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Coordinates: 38°41′45″S 71°43′54″W / 38.69583°S 71.73167°W / -38.69583; -71.73167
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{{Short description|Mountain in Chile}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Llaima
| name = Llaima
|other_name = Yaima
| photo = Llaima Volcano.jpg
| photo = Volcán Llaima y Laguna Conguillío, desde Sierra Nevada.jpg
| photo_caption = The snowy cone of Llaima volcano
| photo_caption = The snowy cone of Llaima volcano (2018)
| elevation_m = 3125
| elevation_m = 3125
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/andes2.html "Argentina and Chile, Central Ultra Prominences"]. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-07-16.</ref>
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/andes2.html "Argentina and Chile, Central Ultra Prominences"]. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-07-16.</ref>
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}}
}}


The '''Llaima Volcano''' is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in [[Chile]]. It is situated 82&nbsp;km northeast of [[Temuco, Chile|Temuco]] and 663&nbsp;km southeast of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], within the borders of [[Conguillío National Park]].
The '''Llaima Volcano''' is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in [[Chile]]. It is situated 82&nbsp;km East of [[Temuco, Chile|Temuco]] and 663&nbsp;km South of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], within the borders of [[Conguillío National Park]].


==Geography==
==Geography==
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The average elevation of the terrain around Llaima is about 740&nbsp;m asl.<ref name="geo"/>
The average elevation of the terrain around Llaima is about 740&nbsp;m asl.<ref name="geo"/>


The volcano, along with [[Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano)|Sierra Nevada]], surrounds the [[Conguillío Lake]]. Its slopes are drained by the rivers Captrén, [[Quepe River|Quepe]] and [[Trufultruful River|Trufultruful]].<ref name="geo">{{Es_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sernageomin.cl/sernageomin/sitio/ovdas/volcanes/llaima/index.html |title=Volcán Llaima |author=Sernageomin |accessdate=2007-08-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429233941/http://www.sernageomin.cl/sernageomin/sitio/ovdas/volcanes/llaima/index.html |archivedate=2007-04-29 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The former ones are tributaries of [[Cautín River]] and the latter is affluent of [[Allipén River]].
The volcano summit is located 10&nbsp;km West South West of [[Conguillío Lake]]. Its slopes are drained by the rivers Captrén, [[Quepe River|Quepe]] and [[Trufultruful River|Trufultruful]].<ref name="geo">{{in lang|es}} {{cite web|url=http://www.sernageomin.cl/sernageomin/sitio/ovdas/volcanes/llaima/index.html |title=Volcán Llaima |author=Sernageomin |access-date=2007-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429233941/http://www.sernageomin.cl/sernageomin/sitio/ovdas/volcanes/llaima/index.html |archive-date=2007-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The former ones are tributaries of [[Cautín River]] and the latter is affluent of [[Allipén River]].


==Eruptions==
==Eruptions==
Llaima is one of Chile's most active volcanoes and has frequent but moderate eruptions. Llaima’s activity has been documented since the 17th century, and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows.
Llaima is one of Chile's most active volcanoes and has frequent but moderate eruptions.<ref name=DziermaWehrmann2010/> Llaima's activity has been documented since the 17th century, and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows.<ref name=Petit324>Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 324.</ref> A 1640 eruption is thought to have contributed to a pause in the [[Arauco War]] between the Spanish and [[Mapuche]]s established at the [[Parliament of Quillín (1641)|Parliament of Quillín]] in 1641.<ref name=Petit53>Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 53.</ref> Possibly Mapuches interpreted the eruption as a signal sent from spirits known as [[pillan]]es.<ref name=Petit53/>
The last major eruption occurred in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile volcano forces evacuations|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7167639.stm|work=BBC|date=January 2, 2008}}</ref>


An 1874–76 eruption caused various [[lava flow]]s, [[volcanic landslide|landslides]], [[lahar]]s, and the fall of [[volcanic ash]]. After this eruption the volcano became known as Llaima or Yaima.<ref name=Petit187>Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 187.</ref> Prior to that it had been known as Chañel a [[Mapuche language|Mapuche word]] in reference to the pointy shape of its summit before the eruption.<ref name=Petit187/>
⚫
An eruption on January 1, 2008 forced the evacuation of hundreds of people from nearby villages. A column of smoke approximately 3000&nbsp;m high was observed. An amateur caught the early eruption phase on video.<ref>{{youtube|ju81EJ3_M3I|Volcan LLAIMA}}</ref> The [[volcanic ash]] expelled by Llaima travelled east over the Andes into [[Argentina]]. Ash fall was recorded in the area of [[Zapala]], [[Neuquén Province]], and forced the cancellation of flights to and from [[Presidente Perón Airport]] near the [[Neuquén, Argentina|city of Neuquén]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/01/02/um/m-01575736.htm |title=Cancelan vuelos en el aeropuerto de Neuquén por la erupción en Chile del volcán Llaima |publisher=Clarín |date=January 2, 2008}}</ref> On July 2, 2008, another eruption resulted in evacuation of 40&nbsp;people from a 15&nbsp;km exclusion zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/rtrs/20080702/tsc-uk-chile-volcano-011ccfa.html |title=Chile ski station evacuated as volcano erupts |publisher=Yahoo!News |date=July 2, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


⚫
The last major eruption occurred in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile volcano forces evacuations|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7167639.stm|work=BBC|date=January 2, 2008}}</ref> An eruption on January 1, 2008, forced the evacuation of hundreds of people from nearby villages. A column of smoke approximately 3000&nbsp;m high was observed. An amateur caught the early eruption phase on video.<ref>{{YouTube|ju81EJ3_M3I|Volcan LLAIMA}}</ref> The [[volcanic ash]] expelled by Llaima travelled east over the Andes into [[Argentina]]. Ash fall was recorded in the area of [[Zapala]], [[Neuquén Province]], and forced the cancellation of flights to and from [[Presidente Perón Airport]] near the [[Neuquén, Argentina|city of Neuquén]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/01/02/um/m-01575736.htm |title=Cancelan vuelos en el aeropuerto de Neuquén por la erupción en Chile del volcán Llaima |publisher=Clarín |date=January 2, 2008}}</ref> On July 2, 2008, another eruption resulted in evacuation of 40&nbsp;people from a 15&nbsp;km exclusion zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/rtrs/20080702/tsc-uk-chile-volcano-011ccfa.html |title=Chile ski station evacuated as volcano erupts |publisher=Yahoo!News |date=July 2, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
⚫
An eruption occurred on April 5, 2009, with pyroclastic flows, ash and lava seen on the slopes.{{fact|date=December 2016}}


⚫
An eruption occurred on April 5, 2009, with pyroclastic flows, ash and lava seen on the slopes.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
For the 2010–30 period an eruption of [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] 2 or more is expected based on statistics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dzierma |first=Yvonne |last2=Wehrmann |first2=Heidi |date=2010 |title=Eruption time series statistically examined: Probabilities of future eruptions at Villarrica and Llaima Volcanoes, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile |url= |journal=[[Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research]] |volume=193 |issue= |pages=82–92 |doi= 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.009|access-date= }}</ref>

===Future eruptions===
For the 2010–30 period an eruption of [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] 2 or more is expected based on statistics.<ref name=DziermaWehrmann2010>{{cite journal |last1=Dzierma |first1=Yvonne |last2=Wehrmann |first2=Heidi |date=2010 |title=Eruption time series statistically examined: Probabilities of future eruptions at Villarrica and Llaima Volcanoes, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile |journal=[[Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research]] |volume=193 |issue= 1–2|pages=82–92 |doi= 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.009|bibcode=2010JVGR..193...82D }}</ref> As of 2020 such eruption has not happened. Research that models the internal architecture of the volcano indicate that Llaima has reached its maximum height and that any large eruption of [[lava]] will likely occur from [[Parasitic cone|flank vent]]s and not from the summit.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://programa.congresogeologicochileno.cl/programa-general |conference=XV Congreso Geológico Chileno |last1=Contreras |first1=María Angélica |last2=Castruccio |first2=Ángelo |date=2018 |location=Concepción, Chile |title=El control de las propiedades del sistema magmático en las dimensiones que alcanza un edificio volcánico: Análisis de los volcanes Lascar, Lonquimay y Llaima, Andes de Chile|trans-title=The control of the properties of the magmatic system in the dimensions reached by a volcanic building: Analysis of the Lascar, Lonquimay and Llaima volcanoes, Andes of Chile|language=es}}</ref>


==Recreation==
==Recreation==
The ski center ''Las Araucarias'' lies on the volcano's western slopes.
The ski center ''Las Araucarias'' lies on the volcano's western slopes. There are also some tours that go throughout the day.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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* [[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
* [[List of Ultras of South America]]
* [[List of Ultras of South America]]
* [[Kütralkura|Kütralkura Geopark]]
* [[Lonquimay (volcano)|Lonquimay]]
* [[Tolhuaca (volcano)|Tolhuaca]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite gvp|name=Llaima|vn=357110|access-date=2021-06-29}}
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1507-11= Global Volcanism Program: Llaima]
* [http://www.sernatur.cl/allesqui2005/ALL%20ARAUCARIAS/ARAUCARIAS.html Araucarias]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929061952/http://www.sernatur.cl/allesqui2005/ALL%20ARAUCARIAS/ARAUCARIAS.html Araucarias]

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last=Petit-Breuilh Sepúlveda|first=María Eugenia |date=2004 |title=La historia eruptiva de los volcanes hispanoamericanos (Siglos XVI al XX): El modelo chileno|location=Huelva, Spain |publisher=Casa de los volcanes|language=es |isbn=84-95938-32-4 }}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Llaima}}
{{commons category|Llaima}}
* [http://www.povi.cl/llaima/ Llaima Volcano Visual Observation Project]
* [http://www.povi.cl/llaima/ Llaima Volcano Visual Observation Project]
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17887 Sulfur Dioxide Plume from Llaima Volcano] at the [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923005643/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17887 Sulfur Dioxide Plume from Llaima Volcano] at the [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8626 "Volcán Llaima, Chile" on Peakbagger]
* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8626 "Volcán Llaima, Chile" on Peakbagger]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7160000/newsid_7167400/7167415.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&bbcws=1 [[BBC]] video of eruption]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7160000/newsid_7167400/7167415.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&bbcws=1 Video of eruption], [[BBC]]


{{andean volcanoes}}
{{andean volcanoes}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Chile]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Chile]]
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[[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Three-thousanders of the Andes]]
[[Category:Three-thousanders of the Andes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 25 March 2024

Llaima
Yaima
The snowy cone of Llaima volcano (2018)
Highest point
Elevation3,125 m (10,253 ft)[1]
Prominence1,819 m (5,968 ft)[1]
ListingRegion high point
Ultra
Coordinates38°41′45″S 71°43′54″W / 38.69583°S 71.73167°W / -38.69583; -71.73167[1]
Geography
Llaima is located in Chile
Llaima
Llaima
Location in Chile
LocationMelipeuco and Vilcún, Cautín Province, La Araucanía Region, Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption2008 to 2009

The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile. It is situated 82 km East of Temuco and 663 km South of Santiago, within the borders of Conguillío National Park.

Geography

[edit]

The top of Llaima consists of two summits; the lower of the two, Pichillaima, is about 2,920 m (9,580 ft) high and is significantly less prominent than the higher northern summit.[2]

The average elevation of the terrain around Llaima is about 740 m asl.[2]

The volcano summit is located 10 km West South West of Conguillío Lake. Its slopes are drained by the rivers Captrén, Quepe and Trufultruful.[2] The former ones are tributaries of Cautín River and the latter is affluent of Allipén River.

Eruptions

[edit]

Llaima is one of Chile's most active volcanoes and has frequent but moderate eruptions.[3] Llaima's activity has been documented since the 17th century, and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows.[4] A 1640 eruption is thought to have contributed to a pause in the Arauco War between the Spanish and Mapuches established at the Parliament of Quillín in 1641.[5] Possibly Mapuches interpreted the eruption as a signal sent from spirits known as pillanes.[5]

An 1874–76 eruption caused various lava flows, landslides, lahars, and the fall of volcanic ash. After this eruption the volcano became known as Llaima or Yaima.[6] Prior to that it had been known as Chañel a Mapuche word in reference to the pointy shape of its summit before the eruption.[6]

The last major eruption occurred in 1994.[7] An eruption on January 1, 2008, forced the evacuation of hundreds of people from nearby villages. A column of smoke approximately 3000 m high was observed. An amateur caught the early eruption phase on video.[8] The volcanic ash expelled by Llaima travelled east over the Andes into Argentina. Ash fall was recorded in the area of Zapala, Neuquén Province, and forced the cancellation of flights to and from Presidente Perón Airport near the city of Neuquén.[9] On July 2, 2008, another eruption resulted in evacuation of 40 people from a 15 km exclusion zone.[10]

An eruption occurred on April 5, 2009, with pyroclastic flows, ash and lava seen on the slopes.[citation needed]

Future eruptions

[edit]

For the 2010–30 period an eruption of Volcanic Explosivity Index 2 or more is expected based on statistics.[3] As of 2020 such eruption has not happened. Research that models the internal architecture of the volcano indicate that Llaima has reached its maximum height and that any large eruption of lava will likely occur from flank vents and not from the summit.[11]

Recreation

[edit]

The ski center Las Araucarias lies on the volcano's western slopes. There are also some tours that go throughout the day.

[edit]
  • January 2008 Llaima eruption
    January 2008 Llaima eruption
  • January 2008 Llaima eruption
    January 2008 Llaima eruption
  • The April 2009 eruption seen from space
    The April 2009 eruption seen from space
  • Summit of Llaima volcano
    Summit of Llaima volcano
  • Llaima volcano a few days after the January 2008 eruption
    Llaima volcano a few days after the January 2008 eruption
  • Llaima volcano with a blanket of snow covering its solidified lava flows
    Llaima volcano with a blanket of snow covering its solidified lava flows
  • Llaima volcano
    Llaima volcano
  • Snow-capped Llaima in springtime seen from space
    Snow-capped Llaima in springtime seen from space

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Argentina and Chile, Central Ultra Prominences". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  2. ^ a b c (in Spanish) Sernageomin. "Volcán Llaima". Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
  3. ^ a b Dzierma, Yvonne; Wehrmann, Heidi (2010). "Eruption time series statistically examined: Probabilities of future eruptions at Villarrica and Llaima Volcanoes, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 193 (1–2): 82–92. Bibcode:2010JVGR..193...82D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.009.
  4. ^ Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 324.
  5. ^ a b Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 53.
  6. ^ a b Petit-Breuilh 2004, p. 187.
  7. ^ "Chile volcano forces evacuations". BBC. January 2, 2008.
  8. ^ Volcan LLAIMA on YouTube
  9. ^ "Cancelan vuelos en el aeropuerto de Neuquén por la erupción en Chile del volcán Llaima". Clarín. January 2, 2008.
  10. ^ "Chile ski station evacuated as volcano erupts". Yahoo!News. July 2, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Contreras, María Angélica; Castruccio, Ángelo (2018). El control de las propiedades del sistema magmático en las dimensiones que alcanza un edificio volcánico: Análisis de los volcanes Lascar, Lonquimay y Llaima, Andes de Chile [The control of the properties of the magmatic system in the dimensions reached by a volcanic building: Analysis of the Lascar, Lonquimay and Llaima volcanoes, Andes of Chile]. XV Congreso Geológico Chileno (in Spanish). Concepción, Chile.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Petit-Breuilh Sepúlveda, María Eugenia (2004). La historia eruptiva de los volcanes hispanoamericanos (Siglos XVI al XX): El modelo chileno (in Spanish). Huelva, Spain: Casa de los volcanes. ISBN 84-95938-32-4.
[edit]
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