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{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{Short description|Dialect of Wenzhounese Wu Chinese}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Ruian dialect
|name=Ruian dialect
|nativename={{Lang|wuu-Hant|瑞安話}}
|nativename={{Lang|wuu-Hant|瑞安話}}
|pronunciation={{IPA-wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}}
|pronunciation={{IPA-wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}}
|states=[[People's Republic of China]]
|states=[[China]]
|region=[[Wenzhou]] prefecture, [[Zhejiang]] province
|region=[[Wenzhou]] prefecture, [[Zhejiang]] province
|speakers= 1 million
|date=2011
|date=2011
|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam3=[[Wu Chinese|Wu]]
|fam3=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|fam4=[[Oujiang dialect|Oujiang]]
|fam4=[[Wu Chinese|Wu]]
|fam5=[[Oujiang dialect|Oujiang]]
|isoexception=dialect
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|glotto=none
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}}
}}


'''Ruian dialect''' (瑞安話; pronounced {{IPA-wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}} in Ruian dialect) is a [[dialect]] of [[Wu Chinese]] spoken in [[Ruian]]. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of [[Wu Chinese]] dialects.
The '''Ruian dialect''' ({{Zh|c=瑞安話}}; pronounced {{IPA-wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}} in the Rui'an dialect; standard {{Zh|p=Ruì'ānhuà}}) is a [[dialect]] of [[Wu Chinese]] spoken in [[Ruian]]. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of [[Wu Chinese]] dialects. It is closely related to the Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred to as [[Wenzhounese]].
It is strictly related to Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred as [[Wenzhounese]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!colspan=2| 
!colspan=2| 
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
Line 34: Line 34:
|-align=center
|-align=center
!rowspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!rowspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!<small>[[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small>{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
|{{IPA link|m̥}} 猫
|ʔm 猫
⚫
|
⚫
|{{IPA link|n̥}} 嬭
|ʔn 嬭
|{{IPA link|ɲ̥}} 蛲
|ʔȵ 蛲
|{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}
|ʔŋ
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-align=center
|-align=center
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|m}} 迷
|{{IPA|m}} 迷
⚫
|
|{{IPA|n}} 拿
|{{IPA|n}} 拿
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} 寧
|{{IPA link|ȵ}} 寧
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} 咬
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} 咬
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
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!<small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
!<small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA|pʰ}} 怕
|{{IPA|pʰ}} 怕
|
|{{IPA|tʰ}} 聽
|{{IPA|tʰ}} 聽
|
|
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!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
|{{IPA|p}} 巴
|{{IPA|p}} 巴
|
|{{IPA|t}} 丁
|{{IPA|t}} 丁
|
|
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!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|b}} 爬
|{{IPA|b}} 爬
|
|{{IPA|d}} 停
|{{IPA|d}} 停
|
|
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!rowspan=3|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!rowspan=3|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
!<small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA|tsʰ}} 寸
|{{IPA|tsʰ}} 寸
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|-align=center
|-align=center
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ts}} 增
|{{IPA|ts}} 增
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|-align=center
|-align=center
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|
|{{IPA|dz}} 茶
|{{IPA|dz}} 茶
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|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-align=center
|-align=center
!rowspan=3|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA|fʰ}} 方
⚫
|{{IPA|f}} 方
|{{IPA|s}} 森
|{{IPA|s}} 森
|{{IPA link|ɕ}} 想
|{{IPA link|ɕ}} 想
|
|
|{{IPA|h}} 好
|{{IPA|h}} 好
|-align=center
|- align="center"
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|f}} 歪
|
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
|&nbsp;
|-align=center
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|v}} 會
|{{IPA|v}} 會
|{{IPA|z}} 時
|{{IPA|z}} 時
|
|
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|{{IPA|ɦ}} 紅
|{{IPA link|ɦ}} 紅
|-align=center
|- align="center"
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>[[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small>{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
|{{IPA|ʔw}} 灣
|{{IPA|ʔw}} 灣
|{{IPA|l̥}} 拉
|ʔ{{IPAlink|ʋ}} 歪
|ʔl 拉
|{{IPA|ʔj}} 腰
|{{IPA|ʔj}} 腰
|
|
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-align=center
|- align="center"
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|w}} 換
|{{IPA|w}} 換
|
|{{IPA|l}} 辣
|{{IPA|l}} 辣
|{{IPA|j}} 藥
|{{IPA|j}} 藥
Line 131: Line 136:


===Finals===
===Finals===
There are the following finals:
Rui'an has the following finals:


嘸 {{IPA|[m]}}, 兒 {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
嘸 {{IPA|[m]}}, 兒 {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
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姹 {{IPA|[a]}}, 好 {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, 包 {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
姹 {{IPA|[a]}}, 好 {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, 包 {{IPA|[ɔ]}}


海 {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, 先 {{IPA|[i]}}， 思 {{IPA|[ɨ]}}
海 {{IPA|[e̝]}}, 先 {{IPA|[i]}}, 思 {{IPA|[ɿ]}}

下 {{IPA|[o̝]}}, 布 {{IPA|[ʉ]}} ~ 圖 {{IPA|[ɘʉ]}} ~ 水 {{IPA|[ʮ]}}

⚫
全 {{IPA|[y]}}, 安 {{IPA|[ø]}}, 歌 {{IPA|[ʋ̩ʷ]}}


畫 {{IPA|[o]}}, 布 {{IPA|[ɯ]}}， 水 {{IPA|[ɘʉ]}}
會 {{IPA|[ɐi]}}, 走 {{IPA|[ɐu̜]}}


全 {{IPA|[y]}}, 安 {{IPA|[ø]}}
李 {{IPA|[ei]}}, 六 {{IPA|[əu̜]}}


會 {{IPA|[ai]}}， 走 {{IPA|[ɐɯ]}}
涼 {{IPA|[iɛ]}}, 關 {{IPA|[uɔ]}}, 花 {{IPA|[uo̝]}}


李 {{IPA|[ei]}}， 六 {{IPA|[əɯ]}}
經 {{IPA|[ɐŋ]}}, 聽 {{IPA|[əŋ]}}, 公 {{IPA|[oŋ]}}.


Additional finals for older accents include
⚫
涼 {{IPA|[iɛ]}}, 關 {{IPA|[uɔ]}}


經 {{IPA|[̥ɐŋ]}}，聽 {{IPA|[əŋ]}}, 公 {{IPA|[oŋ]}}
天 {{IPA|[ie̝]}}, 橋 {{IPA|[yø]}}, 頭 {{IPA|[iəu̜]}}


===Tones===
===Tones===
In Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽)categories.
In the Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽) categories. In combination with another tone, it can change depending on the [[tone sandhi]] system.
In combination with another tone, it can change depending on Tone Sandhi system.


Yin Ping 陰平 {{IPA|[˦]}} 44 江天飛三
Yin Ping 陰平 {{IPA|[˦]}} 44 江天飛三
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Yang Ru 陽入 {{IPA|[˨˩˨]}} 212 六肉白石
Yang Ru 陽入 {{IPA|[˨˩˨]}} 212 六肉白石


===Tone Sandhi===
===Tone sandhi===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}
In bisyllabic words, there are phonetically only six tones, ''high flat'' ˦, ''middle flat'' ˧, ''rising'' ˨˦, ''departing'' ˦˨, ''entering'' ˨˩˨ and ''short'' ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.
In bisyllabic words, the Rui'an dialect phonetically has only six tones, ''high flat'' ˦, ''middle flat'' ˧, ''rising'' ˨˦, ''departing'' ˦˨, ''entering'' ˨˩˨ and ''short'' ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.
{{Confusing|1=table|reason=Chinese terms for tone categories should be explained or replaced by English terms. And what does “Example” stand for?|date=January 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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{| class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
|-
! Pronouns !! IPA !! Chinese character
! Pronoun !! IPA !! Transcription
|-
|-
| 1st person sing. || ŋ˧˦ || 吾
| 1st person sing. || ŋ˧˦ || 吾
|-
|-
| 2nd person sing. || ɲi˧˦ || 爾
| 2nd person sing. || ȵi˧˦ || 爾
|-
|-
| 3rd person sing. || ɡɪ˧˩ || 渠/佢
| 3rd person sing. || ɡe̝˧˩ || 渠/佢
|-
|-
| reflessive sing. || zɨ˨ || 自
| reflexive sing. || zɿ˨ || 自
|-
|-
| 1st person plur. || ŋ˨˦lɪ˨, ŋ˨˦lɑ˨ || 吾俚， 吾啦
| 1st person plur. || ŋ˨˦ le̝˨, ŋ˨˦ la˨ || 吾俚， 吾啦
|-
|-
| 2nd person plur. || ɲi˨˦lɪ˨, ɲi˨˦lɑ˨ || 爾俚， 爾啦
| 2nd person plur. || ȵi˨˦ le̝˨, ȵi˨˦ la˨ || 爾俚， 爾啦
|-
|-
| 3rd person plur. || ɡɪ˦˨lɪ˨, ɡɪ˦˨lɑ˨|| 渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
| 3rd person plur. || ɡe̝˦˨ le̝˨, ɡe̝˦˨ la˨|| 渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
|-
|-
| reflessive plur. || zɨ˧lɪ˨, zɨ˧lɑ˨ || 自俚， 自啦
| reflexive plur. || zɿ˧ le̝˨, zɿ˧ la˨ || 自俚， 自啦
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
|-
! Numerals !! IPA !! Chinese character
! Numerals !! IPA !! Transcription
|-
|-
| o || ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦ || 零, 斷<sup>1</sup>
| 0 || ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦ || 零, 斷<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
| 1 || ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧ || 一<sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup>
| 1 || ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧ || 一<sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
| 2 || ŋ˨, la˧˦ || 二, 兩<sup>1</sup>
| 2 || ŋ˨, la˧˦ || 二, 兩<sup>1</sup>
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| 3 || sɔ˦ ||三
| 3 || sɔ˦ ||三
|-
|-
| 4 || sɨ˥˨ || 四
| 4 || sɿ˥˨ || 四
|-
|-
| 5 || ŋ˧˦|| 五
| 5 || ŋ˧˦|| 五
|-
|-
| 6 || ləɯ˧˨˧|| 六
| 6 || ləu̜˧˨˧|| 六
|-
|-
| 7 || tsʰa˧˨˧|| 七
| 7 || tsʰa˧˨˧|| 七
|-
|-
| 8 || po˧˨˧|| 八
| 8 || po̝˧˨˧|| 八
|-
|-
| 9 || tɕɑɯ˧˥|| 九
| 9 || tɕɐu̜˧˥|| 九
|-
|-
| 10 || za˨˩˨ || 十
| 10 || za˨˩˨ || 十
|-
|-
| 20 || ɲɛ˨ || 廿
| 20 || ȵiɛ˨ || 廿
|-
|-
| 30 || sɔ˧ za˧ || 三十
| 30 || sɔ˧ za˧ || 三十
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| 10.000 || i˨ mɔ˧ || 一萬
| 10.000 || i˨ mɔ˧ || 一萬
|}
|}
:<sup>1</sup> the first three lectures are used when are alone or follow 第 to form
:<sup>1</sup> used when are alone or follow 第 to form ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.
ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.
:<sup>2</sup> the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.
:<sup>2</sup> the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.


Line 350: Line 359:
{| class="wikitable IPA"
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|-
|-
! Translation !! IPA !! Chinese Character !! Mandarin
! Meaning !! IPA !! Transcription !! Mandarin equivalent
|-
|-
| to see, to look || [tsʰɨ˥˨] || 眥 || 看
| to see, to look || [tsʰɿ˥˨] || 眥 || 看
|-
|-
| to hear, to listen || [tʰəŋ˦] || 聽 || 聽
| to hear, to listen || [tʰəŋ˦] || 聽 || 聽
|-
|-
| to ask || [mɑŋ˨] || 問 || 問
| to ask || [mɐŋ˨] || 問 || 問
|-
|-
| to look for || [zɑŋ˧˩] || 尋 || 找， 尋找
| to look for || [zɐŋ˧˩] || 尋 || 找， 尋找
|-
|-
| to smell || [hoŋ˥˨] || 嗅 || 聞
| to smell || [hoŋ˥˨] || 嗅 || 聞
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| to know || [sei˧˨˧] || 識 || 認識
| to know || [sei˧˨˧] || 識 || 認識
|-
|-
| to say, to speak || [ko˧˥] || 講 || 說
| to say, to speak || [ko̝˧˥] || 講 || 說
|-
|-
| to curse || [kɑŋ˥˨] || 謴 || 罵
| to curse || [kɐŋ˥˨] || 謴 || 罵
|-
|-
| to eat || [tɕʰi˧˨˧] || 喫 || 吃
| to eat || [tɕʰi˧˨˧] || 喫 || 吃
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| chopstick || [dzei˨] || 箸 || 筷子
| chopstick || [dzei˨] || 箸 || 筷子
|-
|-
| to stand || [ɡɪ˧˦] || 徛 || 站
| to stand || [ɡe̝˧˦] || 徛 || 站
|-
|-
| poket || [tɑɯ˦] || 兜 || 口袋
| pocket || [tɐu̜˦] || 兜 || 口袋
|-
|-
| salted vegetables || [tsʰɪ˨˩˨ɦɔ˨] || 菜鹹 || 鹹菜
| salted vegetables || [tsʰe̝˨˩˨ ɦɔ˨] || 菜鹹 || 鹹菜
|-
|-
| chopping block || [pɔ˧tsɑŋ˨˦] || 板砧 || 砧板
| chopping block || [pɔ˧ tsɐŋ˨˦] || 板砧 || 砧板
|-
|-
| icing sugar || [do˨ɕo˧] || 糖霜 || 糖霜
| icing sugar || [do̝˨ ɕo̝˧] || 糖霜 || 糖霜
|-
|-
| thing, object || [ʔmɯ˦zɨ˧] || 物事 || 東西
| thing, object || [ʔmʉ˦ zɿ˧] || 物事 || 東西
|-
|-
| rice spoon || [vɔ˦tɕɛ˧] || 飯槳 || 飯勺
| rice spoon || [vɔ˦ tɕiɛ˧] || 飯槳 || 飯勺
|-
|-
| radish || [tʰsɪ˨˩˨dəɯ˨] || 菜頭 || 蘿蔔
| radish || [tsʰe̝˨˩˨ dəu̜˨] || 菜頭 || 蘿蔔
|-
|-
| trouble || [sa˦zəɯ˨˦] || 生受 || 麻煩
| trouble || [sa˦ zəu̜˨˦] || 生受 || 麻煩
|-
|-
| doctor || [i˧sɨ˧] || 醫師 || 醫生
| doctor || [i˧ sɿ˧] || 醫師 || 醫生
|-
|-
| blind || [mo˨˩˨ do˨] || 盲瞊 || 瞎子
| blind || [ʔmo̝˨˩˨ do̝˨] || 盲瞊 || 瞎子
|-
|-
| wife || [lɛ˦ø˧] || 老安 || 老婆
| wife || [lɛ˦ ʔø˧] || 老安 || 老婆
|-
|-
| unfamiliar || [ta˦sa˧] || 打生 || 陌生
| unfamiliar || [ta˦ sa˧] || 打生 || 陌生
|-
|-
| eagle || [ta˧ʔjɑŋ˧] || 咄鷹 || 貓頭鷹
| eagle || [ta˧ ʔjɐŋ˧] || 咄鷹 || 貓頭鷹
|-
|-
| mole cricket || [tʰəɯ˦kɑɯ˨˦] || 土狗 || 蝼蛄
| mole cricket || [tʰɘʉ˦ kɐu̜˨˦] || 土狗 || 蝼蛄
|-
|-
| bicycle || [dɔ˨tɕɔ˦tʰso˧] || 踏腳車 || 自行车
| bicycle || [dɔ˨ tɕɔ˦ tsʰo̝˧] || 踏腳車 || 自行车
|-
|-
| instrument || [ko˨sa˦ɦɯ˨˦] || 家生货 || 家具
| instrument || [ko̝˨ sa˦ fʋ̩ʷ˨˦] || 家生货 || 家具
|-
|-
| young, teenager || [ɦɑɯ˧sa˨˩˨ŋ˨] || 後生兒 || 年輕人
| young, teenager || [ɦɐu̜˧ sa˨˩˨ ŋ˨] || 後生兒 || 年輕人
|-
|-
| serious， powerful || [dəɯ˦bei˨tɕɛ˧] || 肚皮掌 || 厲害
| serious， powerful || [dəu̜˦ bei˨ tɕiɛ˧] || 肚皮掌 || 厲害
|}
|}


===Readings===
===Readings===


Like other Wu dialects, in Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided in vernacular readings (白讀)and literary readings （文讀）, in comparison with other Wu dialects, Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings.
Like other Wu dialects, in the Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided into vernacular readings (白讀) and literary readings (文讀), in comparison with other Wu dialects, the Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings.
Below are some samples.
Below are some samples.


Line 425: Line 434:
|-
|-
!reading
!reading
!transcription
!vocabulary
!meaning
!meaning
!reading
!reading
!transcription
!vocabulary
!meaning
!meaning
|-
|-
| 人
| 人
| sɑŋ ɲɑŋ
| sɐŋ ȵɐŋ
| 新人
| 新人
| bride
| bride
| koŋ zɑŋ
| koŋ zɐŋ
| 工人
| 工人
| worker
| worker
|-
|-
| 日
| 日
| nɪ tsɨ
| ne̝ tsɿ
| 日子
| 日子
| day
| day
Line 448: Line 457:
|-
|-
| 問
| 問
| mɑŋ ɦɛ
| mɐŋ ɦɛ
| 問號
| 問號
| question mark
| question mark
| vɑŋ dei
| vɐŋ dei
| 問題
| 問題
| question
| question
Line 459: Line 468:
| 無膽
| 無膽
| despondent
| despondent
| ɦɯ jo
| vʋ̩ʷ jo̝
| 無用
| 無用
| useless
| useless
|-
|-
| 龍
| 龍
| tsei ly
| tsei lo̝
| 紙龍
| 紙龍
| kite
| kite
Line 475: Line 484:
| 女兒
| 女兒
| daughter
| daughter
| ɲy zɨ
| ȵy zɿ
| 女士
| 女士
| lady
| lady
Line 482: Line 491:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Shanghainese]]
*[[Shanghainese]], another Wu Chinese dialect
*[[Suzhou dialect]]
*[[Suzhou dialect]]
*[[Ruian]]
*[[Ruian]], the city
*[[Wenzhounese]]
*[[Wenzhounese]], of which the variety of Rui'an is considered a dialect


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 17:13, 30 March 2024

Ruian dialect
瑞安話
Pronunciation[zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨]
Native toChina
RegionWenzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province
Native speakers
[citation needed]
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Ruian dialect (Chinese: 瑞安話; pronounced [zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨] in the Rui'an dialect; standard pinyin: Ruì'ānhuà) is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in Ruian. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of Wu Chinese dialects. It is closely related to the Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred to as Wenzhounese.

Phonology

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Initials

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  Labial Labiodental Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal tenuis ʔm 猫 ʔn 嬭 ʔȵ 蛲 ʔŋ  
voiced m 迷 n 拿 ȵ 寧 ŋ 咬  
Plosive aspirated pʰ 怕 tʰ 聽 kʰ 空
tenuis p 巴 t 丁 k 公 ʔ 愛
voiced b 爬 d 停 ɡ 爻
Affricate aspirated tsʰ 寸 tɕʰ 氣  
tenuis ts 增 tɕ 九  
voiced dz 茶 dʑ 求  
Fricative voiceless f 方 s 森 ɕ 想 h 好
voiced v 會 z 時   ɦ 紅
Approximant tenuis ʔw 灣 ʔʋ 歪 ʔl 拉 ʔj 腰  
voiced w 換 l 辣 j 藥

Finals

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Rui'an has the following finals:

嘸 [m], 兒 [ŋ]

姹 [a], 好 [ɛ], 包 [ɔ]

海 [e̝], 先 [i], 思 [ɿ]

下 [o̝], 布 [ʉ] ~ 圖 [ɘʉ] ~ 水 [ʮ]

全 [y], 安 [ø], 歌 [ʋ̩ʷ]

會 [ɐi], 走 [ɐu̜]

李 [ei], 六 [əu̜]

涼 [iɛ], 關 [uɔ], 花 [uo̝]

經 [ɐŋ], 聽 [əŋ], 公 [oŋ].

Additional finals for older accents include

天 [ie̝], 橋 [yø], 頭 [iəu̜]

Tones

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In the Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽) categories. In combination with another tone, it can change depending on the tone sandhi system.

Yin Ping 陰平 [˦] 44 江天飛三

Yang Ping 陽平 [˧˩] 31 來同魚球

Yin Shang 陰上 [˧˥] 35 懂紙古本

Yang Shang 陽上 [˨˦] 24 近淡厚似

Yin Qu 陰去 [˥˨] 52 對去貨歲

Yang Qu 陽去 [˨] 22 外地路住

Yin Ru 陰入 [˧˨˧] 323 七博塔各

Yang Ru 陽入 [˨˩˨] 212 六肉白石

Tone sandhi

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In bisyllabic words, the Rui'an dialect phonetically has only six tones, high flat ˦, middle flat ˧, rising ˨˦, departing ˦˨, entering ˨˩˨ and short ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.

tones 陰平 陰上 陰去 陰入 陽平 陽上 陽去 陽入
陰平 0A AC ED AE AD Example Example Example
陰上 AB 0C D0 AE D0 Example Example Example
陰去 Example Example Example D0 Example 0C Example Example
陰入 Example Example E0 Example Example Example Example E0
陽平 AE Example 0C Example Example Example Example Example
陽上 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
陽去 0A Example C0 Example Example Example C0 Example
陽入 0A 0C Example Example Example Example Example Example

Grammar

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Sentence Structure

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Classifiers

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Verbs

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Adverbs

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Ruian dialect

Lexicon

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Pronouns

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Pronoun IPA Transcription
1st person sing. ŋ˧˦ 吾
2nd person sing. ȵi˧˦ 爾
3rd person sing. ɡe̝˧˩ 渠/佢
reflexive sing. zɿ˨ 自
1st person plur. ŋ˨˦ le̝˨, ŋ˨˦ la˨ 吾俚， 吾啦
2nd person plur. ȵi˨˦ le̝˨, ȵi˨˦ la˨ 爾俚， 爾啦
3rd person plur. ɡe̝˦˨ le̝˨, ɡe̝˦˨ la˨ 渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
reflexive plur. zɿ˧ le̝˨, zɿ˧ la˨ 自俚， 自啦

Numerals

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Numerals IPA Transcription
0 ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦ 零, 斷1
1 ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧ 一1 2
2 ŋ˨, la˧˦ 二, 兩1
3 sɔ˦ 三
4 sɿ˥˨ 四
5 ŋ˧˦ 五
6 ləu̜˧˨˧ 六
7 tsʰa˧˨˧ 七
8 po̝˧˨˧ 八
9 tɕɐu̜˧˥ 九
10 za˨˩˨ 十
20 ȵiɛ˨ 廿
30 sɔ˧ za˧ 三十
100 i˨ pa˧˨˧ 一百
1000 i˨ tɕʰi˧ 一千
10.000 i˨ mɔ˧ 一萬
1 used when are alone or follow 第 to form ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.
2 the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.

Vocabulary

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Below is a list of the most common vocabulary in Ruian dialect.

Meaning IPA Transcription Mandarin equivalent
to see, to look [tsʰɿ˥˨] 眥 看
to hear, to listen [tʰəŋ˦] 聽 聽
to ask [mɐŋ˨] 問 問
to look for [zɐŋ˧˩] 尋 找， 尋找
to smell [hoŋ˥˨] 嗅 聞
to know [sei˧˨˧] 識 認識
to say, to speak [ko̝˧˥] 講 說
to curse [kɐŋ˥˨] 謴 罵
to eat [tɕʰi˧˨˧] 喫 吃
to drink [hɔ˧˨˧] 呷 喝
chopstick [dzei˨] 箸 筷子
to stand [ɡe̝˧˦] 徛 站
pocket [tɐu̜˦] 兜 口袋
salted vegetables [tsʰe̝˨˩˨ ɦɔ˨] 菜鹹 鹹菜
chopping block [pɔ˧ tsɐŋ˨˦] 板砧 砧板
icing sugar [do̝˨ ɕo̝˧] 糖霜 糖霜
thing, object [ʔmʉ˦ zɿ˧] 物事 東西
rice spoon [vɔ˦ tɕiɛ˧] 飯槳 飯勺
radish [tsʰe̝˨˩˨ dəu̜˨] 菜頭 蘿蔔
trouble [sa˦ zəu̜˨˦] 生受 麻煩
doctor [i˧ sɿ˧] 醫師 醫生
blind [ʔmo̝˨˩˨ do̝˨] 盲瞊 瞎子
wife [lɛ˦ ʔø˧] 老安 老婆
unfamiliar [ta˦ sa˧] 打生 陌生
eagle [ta˧ ʔjɐŋ˧] 咄鷹 貓頭鷹
mole cricket [tʰɘʉ˦ kɐu̜˨˦] 土狗 蝼蛄
bicycle [dɔ˨ tɕɔ˦ tsʰo̝˧] 踏腳車 自行车
instrument [ko̝˨ sa˦ fʋ̩ʷ˨˦] 家生货 家具
young, teenager [ɦɐu̜˧ sa˨˩˨ ŋ˨] 後生兒 年輕人
serious， powerful [dəu̜˦ bei˨ tɕiɛ˧] 肚皮掌 厲害

Readings

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Like other Wu dialects, in the Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided into vernacular readings (白讀) and literary readings (文讀), in comparison with other Wu dialects, the Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings. Below are some samples.

Hanzi Vernacular Literary
reading transcription meaning reading transcription meaning
人 sɐŋ ȵɐŋ 新人 bride koŋ zɐŋ 工人 worker
日 ne̝ tsɿ 日子 day za dʑi 日期 date
問 mɐŋ ɦɛ 問號 question mark vɐŋ dei 問題 question
無 ŋ tɔ 無膽 despondent vʋ̩ʷ jo̝ 無用 useless
龍 tsei lo̝ 紙龍 kite kʰoŋ loŋ 恐龍 dinosaur
女 na ŋ 女兒 daughter ȵy zɿ 女士 lady

See also

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References

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