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{{Short description|Species of wasp}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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| taxon = Vespula austriaca |
| taxon = Vespula austriaca |
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| authority = ([[Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer|Panzer]], 1799) |
| authority = ([[Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer|Panzer]], 1799) |
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| synonyms = ''Vespa austriaca'' <small>Panzer, 1799</small><br> |
| synonyms = ''Vespa austriaca'' <small>Panzer, 1799</small><br /> |
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''Vespa borealis'' <small>Smith, 1843 (homonym)</small><br> |
''Vespa borealis'' <small>Smith, 1843 (homonym)</small><br /> |
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''Vespa arborea'' <small>Smith, 1849</small><br> |
''Vespa arborea'' <small>Smith, 1849</small><br /> |
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''Vespa biloba'' <small>Schilling, 1850</small><br> |
''Vespa biloba'' <small>Schilling, 1850</small><br /> |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Vespula austriaca.jpg|thumb]] |
[[File:Vespula austriaca.jpg|thumb]] |
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[[File:Vespula austriaca-f.jpg|thumb]] |
[[File:Vespula austriaca-f.jpg|thumb]] |
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'''''Vespula austriaca''''' is an [[Obligate parasite|obligate parasitic]] wasp, parasitizing the nests of other species in the genus ''[[Vespula]]'' in the [[Old World]]. Its common host species include ''[[Vespula rufa|V. rufa]]'' in Europe, Japan, and [[East Siberia]].<ref name= "venom">{{Cite journal|jstor = 25084514|title = Venoms of a Parasitic and Two Nonparasitic Species of Yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)| |
'''''Vespula austriaca''''' is an [[Obligate parasite|obligate parasitic]] wasp, parasitizing the nests of other species in the genus ''[[Vespula]]'' in the [[Old World]]. Its common host species include ''[[Vespula rufa|V. rufa]]'' in Europe, Japan, and [[East Siberia]].<ref name= "venom">{{Cite journal|jstor = 25084514|title = Venoms of a Parasitic and Two Nonparasitic Species of Yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)|last1 = Schmidt|first1 = J.O|date = 1984|journal = Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|last2 = Reed|first2 = H.C|last3 = Akre|first3 = R.D| volume=57 | issue=2 | pages=316–322 }}</ref>''V. austriaca ''wasps pollinate orchids.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.dl-catalog-5db1a2a3-d7de-4313-872c-f90b71784b62/c/86.pdf|title = The Pollination of ''Epipactis Zinn'', 1757 (Orchidaceae) Species in Central Europe – The Significance of Chemical Attractants, Floral Morphology and Concomitant Insects|last1 = Jakubska-Busse|first1 = Anna|date = 29 Oct 2010|journal = Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae|access-date = 14 Oct 2014|doi = 10.5586/asbp.2011.007|last2 = Kadej|first2 = Marcin|volume=80|issue=1|pages=49–57|doi-access = free}}</ref> |
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In some literature, ''V. austriaca'' is mentioned under the common name "Cuckoo wasp",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibbons |first=Bob |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/792685459 |title=Field guide to insects of Britain and Northern Europe. |date=2011 |publisher=Crowood |isbn=978-1-84797-369-6 |location=New York |oclc=792685459}}</ref> but this should not be confused with the family [[Cuckoo wasp|Chrysididae]], which have the same common name. |
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==Taxonomy and phylogeny== |
==Taxonomy and phylogeny== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' is a member of the family [[Vespidae]]. The genera ''[[Vespula]]'' and ''[[Dolichovespula]]'' are thought to be closely related and are considered [[sister group]]s. Their similarities include absences of strong [[seta]] on third segment of labial palpus, smaller scutal lamella, and a characteristic twisted [[wikt:pedicel|pedicel]] in embryonic nests. |
''Vespula austriaca'' is a member of the family [[Vespidae]]. The genera ''[[Vespula]]'' and ''[[Dolichovespula]]'' are thought to be closely related and are considered [[sister group]]s. Their similarities include absences of strong [[seta]] on third segment of labial palpus, smaller scutal lamella, and a characteristic twisted [[wikt:pedicel|pedicel]] in embryonic nests. |
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The Nearctic population formerly considered as belonging to ''austriaca'' has been recognized as a separate species, ''[[Vespula infernalis]]''.<ref name = "Kimsey & Carpenter">{{cite journal | author1 = Lynn S. Kimsey | author2 = James M. Carpenter | year = 2012 | title = The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, |
The Nearctic population formerly considered as belonging to ''V. austriaca'' has been recognized as a separate species, ''[[Vespula infernalis]]''.<ref name = "Kimsey & Carpenter">{{cite journal | author1 = Lynn S. Kimsey | author2 = James M. Carpenter | year = 2012 | title = The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera) | url = https://jhr.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=1606 | journal = Journal of Hymenoptera Research | volume = 28 | pages = 37–65 | doi=10.3897/jhr.28.3514| doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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==Description and identification== |
==Description and identification== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' is an [[obligate parasite|obligate social parasite]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.bwars.com/index.php?q=wasp/vespidae/vespinae/vespula-austriaca|title = Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799)|date = 1998|access-date = 15 Oct 2014|website = Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society|publisher = BWARS|last = Archer|first = M.E.}}</ref> and is quite similar in appearance to other ''Vespula'' species. |
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The male [[abdomen]] is longer with thick [[Anatomical terms of location|lateral]] black bands while the female abdomen is wider with fewer lateral black bands and black dots. |
The male [[abdomen]] is longer with thick [[Anatomical terms of location|lateral]] black bands while the female abdomen is wider with fewer lateral black bands and black dots. |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' is found in the [[Palearctic]] region, from |
''Vespula austriaca'' is found in the [[Palearctic]] region, from Europe to [[Kamchatka]], Japan, northwest [[China]], [[Turkey]], northern [[Pakistan]], and northern [[India]]. In Europe, ''V. austriaca ''is most common in [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name="spradbery2">{{Cite book|title = Wasps An Account of the Biology and Natural History of Social and Solitary Wasps|last = Spradbery|first = J.P|publisher = University of Washington Press|year = 1973|isbn = 0-295-95287-3|location = Seattle, Washington}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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As an [[obligate parasite]], these wasps do not build their nests. As a result, the queens |
As an [[obligate parasite]], these wasps do not build their nests. As a result, the queens [[hibernate]] longer than their host queens. This ensures that the nests will be ready when they leave their hibernation spots.<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book|title = Social Wasps Their Biology and Control|last = Edwards|first = Robin|publisher = Rentokil Limited|year = 1980|isbn = 0-90656401-8|location = East Grinstead}}</ref> |
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==Colony cycle== |
==Colony cycle== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' is known as a labour parasite. Its lifestyle depends on invading and usurping other colonies. First, females kill the queens of the host colony and force the host workers to care of their offspring.<ref name= "Yamane">Yamane, S., Kubo T., (1970). A brief note on a labor-parasitic wasp, ''Vespula austriaca'', in association with ''Vespula rufa'' ''schrencki''. ''Kontyu'' 38(2):171–175.</ref> Also, ''V. austriaca'' wasps lack a worker caste and the ability to build their own nests. These wasps have very short seasons, with flight periods from June to mid-July and August to mid-September.<ref name= "Edwards"/> |
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==Parasitic behaviour== |
==Parasitic behaviour== |
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==Diet== |
==Diet== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' larvae obtain nutrients from [[insects]] and [[spiders]] brought to them by the host workers.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Characteristics of the venom== |
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Due to the parasitic lifestyle of ''Vespula austriaca'' wasps, the sting is a vital apparatus. It consists of the shaft, aculeu, [[Dufour's gland]], and the venom glands. The Dufour's gland and venom reservoirs are the biggest among ''Vespula austriaca'' females. In an experiment where the oily venom extracted from ''V. austriaca'' wasps was injected into ''[[Vespula pensylvanica]]'' workers, the [[lethality]] (LD50) value was between 20 and 30 mg/kg. ''[[Vespula pensylvanica|V. pensylvanica]]'' queens had a higher tolerance to ''V. austriaca'' venom than the workers did (LD50=81 mg/kg). On average, it took 18.6 μg of venom to kill about half of the queens and 2–3 μg of venom to kill half the workers. The venom has the ability to paralyze and impair activities such as flying. Material obtained from the Dufour's gland was also injected into '' V. pensylvanica'' wasps; no significant effects were observed, indicating the gland does not contain a poison. Generally, in order to kill a host worker, a ''V. austriaca'' wasp has to use about a third of its venom supply. More venom is needed to kill a queen. Surprisingly, ''V. austriaca ''venom is as lethal as the venom from ''[[Vespula atropilosa]]'' and ''V. pensylvanica''.<ref name= "venom"/> |
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==Human importance== |
==Human importance== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' is not itself considered a [[Annoyance|pest]], but one of its hosts, ''[[Vespula rufa]]'', is a pest because it frequently enters buildings.<ref name= "Edwards"/> Considered a nuisance, one ''Vespula austriaca'' wasp was found in a shipping container.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20140325/Pest_RA_of_insects_in_sea_con_2013060511-44--766.67%20KB.pdf|title = Pest risk assessment of insects in sea cargo containers|last1 = Stanaway|first1 = M.A.|date = 20 Dec 2001|journal = Australian Journal of Entomology|access-date = 15 Oct 2014|doi = 10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00215.x|last2 = Zalucki|first2 = M.P.|last3 = Gillespie|first3 = P.S.|last4 = Rodriguez|first4 = C.M|last5 = Maynard|first5 = G.V| volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=180–192 }}</ref> |
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==Reproduction== |
==Reproduction== |
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''Vespula austriaca'' does not produce any workers. Instead the queens lay eggs that eventually produce more queens and male adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/1513312 |
''Vespula austriaca'' does not produce any workers. Instead the queens lay eggs that eventually produce more queens and male adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/1513312|title = The Cuckoo Wasp, Vespula austriaca (Panzer) (Hym., Vespidae) in Yorkshire|last = Archer|first = M.E.|date = 1978|journal = The Naturalist|access-date = 15 Oct 2014|volume = 103|pages = 133–134}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Brood parasite}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q303605}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q303605}} |
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[[Category:Hymenoptera of Europe]] |
[[Category:Hymenoptera of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Vespidae]] |
[[Category:Vespidae]] |
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[[Category:Brood parasites]] |
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[[Category:Insects described in 1799]] |
[[Category:Insects described in 1799]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:41, 27 March 2024
| Vespula austriaca | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Genus: | Vespula |
| Species: | V. austriaca
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| Binomial name | |
| Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799)
| |
| Synonyms | |
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Vespa austriaca Panzer, 1799 | |
Vespula austriaca is an obligate parasitic wasp, parasitizing the nests of other species in the genus Vespula in the Old World. Its common host species include V. rufa in Europe, Japan, and East Siberia.[1]V. austriaca wasps pollinate orchids.[2]
In some literature, V. austriaca is mentioned under the common name "Cuckoo wasp",[3] but this should not be confused with the family Chrysididae, which have the same common name.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
[edit]Vespula austriaca is a member of the family Vespidae. The genera Vespula and Dolichovespula are thought to be closely related and are considered sister groups. Their similarities include absences of strong seta on third segment of labial palpus, smaller scutal lamella, and a characteristic twisted pedicel in embryonic nests.
The Nearctic population formerly considered as belonging to V. austriaca has been recognized as a separate species, Vespula infernalis.[4]
Description and identification
[edit]Vespula austriaca is an obligate social parasite,[5] and is quite similar in appearance to other Vespula species.
The male abdomen is longer with thick lateral black bands while the female abdomen is wider with fewer lateral black bands and black dots.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Vespula austriaca is found in the Palearctic region, from Europe to Kamchatka, Japan, northwest China, Turkey, northern Pakistan, and northern India. In Europe, V. austriaca is most common in Ireland and Scotland.[6]
As an obligate parasite, these wasps do not build their nests. As a result, the queens hibernate longer than their host queens. This ensures that the nests will be ready when they leave their hibernation spots.[7]
Colony cycle
[edit]Vespula austriaca is known as a labour parasite. Its lifestyle depends on invading and usurping other colonies. First, females kill the queens of the host colony and force the host workers to care of their offspring.[8] Also, V. austriaca wasps lack a worker caste and the ability to build their own nests. These wasps have very short seasons, with flight periods from June to mid-July and August to mid-September.[7]
Parasitic behaviour
[edit]Vespula austriaca takes advantage of hosts such as Vespula rufa from East Siberia, Europe, and Honshû Japan.[8]
Diet
[edit]Vespula austriaca larvae obtain nutrients from insects and spiders brought to them by the host workers.[5]
Human importance
[edit]Vespula austriaca is not itself considered a pest, but one of its hosts, Vespula rufa, is a pest because it frequently enters buildings.[7] Considered a nuisance, one Vespula austriaca wasp was found in a shipping container.[9]
Reproduction
[edit]Vespula austriaca does not produce any workers. Instead the queens lay eggs that eventually produce more queens and male adults.[10]
References
[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Vespula.
- ^ Schmidt, J.O; Reed, H.C; Akre, R.D (1984). "Venoms of a Parasitic and Two Nonparasitic Species of Yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 57 (2): 316–322. JSTOR 25084514.
- ^ Jakubska-Busse, Anna; Kadej, Marcin (29 Oct 2010). "The Pollination of Epipactis Zinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae) Species in Central Europe – The Significance of Chemical Attractants, Floral Morphology and Concomitant Insects" (PDF). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 80 (1): 49–57. doi:10.5586/asbp.2011.007. Retrieved 14 Oct 2014.
- ^ Gibbons, Bob (2011). Field guide to insects of Britain and Northern Europe. New York: Crowood. ISBN 978-1-84797-369-6. OCLC 792685459.
- ^ Lynn S. Kimsey; James M. Carpenter (2012). "The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 28: 37–65. doi:10.3897/jhr.28.3514.
- ^ a b Archer, M.E. (1998). "Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799)". Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society. BWARS. Retrieved 15 Oct 2014.
- ^ Spradbery, J.P (1973). Wasps An Account of the Biology and Natural History of Social and Solitary Wasps. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95287-3.
- ^ a b c Edwards, Robin (1980). Social Wasps Their Biology and Control. East Grinstead: Rentokil Limited. ISBN 0-90656401-8.
- ^ a b Yamane, S., Kubo T., (1970). A brief note on a labor-parasitic wasp, Vespula austriaca, in association with Vespula rufa schrencki. Kontyu 38(2):171–175.
- ^ Stanaway, M.A.; Zalucki, M.P.; Gillespie, P.S.; Rodriguez, C.M; Maynard, G.V (20 Dec 2001). "Pest risk assessment of insects in sea cargo containers" (PDF). Australian Journal of Entomology. 40 (2): 180–192. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00215.x. Retrieved 15 Oct 2014.
- ^ Archer, M.E. (1978). "The Cuckoo Wasp, Vespula austriaca (Panzer) (Hym., Vespidae) in Yorkshire". The Naturalist. 103: 133–134. Retrieved 15 Oct 2014.