 86: @@
 *[[Boesmansgat]]
-==Referencing==
+==References==
 {{reflist}}
@@ Line 99: / Line 97: @@
 [[Category:Archaeological sites in South Africa]]
 [[Category:South African heritage sites]]
+[[Category:Archaeological sites of Southern Africa]]