FAO Country Profiles: Difference between revisions

FAO Country Profiles
Developer(s)	FAO of the United Nations
Stable release	2012 / 2001
Type	Knowledge Representation, Ontology Editor
Website	FAO Country Profiles

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The FAO Country Profiles is a multilingual^[1] web portal that repackages the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) information archive on its global activities in agriculture and food security in a single area and catalogues it exclusively by country and thematic areas.

The organization aims to offer decision-makers, researchers and project formulators around the world a fast and reliable way to access country-specific information on national food security situations without the need to search individual databases and systems. It aids FAO's database by providing a simple interface containing interactive maps and charts.^[2]

Background

FAO has highlighted information and knowledge sharing as priority areas in fighting hunger and achieving food security.^[3] In this context, FAO identified countries could improve their national programs on agriculture and food security if they accessed FAO's information through a cross-sectoral (or interdisciplinary) country-based approach.^[4]^[5] Despite the existence of a large number of country-based information systems in FAO, the information managed by the various systems lacked integration. Information was generated and used in a circumscribed manner and tailored to a specific system, department or sector.

The FAO Country Profiles portal, initially called FAO Country Profiles and Mapping Information System, was launched in 2002 responding to the Organization's need to provide FAO website users with an easy-to-use mechanism to find FAO country-specific information without the need to search individual FAO web sites, databases or systems. The system was designed to integrate analytical and multilingual information with thematic databases and digital map repositories and to facilitate access to information on multiple factors contributing to national food insecurity.

Since its launch, the system has grown by incorporating more and more data sources. This was achieved thanks to a corporate effort to reduce information silos and the adoption of international standards for country-based information management throughout the Organization.

Country Profiles

The methodology behind the FAO Country Profiles is rather simple; it links, reuses and repackages data and information from most relevant existing FAO databases and systems.

The FAO Country Profiles covers current FAO Members and Associated Nations.^[6] Once a country is selected, the portal presents to the user documents, news feeds, statistical data, project details and maps from relevant FAO databases and systems for the selected country, categorized according to thematic areas.

The thematic areas are grouped in two categories:

FAO Core Activities: these correspond to FAO's main areas of expertise, such as natural resources, economics, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and technical cooperation. This grouping is based on the work of the corresponding FAO departments.^[7]
Global issues: these are themes that FAO identified as priority areas for action, and include biodiversity, biotechnology, climate change, diseases and pests, emergency and aid, food security and safety, trade and prices, water management. These priority areas correspond to FAO's strategic response to a fast-changing world where issues ranging from biotechnology to climate change and trade present new challenges and choices to governments and the general public.

Data sources

Country pages provide access to or integrate the following thematic profiles and systems.^[8]

FAO data sources

Aquastat Country Profiles: The AQUASTAT country profiles describe the state of water resources and agricultural water use in the respective country. Special attention is given to water resource, irrigation, and drainage sub-sectors.
Biotechnology Country Profiles: The objective of the profiles is to provide a platform on which developing country biotechnology-related policies, regulations and activities can be readily accessed, directing the user to key, updated sources of information.
BIODEC Biotechnologies in Developing Countries: FAO-BioDeC is a database meant to gather, store, organize, and disseminate updated baseline information on state-of-the-art crop biotechnology products and techniques, which are in use, or in the pipeline in developing countries. The database includes about 2000 entries from 70 developing countries, including countries with economies in transition.
Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: The Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile provides a broad overview of relevant general, topographical, climatic and agro-ecological information with focus on livestock production systems and the pasture/forage resources.
FAO Corporate Document Repository: The FAO Corporate Document Repository houses FAO documents and publications, as well as selected non-FAO publications, in electronic format.
FAO Projects in the country: From the Field Program Management Information System.
FAO Terminology - Names of Countries: In order to standardize and harmonize the vast quantity of terms used in FAO documents and publications, the Organization developed the terminology database FAOTERM. The Corporate NAMES OF COUNTRIES database also aims at facilitating the consultation and harmonization of country names throughout the Organization.
Fisheries and Aquaculture Country Profiles: FAO's Fisheries and Aquaculture Department prepares and publishes Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Each profile summarizes the Department's assessment of activities and trends in fisheries and aquaculture for the country concerned. Economic and demographic data is based on UN or World Bank sources; data on fisheries is generally published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
Forestry Country Profiles: The forestry country profiles provide detailed information on forests and the forest sector: forest cover (types, extent and change), forest management, policies, products and trade, and more - in all some 30 pages for each country.
FAO-GeoNetwork: FAO-GeoNetwork is a web-based Geographic Data and Information Management System. It enables easy access to local and distributed geospatial information catalogues and makes available data, graphics, and documents for immediate download. FAO-GeoNetwork holds approximately 5000 standardized metadata records for digital and paper maps, most of them at the global, continent and national level.
Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS): The System aims to provide policy-makers and policy-analysts with the most up-to-date information available on all aspects of food supply and demand, warning of imminent food crises, so that timely interventions can be planned.
Livestock Sector Briefs: The purpose of the Livestock Sector Briefs are to provide a concise overview of livestock production in the selected countries through tables, maps and graphs.
Nutrition Country Profiles: The Nutrition Country Profiles (NCP) provide concise analytical summaries describing the food and nutrition situation in individual countries.

Partnerships data sources

AgriFeeds: AgriFeeds is a service that allows users to search and filter news and events from several agricultural information sources. It harvests, stores and re-aggregates news and events from feeds published by agricultural organizations and information services.
International Portal on Food Safety, Animal & Plant Health (IPFSAPH): IPFSAPH facilitates trade in food and agriculture by providing a single access point to authorized official international and national information across the sectors of food safety, animal and plant health. It has been developed by FAO in association with the organizations responsible for international standard setting in sanitary and phytosanitary matters.

Non-FAO data sources

Earthtrends, World Resources Institute: EarthTrends is a comprehensive online database, maintained by the World Resources Institute, that focuses on the environmental, social, and economic trends that shape the world. The Earthtrends country profiles present environmental information about key variables for different topic areas.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): Rural poverty country profiles are produced by IFAD.

Standards

There are various international standards and coding systems to manage country information. Historically, systems dealing with different types of data used different coding systems that were tailored to specific data type requirements. For example, statistical systems in the United Nations commonly use the M-49 classification and pigmentation^[9] (also known as UN code) or the FAOSTAT area classification;^[10] mapping systems could use geographic coordinates or GAUL codes; textual systems (document repositories or web sites) could use ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 or AGROVOC keywords; etc.

The FAO Country Profiles provide access to systems managing statistics, documents, maps, news feeds, etc., therefore one of its key aspects to succeed was the mapping of all these country codes.

For this purpose a geopolitical ontology was developed.^[11] This ontology, among other features, maps ISO2, ISO3, AGROVOC, FAOSTAT, FAOTERM, GAUL, UN, and UNDP codes for all countries.

Global Resources

Besides the profiles for each country the portal also provides access to other important global resources, such as:

Low-Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC)

The FAO Country Profiles keeps updated for the public the list of LIFDC countries. This list is revised every year according to the methodology explained below. The new list of the LIFDC,^[12] stands at 62 countries, four less than in the (2012) list. These are: Georgia, Syrian Arab Republic, Timor-Leste, Republic of Moldova. While Moldova graduated from the list on the basis of net food-exporter criterion, the other graduated based on income criterion.

LIFDC methodology

The classification of a country as low-income food-deficit used for analytical purposes by FAO is traditionally determined by three criteria:

A country should have a per capita income below the "historical" ceiling used by the World Bank^[13] to determine eligibility for IDA assistance and for 20-year IBRD terms, applied to countries included in the World Bank categories I and II.^[14] For instance, the historical ceiling of per capita gross national income (GNI) for 2006, based on the World Bank Atlas method,^[15] was US$1,735, i.e. higher than the level established for 2005 ($1,675).
The net food trade^[16] position of a country averaged over the preceding three years for which statistics are available, in this case from 2003 to 2005. Trade volumes for a broad basket of basic foodstuffs (cereals, roots and tubers, pulses, oilseeds and oils other than tree crop oils, meat and dairy products) are converted and aggregated by the calorie content of individual commodities.
A self-exclusion criterion is applied when countries that meet the above two criteria specifically request FAO to be excluded from the LIFDC category.

In order to avoid countries changing their LIFDC status too frequently - typically due to short-term, exogenous shocks - an additional factor was introduced in 2001. This factor, called "persistence of position", would postpone the "exit" of a LIFDC from the list, despite the country not meeting the LIFDC income criterion or the food-deficit criterion, until the change in its status is verified for three consecutive years.^[17]

FAO Member Countries and Flags

The FAO Country Profiles is FAO's source for dissemination of FAO's Member Nations and Associated Nations^[18] official flags.^[19] The update of any country flag is coordinated with the other United Nations agencies. All flags are made available in a standardized manner which also aims to help web site owners to ensure that they always display the official country flag.

The standard URL for any given country flag would be composed by: the generic URL: "http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/" to which the ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code for the country is added, plus the image format suffix ".gif". For instance, the URL for the Argentina flag would be: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/AR.gif, with AR being the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Argentina.^[20]

Criticism

Early criticism of the FAO Country Profiles was that it only contained few resources. Since 2002, the number of available resources has increased to cover country-based information and data, directly linked from FAO's web pages or FAO's digital repositories.^[8] Over the last years, another identified area for improvement was the simplicity of the system methodology, being the resources only linked from country pages and thus, lacking real integration. This need was addressed by starting to integrate additional data, such as, the fisheries charts or the news and events items taken from AgriFeeds.

References

^ Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the languages of the Organization. See FAO's Basic texts at fao.org Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. The FAO Country Profiles system provides information in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Russian is in preparation.
^ For reviews of the FAO Country profiles initiatives, see the Sharing Earth and Observations Resources portal Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Science Central, SciNet Science & Technology Search, News, Articles Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, etc.
^ See ARTICLE I of FAO Constitution: The Organization shall collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5584E/x5584e0i.htm
^ Programme of Work and Budget 2002–2003: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/y1194e/y1194e06b.htm#P11324_311453
^ Programme of Work and Budget 2004–2005: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/006/y9859e/Y9859e07a.htm#P10820_371793
^ FAO membership as the 17 November 2007: "FAO Legal Office". Archived from the original on 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
^ For a list of FAO departments and divisions, please see http://www.fao.org/about/depart/en/ Archived 2010-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles Archived 2009-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm
^ FAOSTAT standardized list of country/territories and groupings: http://faostat.fao.org/site/441/default.aspx
^ For linking country-based heterogeneous data at FAO, please see:Integrating Country-based heterogeneous data at the United Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services. Archived 2009-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ For an updated list of Low-Income Food Deficit Countries, please check this page: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en/
^ For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Classifications are set each year on 1 July. These official analytical classifications are fixed during the World Bank's fiscal year (ending on 30 June), thus countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. (Source: The World Bank)
^ Several important distinctions among member countries are commonly used at the World Bank Group. Countries choose whether they are part of Part I or Part II primarily on the basis of their economic standing. Part I are almost all industrial countries and donors to IDA and they pay their contributions in freely convertible currency. Part II countries are almost all developing countries, some of which are donors to IDA. Part II countries are entitled to pay most of their contribution to IDA in local currency. Please see: "A Guide to the World Bank Group", The World Bank, 2003
^ Please see: The World Bank Atlas Method
^ Net food trade refers to the gross imports less gross exports of food
^ For a list of countries and economies sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, please see List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
^ The list of FAO member countries and date of entry is available at: "FAO Legal Office". Archived from the original on 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
^ The list of FAO member countries and flags is available at http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/
^ One of several international coding systems (some of the others being: ISO2, ISO3, AGROVOC, FAOSTAT, FAOTERM, GAUL, UN, and UNDP) for territories and groups.

External links

[1] Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the languages of the Organization. See FAO's Basic texts at fao.org Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. The FAO Country Profiles system provides information in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Russian is in preparation.

[2] For reviews of the FAO Country profiles initiatives, see the Sharing Earth and Observations Resources portal Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Science Central, SciNet Science & Technology Search, News, Articles Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, etc.

[3] See ARTICLE I of FAO Constitution: The Organization shall collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5584E/x5584e0i.htm

[4] Programme of Work and Budget 2002–2003: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/y1194e/y1194e06b.htm#P11324_311453

[5] Programme of Work and Budget 2004–2005: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/006/y9859e/Y9859e07a.htm#P10820_371793

[6] FAO membership as the 17 November 2007: "FAO Legal Office". Archived from the original on 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2010-10-15.

[7] For a list of FAO departments and divisions, please see http://www.fao.org/about/depart/en/ Archived 2010-11-15 at the Wayback Machine

[Inventory_of_resources-8] Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles Archived 2009-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

[9] Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm

[10] FAOSTAT standardized list of country/territories and groupings: http://faostat.fao.org/site/441/default.aspx

[11] For linking country-based heterogeneous data at FAO, please see:Integrating Country-based heterogeneous data at the United Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services. Archived 2009-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

[12] For an updated list of Low-Income Food Deficit Countries, please check this page: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en/

[13] For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Classifications are set each year on 1 July. These official analytical classifications are fixed during the World Bank's fiscal year (ending on 30 June), thus countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. (Source: The World Bank)

[14] Several important distinctions among member countries are commonly used at the World Bank Group. Countries choose whether they are part of Part I or Part II primarily on the basis of their economic standing. Part I are almost all industrial countries and donors to IDA and they pay their contributions in freely convertible currency. Part II countries are almost all developing countries, some of which are donors to IDA. Part II countries are entitled to pay most of their contribution to IDA in local currency. Please see: "A Guide to the World Bank Group", The World Bank, 2003

[15] Please see: The World Bank Atlas Method

[16] Net food trade refers to the gross imports less gross exports of food

[17] For a list of countries and economies sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, please see List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

[18] The list of FAO member countries and date of entry is available at: "FAO Legal Office". Archived from the original on 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2010-10-15.

[19] The list of FAO member countries and flags is available at http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/

[20] One of several international coding systems (some of the others being: ISO2, ISO3, AGROVOC, FAOSTAT, FAOTERM, GAUL, UN, and UNDP) for territories and groups.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{advert|date=December 2018}}
-{{ infobox software
+{{Infobox software
 | name                   = FAO Country Profiles
-| logo                   = [[Image:FAO countryprofiles logo.jpg]]
+| logo                   = [[File:FAO countryprofiles logo.jpg]]
 | caption                =
-| developer              = Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension
+| developer              = [[FAO]] of the [[United Nations]]
+| latest release version = 2012
-(OEK) at [[FAO]] of the [[United Nations]]
+| latest release date    = 2001
-| latest_release_version =
-| latest_release_date    = 2001
 | operating_system       =
 | genre                  = [[Knowledge Representation]], [[Ontology]] Editor
-| website                = [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/default.asp?lang=en FAO Country Profiles]
+| website                = [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/ FAO Country Profiles]
 }}
-The [[FAO]] [[Country]] Profiles is a [[multilingual]]<ref>Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the languages of the Organization. See FAO's Basic texts http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/k1713e/k1713e02b.htm#47. The FAO Country Profiles system provides information in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Russian is in preparation.</ref> [[web portal]] which repackages the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations (FAO) vast archive of information on its global activities in [[agriculture]] and [[food security]] in a single area and catalogues it exclusively by [[country]] and thematic areas.
+The '''FAO Country Profiles''' is a [[multilingual]]<ref>Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the languages of the Organization. See FAO's Basic texts at [http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/k1713e/k1713e02b.htm#47 fao.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027094354/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/k1713e/k1713e02b.htm#47 |date=2010-10-27 }}. The FAO Country Profiles system provides information in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish. Russian is in preparation.</ref> [[web portal]] that repackages the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations (FAO) information archive on its global activities in [[agriculture]] and [[food security]] in a single area and catalogues it exclusively by [[country]] and thematic areas.
-The portal's purpose is to offer decision-makers, [[researchers]] and project formulators around the world a fast and reliable way to access country-specific information on national [[food security]] situations without the need to search individual [[databases]] and [[systems]]. It gives added-value to [[FAO]]'s wealth of information by providing an easy-to-use [[User interface|interface]] containing [[interactive]] [[maps]] and [[charts]].<ref>For reviews of the [[FAO]] Country profiles initiatives, please see the [http://news.eoportal.org/didyouknow/080226_did2.html Sharing Earth and Observations Resources portal], [http://www.sciencecentral.com/category/962945 Science Central], [http://www.scinet.cc/dir/Science/Agriculture/ SciNet Science & Technology Search, News, Articles], etc.</ref>
+The organization aims to offer decision-makers, [[researchers]] and project formulators around the world a fast and reliable way to access country-specific information on national [[food security]] situations without the need to search individual [[database]]s and systems. It aids [[FAO]]'s database by providing a simple [[User interface|interface]] containing [[interactive]] [[map]]s and [[charts]].<ref>For reviews of the [[FAO]] Country profiles initiatives, see the [http://news.eoportal.org/didyouknow/080226_did2.html Sharing Earth and Observations Resources portal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120074507/http://news.eoportal.org/didyouknow/080226_did2.html |date=2008-11-20 }}, [http://www.sciencecentral.com/category/962945 Science Central], [http://www.scinet.cc/dir/Science/Agriculture/ SciNet Science & Technology Search, News, Articles] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917212820/http://www.scinet.cc/dir/Science/Agriculture/ |date=2008-09-17 }}, etc.</ref>
 == Background ==
-[[FAO]] has always highlighted [[information]] and [[Knowledge sharing]] as priority areas in fighting [[hunger]] and achieving [[food security]].<ref>See ARTICLE I of FAO Constitution: The Organization shall collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5584E/x5584e0i.htm</ref> In this context, [[FAO]] identified that [[countries]] could improve their national programmes on [[agriculture]] and [[food security]] if they could access [[FAO]]'s information through a cross-sectoral (or [[interdisciplinary]]) country-based approach.<ref>Programme of Work and Budget 2002-2003:  http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/y1194e/y1194e06b.htm#P11324_311453</ref><ref>Programme of Work and Budget 2004-2005: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/006/y9859e/Y9859e07a.htm#P10820_371793</ref> However, despite the existence of a large number of country-based [[information systems]] in FAO, the information managed by the various systems lacked [[System integration|integration]]. Information tended to be generated and used in a circumscribed manner and tailored to a specific system, department or [[sector]].
+[[FAO]] has highlighted [[information]] and [[knowledge sharing]] as priority areas in fighting [[hunger]] and achieving [[food security]].<ref>See ARTICLE I of FAO Constitution: The Organization shall collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5584E/x5584e0i.htm</ref> In this context, [[FAO]] identified [[countries]] could improve their national programs on [[agriculture]] and [[food security]] if they accessed [[FAO]]'s information through a cross-sectoral (or [[interdisciplinary]]) country-based approach.<ref>Programme of Work and Budget 2002–2003:  http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/y1194e/y1194e06b.htm#P11324_311453</ref><ref>Programme of Work and Budget 2004–2005: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/006/y9859e/Y9859e07a.htm#P10820_371793</ref> Despite the existence of a large number of country-based [[information systems]] in FAO, the information managed by the various systems lacked [[System integration|integration]]. Information was generated and used in a circumscribed manner and tailored to a specific system, department or [[sector (economic)|sector]].
-The [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/ FAO Country Profiles] portal, initially called FAO Country Profiles and Mapping Information System, was launched in 2002 responding to the Organization’s need to provide [[FAO]] web site’s users an easy to use mechanism to find FAO country-specific [[information]] without the need to [[Search engine technology|search]] individual [[FAO]] [[web sites]], [[databases]] or [[systems]]. The system was designed to integrate [[Scientific modelling|analytical]] and [[multilingual]] information with thematic databases and [[digital]] [[map]] [[repositories]] and to facilitate access to information on multiple factors contributing to national [[food insecurity]].
+The [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/ FAO Country Profiles] portal, initially called FAO Country Profiles and Mapping Information System, was launched in 2002 responding to the Organization's need to provide [[FAO]] website users with an easy-to-use mechanism to find FAO country-specific [[information]] without the need to [[Search engine technology|search]] individual [[FAO]] [[web sites]], [[databases]] or [[systems]]. The system was designed to integrate [[Scientific modelling|analytical]] and [[multilingual]] information with thematic databases and [[Digital data|digital]] [[map]] [[Disciplinary repository|repositories]] and to facilitate access to information on multiple factors contributing to national [[food insecurity]].
-Since its launch, the system has grown by incorporating more and more [[FAO_Country_Profiles#Data_sources|data sources]]. This was achieved thanks to a [[corporate]] effort to reduce [[information silo]]s and the adoption of [[international standards]] for country-based [[information management]] throughout the Organization.
+Since its launch, the system has grown by incorporating more and more [[FAO Country Profiles#Data sources|data sources]]. This was achieved thanks to a [[corporate]] effort to reduce [[information silo]]s and the adoption of [[international standards]] for country-based [[information management]] throughout the Organization.
 == Country Profiles ==
 The methodology behind the [[FAO]] Country Profiles is rather simple; it links, reuses and repackages data and information from most relevant existing [[FAO]] [[databases]] and [[systems]].
-The [[FAO]] Country Profiles covers current FAO Members and Associated Nations.<ref>FAO membership as the 17 November 2007: http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm</ref> Once a country is selected, the portal presents to the user [[documents]], news feeds, [[statistical data]], project details and [[maps]] from relevant [[FAO_Country_Profiles#Data_sources|FAO databases and systems]] for the selected [[country]] and categorized according to thematic areas.
+The [[FAO]] Country Profiles covers current FAO Members and Associated Nations.<ref>FAO membership as the 17 November 2007: {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm |title=FAO Legal Office |access-date=2010-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714053406/http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm |archive-date=2010-07-14 }}</ref> Once a country is selected, the portal presents to the user [[documents]], news feeds, [[statistical data]], project details and [[map]]s from relevant [[FAO Country Profiles#Data sources|FAO databases and systems]] for the selected [[country]], categorized according to thematic areas.
 The thematic areas are grouped in two categories:
-* FAO Core Activities: these correspond to  [[FAO]]'s main areas of expertise, such as, [[natural resources]], [[economics]], [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], [[fisheries]] and technical cooperation. This grouping is based on the work of the corresponding [[FAO]] departments.<ref>For a list of FAO departments and divisions, please see http://www.fao.org/about/depart/en/</ref>
+* FAO Core Activities: these correspond to [[FAO]]'s main areas of expertise, such as [[natural resources]], [[economics]], [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], [[fisheries]] and technical cooperation. This grouping is based on the work of the corresponding [[FAO]] departments.<ref>For a list of FAO departments and divisions, please see http://www.fao.org/about/depart/en/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115173820/http://www.fao.org/about/depart/en/ |date=2010-11-15 }}</ref>
 * Global issues: these are themes that [[FAO]] identified as priority areas for action, and include [[biodiversity]], [[biotechnology]], [[climate change]], [[diseases]] and [[Pest (organism)|pests]], [[emergency]] and aid, [[food security]] and [[food safety|safety]], [[trade]] and [[prices]], [[water management]]. These priority areas correspond to [[FAO]]'s strategic response to a fast-changing world where issues ranging from [[biotechnology]] to [[climate change]] and [[trade]] present new challenges and choices to governments and the general public.
 ===Data sources ===
-Country pages provide access to or integrate the following thematic profiles and systems.<ref name="Inventory of resources">[http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/resources.asp Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles]</ref>
+Country pages provide access to or integrate the following thematic profiles and systems.<ref name="Inventory of resources">[http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/resources.asp Inventory of data sources used in the FAO country profiles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925011534/http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/resources.asp |date=2009-09-25 }}</ref>
 ==== FAO data sources ====
 * [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/index.stm Aquastat Country Profiles]: The AQUASTAT country profiles describe the state of [[water resources]] and [[agricultural]] [[water use]] in the respective country. Special attention is given to [[water resource]], [[irrigation]], and [[drainage]] sub-sectors.
 * [http://www.fao.org/biotech/inventory_admin/dep/country_rep_search.asp?lang=en Biotechnology Country Profiles]: The objective of the profiles is to provide a platform on which [[developing country]] [[biotechnology]]-related [[policies]], [[regulations]] and activities can be readily accessed, directing the user to key, updated sources of information.
-* [http://www.fao.org/biotech/inventory_admin/dep/default.asp?lang=en BIODEC Biotechnologies in Developing Countries]: FAO-BioDeC is a database meant to gather, store, organize and disseminate, updated baseline information on the state-of-the-art of [[crop]] [[biotechnology]] [[Product (business)|products]] and [[Scientific technique|techniques]], which are in use, or in the pipeline in [[developing countries]]. The database includes about 2000 entries from 70 [[developing countries]], including countries with [[economies in transition]].
+* [http://www.fao.org/biotech/inventory_admin/dep/default.asp?lang=en BIODEC Biotechnologies in Developing Countries]: FAO-BioDeC is a database meant to gather, store, organize, and disseminate updated baseline information on state-of-the-art [[crop]] [[biotechnology]] [[Product (business)|products]] and [[Scientific technique|techniques]], which are in use, or in the pipeline in [[developing countries]]. The database includes about 2000 entries from 70 [[developing countries]], including countries with [[economies in transition]].
 * [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/regions/index.htm Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles]: The Country [[Pasture]]/[[Forage]] Resource Profile provides a broad overview of relevant general, [[topographical]], [[climatic]] and [[agro-ecological]] information with focus on [[livestock]] production systems and the [[pasture]]/[[forage]] resources.
 * [http://www.fao.org/documents FAO Corporate Document Repository]: The FAO Corporate Document Repository houses FAO documents and publications, as well as selected non-FAO publications, in electronic format.
+* [http://www.fao.org/tc/tcom/index_en.htm FAO Projects in the country]: From the Field Program Management Information System.
-* [http://www.fao.org/tc/tcom/index_en.htm FAO Projects in the country]: From the Field Programme Management Information System.
 * [http://www.fao.org/faoterm/ FAO Terminology - Names of Countries]: In order to standardize and harmonize the vast quantity of terms used in FAO documents and publications, the Organization developed the [[terminology]] database [[FAOTERM]]. The Corporate NAMES OF COUNTRIES database also aims at facilitating the consultation and harmonization of country names throughout the Organization.
+* [http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en Fisheries and Aquaculture Country Profiles]: FAO's [[Fisheries]] and [[Aquaculture]] Department prepares and publishes Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Each profile summarizes the Department's assessment of activities and trends in fisheries and aquaculture for the country concerned.  Economic and [[demographic data]] is based on [[UN]] or [[World Bank]] sources; data on fisheries is generally published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
+* [http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/en/ Forestry Country Profiles]: The [[forestry]] country profiles provide detailed information on [[forests]] and the forest sector: [[forest cover]] (types, extent and change), [[forest management]], policies, products and trade, and more - in all some 30 pages for each country.
-* [http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search/en Fisheries and Aquaculture Country Profiles]: FAO's [[Fisheries]] and [[Aquaculture]] Department prepares and publishes Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Each profile summarizes the Department's assessment of activities and trends in fisheries and aquaculture for the country concerned.  Economic and [[demographic data]] are based on [[UN]] or [[World Bank]] sources; data on fisheries are generally those published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
+* [http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home FAO-GeoNetwork]: FAO-GeoNetwork is a web-based Geographic Data and Information Management System. It enables easy access to local and distributed [[geospatial information]] catalogues and makes available data, graphics, and documents for immediate download. FAO-GeoNetwork holds approximately 5000 standardized [[metadata]] records for digital and paper maps, most of them at the global, continent and national level.
-* [http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/en/ Forestry Country Profiles]: The [[forestry]] country profiles provide detailed information on [[forests]] and the forest sector: [[forest cover]] (types, extent and change), [[forest management]], policies, products and trade, and more - in all some 30 pages for each country in the world.
+* [http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS)]: The System aims to provide policy-makers and policy-analysts with the most up-to-date information available on all aspects of [[food supply]] and demand, warning of imminent [[food crises]], so that timely interventions can be planned.
-* [http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home FAO-GeoNetwork]: FAO-GeoNetwork is a web based Geographic Data and Information Management System. It enables easy access to local and distributed [[geospatial information]] catalogues and makes available data, graphics, documents for immediate download. FAO-GeoNetwork holds approximately 5000 standardized [[metadata]] records for digital and paper maps, most of them at the global, continent and national level.
+* [http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/pubs_sap.html Livestock Sector Briefs]: The purpose of the [[Livestock]] Sector Briefs are to provide a concise overview of livestock production in the selected countries through tables, maps and graphs.
-* [http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS)]: The System aims to provide policy-makers and policy-analysts with the most up-to-date information available on all aspects of [[food supply]] and demand, [[warning]] of imminent [[food crises]], so that timely interventions can be planned.
-* [http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/pubs_sap.html Livestock Sector Briefs]: The purpose of the [[Livestock]] Sector Briefs is to provide a concise overview of livestock production in the selected countries through tables, maps and graphs.
 * [http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/profiles_en.stm Nutrition Country Profiles]: The [[Nutrition]] Country Profiles (NCP) provide concise analytical summaries describing the food and nutrition situation in individual countries.
@@ Line 63: / Line 59: @@
 ==== Non-FAO data sources ====
-* [http://earthtrends.wri.org/gsearch.php?kw=country&action=results Earthtrends], [[World Resources Institute]]: EarthTrends is a comprehensive online database, maintained by the World Resources Institute, that focuses on the environmental, social, and economic trends that shape the world. The Earthtrends country profiles present environmental information about key variables for different topic areas.
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091220021903/http://earthtrends.wri.org/gsearch.php?kw=country&action=results Earthtrends], [[World Resources Institute]]: EarthTrends is a comprehensive online database, maintained by the World Resources Institute, that focuses on the environmental, social, and economic trends that shape the world. The Earthtrends country profiles present environmental information about key variables for different topic areas.
 * International Fund for Agricultural Development ([[IFAD]]): Rural poverty country profiles are produced by IFAD.
 == Standards ==
-[[Image:Geopolitical Ontology in Country Profiles August 12 2009 v 1.png||thumb|200px|right| Geopolitical information section in the FAO Country Profiles.]]
+[[File:Geopolitical Ontology in Country Profiles August 12 2009 v 1.png|thumb|Geopolitical information section in the FAO Country Profiles.]]
-There are various [[international standards]] and [[coding systems]] to manage country information. Historically, systems dealing with different types of data used different coding systems that were tailored to specific data type requirements. For example, [[statistical systems]] in the [[United Nations]] commonly use the M-49 classification<ref>Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm</ref> (also known as [[UN]] code) or the [[FAOSTAT]] area classification;<ref>FAOSTAT standardized list of country/territories and groupings: http://faostat.fao.org/site/441/default.aspx</ref> mapping systems could use [[geographic coordinates]] or [[Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL)|GAUL]] codes; textual systems (document repositories or web sites) could use [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]], [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] or [[AGROVOC]] keywords; etc.
+There are various [[international standards]] and [[coding systems]] to manage country information. Historically, systems dealing with different types of data used different coding systems that were tailored to specific data type requirements. For example, [[statistical systems]] in the [[United Nations]] commonly use the M-49 classification and pigmentation<ref>Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm</ref> (also known as [[UN]] code) or the [[FAOSTAT]] area classification;<ref>FAOSTAT standardized list of country/territories and groupings: http://faostat.fao.org/site/441/default.aspx</ref> mapping systems could use [[geographic coordinates]] or [[Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL)|GAUL]] codes; textual systems (document repositories or web sites) could use [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]], [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] or [[AGROVOC]] keywords; etc.
-The FAO Country Profiles provide access to systems managing [[statistics]], [[documents]], [[maps]], [[news feeds]], etc., therefore one of its key aspects to succeed was the mapping of all these [[country codes]].
+The FAO Country Profiles provide access to systems managing [[statistics]], [[documents]], [[map]]s, [[news feeds]], etc., therefore one of its key aspects to succeed was the mapping of all these [[country codes]].
-For this purpose a [[geopolitical ontology]] was developed.<ref>For linking country-based heterogeneous data at [[FAO]], please see:[http://www.semanticuniverse.com/articles-integrating-country-based-heterogeneous-data-united-nations-fao%E2%80%99s-geopolitical-ontology-and Integrating Country-based heterogeneous data at the United Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services.]</ref> This ontology, among other features, maps [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO2]], [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO3]], [[AGROVOC]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]], [http://www.fao.org/faoterm/index.asp?lang=EN FAOTERM], [[Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL)|GAUL]], [[UN]], and [[UNDP]] codes for all countries.
+For this purpose a [[geopolitical ontology]] was developed.<ref>For linking country-based heterogeneous data at [[FAO]], please see:[http://www.semanticuniverse.com/articles-integrating-country-based-heterogeneous-data-united-nations-fao%E2%80%99s-geopolitical-ontology-and Integrating Country-based heterogeneous data at the United Nations: FAO's geopolitical ontology and services.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925091739/http://www.semanticuniverse.com/articles-integrating-country-based-heterogeneous-data-united-nations-fao%E2%80%99s-geopolitical-ontology-and |date=2009-09-25 }}</ref> This ontology, among other features, maps [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO2]], [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO3]], [[AGROVOC]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219154825/http://www.fao.org/faoterm/index.asp?lang=en FAOTERM], [[Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL)|GAUL]], [[UN]], and [[UNDP]] codes for all countries.
 == Global Resources ==
@@ Line 82: / Line 77: @@
 === Low-Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC) ===
-The FAO Country Profiles keeps updated for the public the list of [[LIFDC]] countries. This list is revised every year according to the methodology explained below. The list of the LIFDC,<ref>For an updated list of Low-Income Food Deficit Countries, please check this page: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc.asp?lang=en</ref> as of May 2009,  stands at 77 countries, five less than those in the 2008 LIFDC list. These five are: [[Albania]], [[Belarus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Cape Verde]] and [[Tonga]]. All five graduated from the list having completed the "transitional phase", exceeding the [[World Bank]] income threshold for three consecutive years.
+The FAO Country Profiles keeps updated for the public the list of [[LIFDC]] countries. This list is revised every year according to the methodology explained below. The new list of the LIFDC,<ref>For an updated list of Low-Income Food Deficit Countries, please check this page: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en/</ref> stands at 62 countries, four less than in the (2012) list. These are: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Syrian Arab Republic]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Republic of Moldova]]. While [[Moldova]] graduated from the list on the basis of net food-exporter criterion, the other graduated based on income criterion.
 ==== LIFDC methodology====
@@ Line 88: / Line 83: @@
 The classification of a country as low-income food-deficit used for analytical purposes by [[FAO]] is traditionally determined by three criteria:
-# A country should have a [[per capita income]] below the "historical" ceiling used by the [[World Bank]]<ref>For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Classifications are set each year on 1 July. These official analytical classifications are fixed during the World Bank's fiscal year (ending on 30 June), thus countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. (Source: [[The World Bank]])</ref> to determine eligibility for [[International Development Association|IDA]] assistance and for 20-year [[IBRD]] terms, applied to countries included in the World Bank categories I and II.<ref>Several important distinctions among member countries are commonly used at the World Bank Group. Countries choose whether they are part of Part I or Part II primarily on the basis of their economic standing. Part I are almost all industrial countries and donors to IDA and they pay their contributions in freely convertible currency. Part II countries are almost all developing countries, some of which are donors to IDA. Part II countries are entitled to pay most of their contribution to IDA in local currency. Please see: "A Guide to the World Bank Group", The World Bank, 2003</ref> For instance, the historical ceiling of per capita [[gross national income]] ([[GNI]]) for 2006, based on the World Bank Atlas method,<ref>Please see: [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20452009~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html The World Bank Atlas Method]</ref> was USD 1,735, i.e. higher than the level established for 2005 (USD 1,675).
+# A country should have a [[per capita income]] below the "historical" ceiling used by the [[World Bank]]<ref>For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Classifications are set each year on 1 July. These official analytical classifications are fixed during the World Bank's fiscal year (ending on 30 June), thus countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. (Source: [[The World Bank]])</ref> to determine eligibility for [[International Development Association|IDA]] assistance and for 20-year [[IBRD]] terms, applied to countries included in the World Bank categories I and II.<ref>Several important distinctions among member countries are commonly used at the World Bank Group. Countries choose whether they are part of Part I or Part II primarily on the basis of their economic standing. Part I are almost all industrial countries and donors to IDA and they pay their contributions in freely convertible currency. Part II countries are almost all developing countries, some of which are donors to IDA. Part II countries are entitled to pay most of their contribution to IDA in local currency. Please see: "A Guide to the World Bank Group", The World Bank, 2003</ref> For instance, the historical ceiling of per capita [[gross national income]] (GNI) for 2006, based on the World Bank Atlas method,<ref>Please see: [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20452009~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419~isCURL:Y~isCURL:Y,00.html The World Bank Atlas Method]</ref> was US$1,735, i.e. higher than the level established for 2005 ($1,675).
 # The net food [[trade]]<ref>Net food trade refers to the gross imports less gross exports of food</ref> position of a country averaged over the preceding three years for which statistics are available, in this case from 2003 to 2005. Trade volumes for a broad basket of basic foodstuffs ([[cereals]], [[root]]s and [[tubers]], [[pulses]], [[oilseeds]] and oils other than tree crop oils, [[meat]] and [[dairy products]]) are converted and aggregated by the [[calorie]] content of individual [[commodities]].
 # A self-exclusion criterion is applied when countries that meet the above two criteria specifically request FAO to be excluded from the LIFDC category.
@@ Line 96: / Line 91: @@
 === FAO Member Countries and Flags ===
-The FAO Country Profiles is FAO's source for dissemination of [[FAO]]'s Member Nations and Associated Nations<ref>The list of FAO member countries and date of entry is available at: http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm</ref> official flags.<ref>The list of FAO member countries and flags is available at http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags.asp</ref> The update of any [[country flag]] is coordinated with the other [[United Nations]] agencies. All flags are made available in an standardized manner which also aims to help web site owners to ensure that they always display the official country flag.
+The FAO Country Profiles is FAO's source for dissemination of [[FAO]]'s Member Nations and Associated Nations<ref>The list of FAO member countries and date of entry is available at: {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm |title=FAO Legal Office |access-date=2010-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714053406/http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm |archive-date=2010-07-14 }}</ref> official flags.<ref>The list of FAO member countries and flags is available at http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/</ref> The update of any [[country flag]] is coordinated with the other [[United Nations]] agencies. All flags are made available in a standardized manner which also aims to help web site owners to ensure that they always display the official country flag.
 The standard URL for any given country flag would be composed by: the generic URL: "http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/" to which the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2]] code for the country is added, plus the image format suffix ".gif". For instance, the URL for the [[Argentine flag|Argentina flag]] would be: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/flags/AR.gif, with AR being the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] code of [[Argentina]].<ref>One of several international coding systems (some of the others being: [[ISO2]], [[ISO3]], [[AGROVOC]], [[FAOSTAT]], [[FAOTERM]], [[GAUL]], [[UN]], and [[UNDP]]) for territories and groups.</ref>
@@ Line 102: / Line 97: @@
 == Criticism ==
-Early criticism of the [[FAO]] Country Profiles was that, in its inception phase, it only contained very few resources. Since 2002, the number of available resources has increased to cover country-based information and data, directly linked from [[FAO]]'s web pages or [[FAO]]'s digital repositories.<ref name="Inventory of resources"/> Over the last years, another identified area for improvement was the simplicity of the system methodology, being the resources only linked from country pages and thus, lacking real integration. This need was addressed by starting to integrate additional data, such as, the fisheries charts or the news and events items taken from [[AgriFeeds]]. In addition, in order to provide more complete country profiles, the system started to link or integrate  non-[[FAO]] resources.
+Early criticism of the [[FAO]] Country Profiles was that it only contained few resources. Since 2002, the number of available resources has increased to cover country-based information and data, directly linked from [[FAO]]'s web pages or [[FAO]]'s digital repositories.<ref name="Inventory of resources"/> Over the last years, another identified area for improvement was the simplicity of the system methodology, being the resources only linked from country pages and thus, lacking real integration. This need was addressed by starting to integrate additional data, such as, the fisheries charts or the news and events items taken from [[AgriFeeds]].
 == See also ==
@@ Line 113: / Line 108: @@
 == References ==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|33em}}
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/default.asp?lang=en FAO Country Profiles]
-* [http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm FAO membership]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714053406/http://www.fao.org/Legal/member-e.htm FAO membership]
 * [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc.asp?lang=en Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDC)]
 * [http://www.fao.org/sids/index_en.asp Small Island Developing States (SIDS)]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Fao Country Profiles}}
-[[Category:Agriculture]]
 [[Category:Agriculture by country| FAO]]
 [[Category:Knowledge representation]]