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{{Short description|Audio and video formats by Intel}}
{{Infobox file format
{{Infobox file format
| icon = Intel Indeo logo.svg
| icon = Intel Indeo logo.svg
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| genre = compressed video
| genre = compressed video
| container_for =
| container_for =
| contained_by = [[AVI]]
| contained_by = [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]]
| extended_from = [[Digital Video Interactive|DVI]]
| extended_from = [[Digital Video Interactive|DVI]]
| extended_to =
| extended_to =
Line 27: Line 28:
| url =
| url =
}}
}}
'''Indeo Video''' (commonly known now simply as "Indeo") is a family of audio and [[video format]]s and [[video codec|codecs]] designed for real-time video playback on desktop CPUs first released in 1992. While its original version was related to Intel's [[Digital Video Interactive|DVI]] video stream format, a hardware-only codec for the compression of television-quality video onto compact discs, Indeo was distinguished by being one of the first codecs allowing full-speed video playback without using hardware acceleration. Also unlike [[Cinepak]] and [[TrueMotion S]], the compression used the same Y'CbCr 4:2:0 colorspace as the ITU's [[H.261]] and ISO's MPEG-1.
'''Indeo Video''' (commonly known now simply as "Indeo") is a family of audio and [[video format]]s and [[video codec|codecs]] first released in 1992, and designed for real-time video playback on desktop CPUs. While its original version was related to Intel's [[Digital Video Interactive|DVI]] video stream format, a hardware-only codec for the compression of television-quality video onto [[Compact disc|compact discs]], Indeo was distinguished by being one of the first codecs allowing full-speed video playback without using [[hardware acceleration]]. Also unlike [[Cinepak]] and [[TrueMotion S]], the compression used the same [[YCbCr|Y'CbCr]] [[4:2:0]] [[Color space|colorspace]] as the ITU's [[H.261]] and [[ISO]]'s [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II|MPEG-1]].
Indeo use was free of charge<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/indeo_v5/overview.htm |title = Indeo® Video 5 Technical Overview(Archived)|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140530005917/https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/indeo_v5/overview.htm|archive-date = 2014-05-30}}</ref> to allow for broadest usage.


==History==
==History==
During the development of what became the [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]] [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] microprocessor, the [[Intel Architecture Labs]] implemented one of the first, and at the time highest-quality, software-only video codecs, which was marketed as "Indeo Video". It has been developed since the 1980s based on the hardware-only [[Digital Video Interactive]] (DVI) which was previously developed by [[General Electric]].<ref name="Boudier Shotton 1999">{{cite journal |author1=Thomas Boudier |author2=David M. Shotton | title=Video on the Internet: An Introduction to the Digital Encoding, Compression, and Transmission of Moving Image Data | journal=Journal of Structural Biology | volume=125 | issue=2-3 | date=1999-04-01 | issn=1047-8477 | doi=10.1006/jsbi.1999.4097 | pages=133–155 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047847799940972 | access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> Indeo was first released in 1992 along with [[Microsoft]]'s [[Video for Windows]] platform.<ref name="Codec Central IV32">{{Cite web|url=https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/Indeo.html|title=Codec Central – Indeo Codec|last=|first=|date=1998|website=siggraph.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> At its public introduction, it was the only video codec supported in both the Microsoft (Video for Windows) and [[Apple Computer]]'s [[QuickTime]] software environments, as well as by IBM's software systems of the day. It was sold to [[Ligos Corporation]] in 2000.
During the development of what became the [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]] [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] microprocessor, the [[Intel Architecture Labs]] implemented one of the first, and at the time highest-quality, software-only video codecs, which was marketed as "Indeo Video". It has been developed since the 1980s based on the hardware-only [[Digital Video Interactive]] (DVI) which was previously developed by [[General Electric]].<ref name="Boudier Shotton 1999">{{cite journal |first1=Thomas |last1=Boudier |first2=David M. |last2=Shotton | title=Video on the Internet: An Introduction to the Digital Encoding, Compression, and Transmission of Moving Image Data | journal=Journal of Structural Biology | volume=125 | issue=2–3 | date=1999-04-01 | issn=1047-8477 | doi=10.1006/jsbi.1999.4097 |pmid=10222270 | pages=133–155 }}</ref> Indeo was first released in 1992 along with [[Microsoft]]'s [[Video for Windows]] platform.<ref name="Codec Central IV32">{{Cite web|url=https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/Indeo.html|title=Codec Central – Indeo Codec|date=1998|website=siggraph.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403190823/https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/Indeo.html|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> At its public introduction, it was the only video codec supported in both the Microsoft (Video for Windows) and [[Apple Computer]]'s [[QuickTime]] software environments, as well as by IBM's software systems of the day. It was sold to [[Ligos Corporation]] in 2000.


Intel produced several different versions of the codec between 1993 and 2000, when it was sold to Ligos, based on very different underlying mathematics and having different features.
Intel produced several different versions of the codec between 1993 and 2000, based on very different underlying mathematics and having different features.


Though Indeo saw significant usage in the mid-1990s, it remained [[Proprietary software|proprietary]]. Intel slowed development and stopped active marketing, and it was quickly surpassed in popularity by the rise of [[MPEG]] codecs and others, as processors became more powerful and its optimization for Intel's chips less important. Indeo still saw some use in [[video game]] [[cutscene]] videos, such as in 1998's ''[[Police Quest: SWAT 2]]''.
Though Indeo saw significant usage in the mid-1990s, it remained [[Proprietary software|proprietary]]. Intel slowed development and stopped active marketing, and it was quickly surpassed in popularity by the rise of [[MPEG]] codecs and others, as processors became more powerful and its optimization for Intel's chips less important. Indeo still saw some use in [[video game]] [[cutscene]] videos, such as in 1998's ''[[Police Quest: SWAT 2]]''.


==Formats==
==Formats==
The original format was designed for real-time playback on low-end Intel CPUs ([[Intel 80386|i386]] and [[Intel 80486|i486]]), optionally supported by specialized decoder hardware ([[Intel i750]]). Decoding complexity was significantly lower than with contemporary MPEG codecs ([[H.261]], [[MPEG-1]] Part 2).
The original format was designed for real-time playback on low-end Intel CPUs ([[Intel 80386|i386]] and [[Intel 80486|i486]]), optionally supported by specialized decoder hardware ([[Intel i750]]). Decoding complexity was significantly lower than with contemporary MPEG codecs ([[H.261]], [[MPEG-1]] Part 2).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-05|title=Indeo Video Codec, Version 3|url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000065.shtml|access-date=2022-02-10|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>


The codec was highly ''asymmetrical'', meaning that it took much more computation to ''encode'' a video stream than to decode it. Intel's [[ProShare]] video conferencing system took advantage of this, using hardware acceleration to encode the stream (and thus requiring an add-in card), but allowing the stream to be displayed on any personal computer.
The codec was highly ''asymmetrical'', meaning that it took much more computation to ''encode'' a video stream than to decode it. Intel's ProShare video conferencing system took advantage of this, using hardware acceleration to encode the stream (and thus requiring an add-in card), but allowing the stream to be displayed on any personal computer.


===Indeo 2===
===Indeo 2===
previously known as ''Real-Time Video 2'', works by [[delta encoding|delta coding]] pixels line by line, either against the temporally or spatially directly preceding line, coupled with static [[Huffman coding]].<ref name="MultimediaWiki RT21">{{cite web | title=Indeo 2 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_2 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>
Indeo 2, previously known as ''Real-Time Video 2'', works by [[delta encoding|delta coding]] pixels line by line, either against the temporally or spatially directly preceding line, coupled with static [[Huffman coding]].<ref name="MultimediaWiki RT21">{{cite web | title=Indeo 2 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_2 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>


===Indeo Video 3===
===Indeo Video 3===
is a traditional [[discrete cosine transform|DCT]]-based transform coding format designed for video playback from [[CD-ROM]] that is very similar to the competing [[Cinepak]]. It uses [[chroma subsampling]], delta encoding, [[vector quantization]], [[run-length encoding]] and [[motion compensation]] ([[inter frame|inter-frame]] coding) with a recommended key-frame interval of 4 and has distinctly asymmetric runtime characteristics.<ref name="MultimediaWiki IV3x">{{cite web | title=Indeo 3 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_3 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Codec Central IV32"/>
Indeo Video 3 is a traditional [[discrete cosine transform|DCT]]-based transform coding format designed for video playback from [[CD-ROM]] that is very similar to the competing [[Cinepak]]. It uses [[chroma subsampling]], delta encoding, [[vector quantization]], [[run-length encoding]] and [[motion compensation]] ([[inter frame|inter-frame]] coding) with a recommended key-frame interval of 4 and has distinctly asymmetric runtime characteristics.<ref name="MultimediaWiki IV3x">{{cite web | title=Indeo 3 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_3 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Codec Central IV32"/>


===Indeo Video Interactive===
===Indeo Video Interactive===
had greater computational complexity and was aimed at video game developers.<ref name="Mustafa Xiao 2016">{{cite web | last=Mustafa | first=Suleiman | last2=Xiao | first2=Hannan | title=Comparison of Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft Video and Indeo Codec for Video Compression | website=arXiv.org | date=2016-01-07 | url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.01408v1 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> It was based on [[Wavelet transform#Wavelet compression|wavelet transform]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qt/ivi.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507064736/http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qt/ivi.html |archivedate=2006-05-07 |df= }}</ref> and included novel features such as [[Chroma key|chroma-keyed]] transparency and hot spot support. Initially, there was no support for Apple systems.<ref name="Codec Central IVI">{{Cite web|url=https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/IVI.html|title=Codec Central – Indeo Codec|last=|first=|date=1998|website=siggraph.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> Two variants of this technology were produced: Indeo Video 4 and 5. The format was never officially documented but later reverse engineered to allow for third-party decoders.<ref name="MultimediaWiki IV41">{{cite web | title=Indeo 4 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_4 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>
Indeo Video Interactive had greater computational complexity and was aimed at video game developers.<ref name="Mustafa Xiao 2016">{{cite journal|arxiv=1601.01408|last1=Mustafa|first1=Suleiman|title=Comparison of Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft video and indeo codec for video compression|journal=International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications |volume=7 |issue=6 |date=December 2015|last2=Xiao|first2=Hannan|pages=01–12|doi=10.5121/ijma.2015.7601|s2cid=11570304}}</ref> It was based on [[Wavelet transform#Wavelet compression|wavelet transform]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qt/ivi.html |title=Indeo Video Interactive |access-date=2006-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507064736/http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qt/ivi.html |archive-date=2006-05-07 }}</ref> and included novel features such as [[Chroma key|chroma-keyed]] transparency and hot spot support. Initially, there was no support for Apple systems.<ref name="Codec Central IVI">{{Cite web|url=https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/IVI.html|title=Codec Central – Indeo Codec|date=1998|website=siggraph.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403221336/https://siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/video/codecs/IVI.html|access-date=2019-04-03|archive-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> Two variants of this technology were produced: Indeo Video 4 and 5. The format was never officially documented but later reverse engineered to allow for third-party decoders.<ref name="MultimediaWiki IV41">{{cite web | title=Indeo 4 | website=MultimediaWiki | date=2018-01-24 | url=https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/Indeo_4 | access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>


===Indeo Audio Coder===
===Indeo Audio Coder===
is a transform coding format based on the [[modified discrete cosine transform]] (MDCT).<ref>https://code.videolan.org/libav/libav/commit/34271cabacb20f24ad07bff818e3447330cdd851</ref>
Indeo Audio Coder is a transform coding format based on the [[modified discrete cosine transform]] (MDCT).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://code.videolan.org/libav/libav/commit/34271cabacb20f24ad07bff818e3447330cdd851 |title = Imc: Make IMDCT support stereo output (34271cab) · Commits · libav / Libav| date=2 June 2012 }}</ref>

=== Indeo Version 5 ===
Proprietary bitstream encoding for video, originally developed by Intel. The technology was sold in 2000 to Ligos Corporation. John McGowan states that Indeo 5 employs a wavelet algorithm and other encoding features; its predecessor Indeo 4 employs a presumably similar "hybrid wavelet algorithm."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-01|title=Indeo Video Codec, Version 5|url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000085.shtml|access-date=2022-02-10|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] implementations of Indeo have been distributed by Ligos. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] distributed Mac versions for "classic" operating systems through OS 9, but there is no [[MacOS]] support for [[MacOS|Mac OS X]].


==Implementations==
==Implementations==
Official Indeo 5 decoders exist for [[Microsoft Windows]], the [[classic Mac OS]], [[BeOS R5]] and the [[XAnim]] player on [[Unix]]. Reverse engineered decoders for versions 2, 3, 4 and 5 were introduced in [[FFmpeg]] between 2003 and 2011. Indeo version 3 ('''IV31''' and '''IV32'''), 4 ('''IV41''') and 5 ('''IV50''') are supported by [[MPlayer]]<ref>http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/codecs-status.html</ref> and XAnim. Version 5.11 is [[freeware]]<ref>http://www.free-codecs.com/download/indeo_codec.htm</ref> and may be used on all 32-bit versions of Windows prior to Vista. Version 5.2 has been created for XP and is available for purchase from the official website<ref>http://ligos.com/index.php/home/products/indeo/</ref> for use only with Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP. This includes support for Indeo Video 4.5 and Indeo Audio 2.5 codecs but the version 3.2 video codec has been removed since the original release of Indeo XP for Windows. Although Indeo video is not officially supported by Windows Vista and Windows 7, simply entering the following into the command prompt might enable the playback of Indeo encoded video: <code>regsvr32 ir50_32.dll</code><ref>http://forum.videohelp.com/threads/266794-Indeo-5-x-problem-with-Vista?p=1660521&viewfull=1#post1660521</ref>
Official Indeo 5 decoders exist for [[Microsoft Windows]], the [[classic Mac OS]], [[BeOS R5]] and the [[XAnim]] player on [[Unix]]. Reverse engineered decoders for versions 2, 3, 4 and 5 were introduced in [[FFmpeg]] between 2003 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://git.videolan.org/?p=ffmpeg.git;f=Changelog;hb=HEAD|title=git.videolan.org Git - ffmpeg.git/blob - Changelog|website=git.videolan.org}}</ref> Indeo version 3 ('''IV31''' and '''IV32'''), 4 ('''IV41''') and 5 ('''IV50''') are supported by [[MPlayer]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/codecs-status.html |title = Codec Status Table - MPlayer - the Movie Player}}</ref> and XAnim. Version 5.11 is [[freeware]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.free-codecs.com/download/indeo_codec.htm | title=Free Download Ligos Indeo Codec 5.11}}</ref> and may be used on all 32-bit versions of Windows prior to Vista. Version 5.2 has been created for XP and is available for purchase from the official website<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ligos.com/index.php/home/products/indeo/ | title=Ligos Corporation » Indeo | access-date=2006-03-23 | archive-date=2006-09-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903084205/http://ligos.com/index.php/home/products/indeo/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> for use only with Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP. This includes support for Indeo Video 4.5 and Indeo Audio 2.5 codecs but the version 3.2 video codec has been removed since the original release of Indeo XP for Windows. Although Indeo video is not officially supported by Windows Vista and Windows 7, simply entering the following into the command prompt might enable the playback of Indeo encoded video: <code>regsvr32 ir50_32.dll</code><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://forum.videohelp.com/threads/266794-Indeo-5-x-problem-with-Vista?p=1660521&viewfull=1#post1660521 |title = Indeo 5.x problem with Vista}}</ref>


===Security advisory===
===Security advisory===
The Microsoft Windows implementation of the Indeo codec contains several security vulnerabilities and one should not play Indeo videos from untrusted sources. On fully patched systems the Indeo codec is partially disabled in most circumstances; there are no plans to fix the vulnerabilities as the codec is third party code.<ref>http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/954157.mspx</ref>
The Microsoft Windows implementation of the Indeo codec contains several security vulnerabilities and one should not play Indeo videos from untrusted sources. Microsoft tried to remove them in XP SP1 but had to release a hotfix to add it back.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/327979 |title = Game stops responding (hangs) or quits unexpectedly when introductory video clip is played}}</ref> The codec was originally licensed from Intel and Microsoft likely do not have the source code that would be required to fix the vulnerabilities. On fully patched systems and all Windows Vista and later systems, the Indeo codec is partially disabled in most circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securityadvisories/2009/954157 |title = Microsoft Security Advisory 954157 - Security Enhancements for the Indeo Codec|website = [[Microsoft]]| date=14 October 2022 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 63: Line 68:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://ligos.com/index.php/home/products/indeo/ Ligos Indeo Codecs – Ligos Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323160027/http://ligos.com/index.php/home/products/indeo Ligos Indeo Codecs – Ligos Corporation (archived)]
* [http://ligos.com/index.php/home/support/indeosupport/ Indeo Support]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418003824/http://ligos.com/index.php/home/support/indeosupport/ Indeo Support (archived)]


==Literature==
==Literature==
*{{cite conference | author=Michael Keith (Intel) | title=Future directions for Indeo Video | conference=IEEE International Computer Conference (Compcon) | publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press | location=San Francisco, CA, USA | isbn=0-8186-3400-6 | doi=10.1109/cmpcon.1993.289725 | ref=harv}}
*{{cite conference | author=Michael Keith (Intel) | title=Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring | chapter=Future directions for Indeo Video | year=1993 | pages=509–513 | conference=IEEE International Computer Conference (Compcon) | publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press | location=San Francisco, CA, USA | isbn=0-8186-3400-6 | doi=10.1109/cmpcon.1993.289725 }}


{{Compression Software Implementations}}
{{Compression Software Implementations}}

Latest revision as of 12:27, 24 March 2024

Indeo
Filename extension
ivf
Internet media type
video/x-ivf, video/x-indeo
Developed byIntel Architecture Labs
Initial releaseNovember 1992; 32 years ago (1992-11)
Latest release
5.11
Type of formatcompressed video
Contained byAVI
Extended fromDVI

Indeo Video (commonly known now simply as "Indeo") is a family of audio and video formats and codecs first released in 1992, and designed for real-time video playback on desktop CPUs. While its original version was related to Intel's DVI video stream format, a hardware-only codec for the compression of television-quality video onto compact discs, Indeo was distinguished by being one of the first codecs allowing full-speed video playback without using hardware acceleration. Also unlike Cinepak and TrueMotion S, the compression used the same Y'CbCr 4:2:0 colorspace as the ITU's H.261 and ISO's MPEG-1. Indeo use was free of charge[1] to allow for broadest usage.

History

[edit]

During the development of what became the P5 Pentium microprocessor, the Intel Architecture Labs implemented one of the first, and at the time highest-quality, software-only video codecs, which was marketed as "Indeo Video". It has been developed since the 1980s based on the hardware-only Digital Video Interactive (DVI) which was previously developed by General Electric.[2] Indeo was first released in 1992 along with Microsoft's Video for Windows platform.[3] At its public introduction, it was the only video codec supported in both the Microsoft (Video for Windows) and Apple Computer's QuickTime software environments, as well as by IBM's software systems of the day. It was sold to Ligos Corporation in 2000.

Intel produced several different versions of the codec between 1993 and 2000, based on very different underlying mathematics and having different features.

Though Indeo saw significant usage in the mid-1990s, it remained proprietary. Intel slowed development and stopped active marketing, and it was quickly surpassed in popularity by the rise of MPEG codecs and others, as processors became more powerful and its optimization for Intel's chips less important. Indeo still saw some use in video game cutscene videos, such as in 1998's Police Quest: SWAT 2.

Formats

[edit]

The original format was designed for real-time playback on low-end Intel CPUs (i386 and i486), optionally supported by specialized decoder hardware (Intel i750). Decoding complexity was significantly lower than with contemporary MPEG codecs (H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2).[4]

The codec was highly asymmetrical, meaning that it took much more computation to encode a video stream than to decode it. Intel's ProShare video conferencing system took advantage of this, using hardware acceleration to encode the stream (and thus requiring an add-in card), but allowing the stream to be displayed on any personal computer.

Indeo 2

[edit]

Indeo 2, previously known as Real-Time Video 2, works by delta coding pixels line by line, either against the temporally or spatially directly preceding line, coupled with static Huffman coding.[5]

Indeo Video 3

[edit]

Indeo Video 3 is a traditional DCT-based transform coding format designed for video playback from CD-ROM that is very similar to the competing Cinepak. It uses chroma subsampling, delta encoding, vector quantization, run-length encoding and motion compensation (inter-frame coding) with a recommended key-frame interval of 4 and has distinctly asymmetric runtime characteristics.[6][3]

Indeo Video Interactive

[edit]

Indeo Video Interactive had greater computational complexity and was aimed at video game developers.[7] It was based on wavelet transforms[8] and included novel features such as chroma-keyed transparency and hot spot support. Initially, there was no support for Apple systems.[9] Two variants of this technology were produced: Indeo Video 4 and 5. The format was never officially documented but later reverse engineered to allow for third-party decoders.[10]

Indeo Audio Coder

[edit]

Indeo Audio Coder is a transform coding format based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT).[11]

Indeo Version 5

[edit]

Proprietary bitstream encoding for video, originally developed by Intel. The technology was sold in 2000 to Ligos Corporation. John McGowan states that Indeo 5 employs a wavelet algorithm and other encoding features; its predecessor Indeo 4 employs a presumably similar "hybrid wavelet algorithm."[12] Windows implementations of Indeo have been distributed by Ligos. Apple distributed Mac versions for "classic" operating systems through OS 9, but there is no MacOS support for Mac OS X.

Implementations

[edit]

Official Indeo 5 decoders exist for Microsoft Windows, the classic Mac OS, BeOS R5 and the XAnim player on Unix. Reverse engineered decoders for versions 2, 3, 4 and 5 were introduced in FFmpeg between 2003 and 2011.[13] Indeo version 3 (IV31 and IV32), 4 (IV41) and 5 (IV50) are supported by MPlayer[14] and XAnim. Version 5.11 is freeware[15] and may be used on all 32-bit versions of Windows prior to Vista. Version 5.2 has been created for XP and is available for purchase from the official website[16] for use only with Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP. This includes support for Indeo Video 4.5 and Indeo Audio 2.5 codecs but the version 3.2 video codec has been removed since the original release of Indeo XP for Windows. Although Indeo video is not officially supported by Windows Vista and Windows 7, simply entering the following into the command prompt might enable the playback of Indeo encoded video: regsvr32 ir50_32.dll[17]

Security advisory

[edit]

The Microsoft Windows implementation of the Indeo codec contains several security vulnerabilities and one should not play Indeo videos from untrusted sources. Microsoft tried to remove them in XP SP1 but had to release a hotfix to add it back.[18] The codec was originally licensed from Intel and Microsoft likely do not have the source code that would be required to fix the vulnerabilities. On fully patched systems and all Windows Vista and later systems, the Indeo codec is partially disabled in most circumstances.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Indeo® Video 5 Technical Overview(Archived)". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30.
  2. ^ Boudier, Thomas; Shotton, David M. (1999-04-01). "Video on the Internet: An Introduction to the Digital Encoding, Compression, and Transmission of Moving Image Data". Journal of Structural Biology. 125 (2–3): 133–155. doi:10.1006/jsbi.1999.4097. ISSN 1047-8477. PMID 10222270.
  3. ^ a b "Codec Central – Indeo Codec". siggraph.org. 1998. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  4. ^ "Indeo Video Codec, Version 3". www.loc.gov. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  5. ^ "Indeo 2". MultimediaWiki. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  6. ^ "Indeo 3". MultimediaWiki. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  7. ^ Mustafa, Suleiman; Xiao, Hannan (December 2015). "Comparison of Cinepak, Intel, Microsoft video and indeo codec for video compression". International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications. 7 (6): 01–12. arXiv:1601.01408. doi:10.5121/ijma.2015.7601. S2CID 11570304.
  8. ^ "Indeo Video Interactive". Archived from the original on 2006-05-07. Retrieved 2006-03-24.
  9. ^ "Codec Central – Indeo Codec". siggraph.org. 1998. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  10. ^ "Indeo 4". MultimediaWiki. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  11. ^ "Imc: Make IMDCT support stereo output (34271cab) · Commits · libav / Libav". 2 June 2012.
  12. ^ "Indeo Video Codec, Version 5". www.loc.gov. 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  13. ^ "git.videolan.org Git - ffmpeg.git/blob - Changelog". git.videolan.org.
  14. ^ "Codec Status Table - MPlayer - the Movie Player".
  15. ^ "Free Download Ligos Indeo Codec 5.11".
  16. ^ "Ligos Corporation » Indeo". Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2006-03-23.
  17. ^ "Indeo 5.x problem with Vista".
  18. ^ "Game stops responding (hangs) or quits unexpectedly when introductory video clip is played".
  19. ^ "Microsoft Security Advisory 954157 - Security Enhancements for the Indeo Codec". Microsoft. 14 October 2022.
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Literature

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  • Michael Keith (Intel) (1993). "Future directions for Indeo Video". Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring. IEEE International Computer Conference (Compcon). San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 509–513. doi:10.1109/cmpcon.1993.289725. ISBN 0-8186-3400-6.
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