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'''Alfred Egmont Hake''' (1849–1916) was an English author and social thinker.
{{Short description|English author and social thinker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
'''Alfred Egmont Hake''' (1849–1916) was an English author and social thinker. He became associated with the narrative of [[Charles George Gordon]] as a figure of the British Empire, in a fortuitous way.


==Life==
==Early life==
He was a son of [[Thomas Gordon Hake]].<ref>{{cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Hake, Thomas Gordon|volume=2}}</ref>
Hake was born in [[Bury St Edmunds]], the fourth son of Lucy Bush and [[Thomas Gordon Hake]], a physician. An early friend was [[William Michael Rossetti]], his father being involved professionally with the Rossetti family. He joined the [[Savile Club]] in 1878.<ref>{{cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Hake, Thomas Gordon|volume=2}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=75599|first= Cristiano|last=Camporesi|title=Hake, Alfred Egmont}}</ref>


==The General Gordon story==
⚫
A Conservative supporter, Hake lectured on [[Charles George Gordon]] and the failure of the Liberal government to rescue him in [[Khartoum]], before the [[United Kingdom general election, 1885]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Berny Sèbe|title=Heroic imperialists in Africa: The promotion of British and French colonial heroes, 1870-1939|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Fe6SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160|date=1 November 2015|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-0350-5|page=160}}</ref> Gordon was a first cousin of his father, his paternal grandmother Augusta Maria Hake (née Gordon) being Gordon's aunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/pageturner.cfmid=95000706&mode=transcription|title=digital.nls.uk, ''Bibliography of the Gordons'' (150) Page 130 Histories of Scottish families - National Library of Scotland|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref> Hake edited ''The State'', a weekly.
[[Charles George Gordon]] was a first cousin of Hake's father, his paternal grandmother Augusta Maria Hake (née Gordon) being Gordon's aunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/95000706|title=Bibliography of the Gordons'|last=|first=|date=|website=National Library of Scotland|page=130|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref> In 1884 Hake published ''The Story of Chinese Gordon''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alfred Egmont Hake|author2=Hugh Craig|title=The Story of Chinese Gordon|url=https://archive.org/details/storychinesegor00craigoog|year=1884|publisher=R. Worthington}}</ref> It concentrated on Gordon's role opposing the [[Taiping Rebellion]]. It became topical with the [[Siege of Khartoum]] launched that year by [[Mahdist Sudan|Mahdist]] forces. A companion volume ''Gordon in China and Soudan'' was published in 1885, and sold well.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth E. Hendrickson|title=Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809-1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScIRAzQHPAEC&pg=PA176|date=January 1998|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3729-6|page=176 note 34}}</ref>

While Gordon remained in the besieged city of Khartoum, journals were taken out through the lines; J. Donald Hamill-Stewart, who left in September 1884, had been keeping a journal, a task taken over by Gordon himself from 10 September. What he wrote to 14 December was brought out, and sent to London.<ref>Nicoll, pp. 25–6</ref> [[Sir Henry William Gordon]], Gordon's brother, was entitled to the papers, after Gordon's death on 26 January 1885; and decided that Hake should edit them. On the other hand, the [[War Office]] wanted them suppressed. Gordon himself had thought some very personal comments should not be published; while the content included extended attacks on the current Liberal administration of [[W. E. Gladstone]]. Sir Henry was apparently unaware of Hake's political sympathies (he was a strong Conservative supporter).<ref>Nicoll, p. 26 and pp. 32–3</ref>

In the end a popular, two-volume edition of Gordon's journal appeared, with Hake as editor, on 25 June 1885. He added an introduction strongly critical of the government's inactivity in supporting Gordon.<ref>Nicoll, pp. 32–3</ref> Sir Henry Gordon required, contractually, that substantial redaction of the text removed a large number of personal references. Heavy criticism of [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Evelyn Baring]] remained.<ref>Nicoll, pp. 32–4</ref> Hake took advice from [[Wilfrid Meynell]], and consulted [[Wilfred Scawen Blunt]] the Arabist on background.<ref>Nicoll, p. 36 and p. 41</ref>

⚫
Hake then lectured on Gordon and the failure of the Liberal government to rescue him in [[Khartoum]], before the [[1885 United Kingdom general election]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Berny Sèbe|title=Heroic imperialists in Africa: The promotion of British and French colonial heroes, 1870-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe6SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160|date=1 November 2015|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-0350-5|page=160}}</ref> He undertook a tour in England and Scotland, from the late summer to November: the election campaign started on 24 November.<ref>Nicoll, p. 42</ref> The Conservatives supported the tour covertly through [[Richard Middleton (political agent)|Richard Middleton]]; and finance was provided by [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Cranborne]] and his sister, with whom Hake was in contact in October and December.<ref>Nicoll, p. 36 and p. 44 note 94</ref>

==Later life==
Hake edited in 1866 ''The State'', a Conservative weekly; it had a short lifespan.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>Nicoll, p. 43 note 77</ref> He became interested in the economics of [[free trade]], was a critic of the [[Bank Charter Act 1844]], and invented a system of banking; which [[Oscar Wilde]] found amusing. He wrote works for the Free Trade in Capital League.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Oscar Wilde|title=The letters of Oscar Wilde|year=1962|publisher=R. Hart-Davis|page=520}}</ref>

Hake died on 8 December 1916 of [[peripheral neuritis]], in the City of London Lunatic Asylum, [[Stone, Kent]].<ref name="ODNB"/>


==Works==
==Works==
Hake wrote:
Hake collaborated with [[David Christie Murray]] on novels.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Murray, David Christie|volume=2}}</ref> He also wrote a biography of [[Charles George Gordon]].


*''Paris Originals: With Twenty Etchings'' (1878)<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred Egmont Hake|title=Paris Originals: With Twenty Etchings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ukQQB5XCYWAC|year=1878|publisher=C. Kegan Paul & Company}}</ref>
*''Paris Originals: With Twenty Etchings'' (1878)<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred Egmont Hake|title=Paris Originals: With Twenty Etchings|url=https://archive.org/details/parisoriginalsw00hakegoog|year=1878|publisher=C. Kegan Paul & Company}}</ref>
*''The Unemployed Problem solved'' (1884), pamphlet
*''The Unemployed Problem solved'' (1884), pamphlet
*''The New Dance of Death'' (1884) with J. G. Lefebre<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Dance of Death|author1=A. E. Hake|author2=J. G. Lefebre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQwGAAAAQAAJ|year=1884}}</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023004215 ''The Story of Chinese Gordon''] (1884). The updated New York edition was expanded by Hugh Craig.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Books|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicalbook0000unse_g3y8|url-access=registration|year=1983|publisher=Bowker|isbn=978-0-8352-1603-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicalbook0000unse_g3y8/page/563 563]}}</ref>
⚫
*''Gordon in China and the Soudan'' (1885), companion volume to the above.
⚫
*[https://archive.org/details/agw4053.0001.001.umich.edu ''The Journals of Major-gen. C.G. Gordon, C.B., at Kartoum''] (1885, 2 vols.), editor
*''Remington's Annual'' (1889), editor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000338/18891012/024/0003|title=(none)|date=12 October 1889|work=Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald|pages=3|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
*''Remington's Annual'' (1889), editor<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000338/18891012/024/0003|title=(none)|date=12 October 1889|work=Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald|pages=3|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/freetradeincapit00hake ''Free Trade in Capital: Or, Free Competition in the Supply of Capital to Labour, and Its Bearings on the Political and Social Questions of the Day''] (1890), with O. E. Wesslau.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alfred Egmont Hake|author2=O. E. Wesslau|title=Free Trade in Capital: Or, Free Competition in the Supply of Capital to Labour, and Its Bearings on the Political and Social Questions of the Day|url=https://archive.org/details/freetradeincapit00hakeuoft|year=1890|publisher=Remington & Company}}</ref> For the views of the Free Trade in Capital League, an anti-socialist organisation.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Anthony Howe|title=Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846-1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXn2UXCCTQ4C&pg=PA192|year=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-820146-5|page=192 note 9}}</ref>
*''Events in the Taeping Rebellion'' (1891)
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023126729 ''Events in the Taeping Rebellion''] (1891), editor<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles George Gordon|author2=Forbes Lugard Story|title=Events in the Taeping Rebellion|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023126729|year=1891|publisher=W. H. Allen and Company, Limited}}</ref>
⚫
*''Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau'' (1896).<ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred Egmont Hake|title=Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yp8RAAAAYAAJ|year=1896|publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons}}</ref> Hake linked [[Max Nordau]]'s ideas in ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' with the possibility of [[imperial decline]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Smith|title=Victorian Demons: Medicine, Masculinity, and the Gothic at the Fin-de-siècle|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rb6PqWU-YtEC&pg=PA16|date=4 September 2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6357-2|page=16}}</ref> Members of Nordau's family called the book [[anti-Semitic]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christian Weikop|title=New Perspectives on Brücke Expressionism: Bridging History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mqYnE8H9qYcC&pg=PA208|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-1203-8|page=208 note 28}}</ref> It has also been called a "hatchet job".<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Karschay|title=Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tvm3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169|date=6 January 2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-45033-3|page=169 note 196}}</ref>
*''Suffering London - Or, the Hygiene, Moral, Social, and Political Relations of Our Voluntary Hospitals to Society''
*[https://archive.org/details/sufferinglondono00hakerich ''Suffering London - Or, the Hygiene, Moral, Social, and Political Relations of Our Voluntary Hospitals to Society''] (1892)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sufferinglondono00hakerich|title=Suffering London; or, The hygiene, moral, social, and political relations of our voluntary hospitals to society|last1=Hake|first1=Alfred Egmont|year=1892|via=[[Internet Archive]]|publisher=The Scientific Press, Ltd.|accessdate=14 July 2016|location=London}}</ref>
⚫
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924029763012 ''Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau''] (1896). This book was published anonymously.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred Egmont Hake|title=Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau|url=https://archive.org/details/regenerationare00butlgoog|year=1896|publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons}}</ref> Hake linked [[Max Nordau]]'s ideas in ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' with the possibility of [[imperial decline]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Smith|title=Victorian Demons: Medicine, Masculinity, and the Gothic at the Fin-de-siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb6PqWU-YtEC&pg=PA16|date=4 September 2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6357-2|page=16}}</ref> Members of Nordau's family called the book [[anti-Semitic]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christian Weikop|title=New Perspectives on Brücke Expressionism: Bridging History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqYnE8H9qYcC&pg=PA208|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-1203-8|page=208 note 28}}</ref> It has also been called a "hatchet job".<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Karschay|title=Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tvm3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169|date=6 January 2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-45033-3|page=169 note 196}}</ref> On the other hand, Camporesi in the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' describes it as "a fundamental and seminal work, proposing not only a cultural and anthropological interpretation of the sociological problems, but even a philosophy of history and a theodicy."
⚫
*''Gordon in China and the Soudan''
*[https://archive.org/details/comingindividua00vanegoog ''The Coming Individualism''] (1895) with O. E. Wesslau<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alfred Egmont Hake|author2=O. E. Wesslau|title=The Coming Individualism|url=https://archive.org/details/comingindividua00vanegoog|year=1895|publisher=A. Constable}}</ref>
⚫
*''The Journals of Major-gen. C.G. Gordon, C.B., at Kartoum'' (2 vols.), editor
*''The Coming Individualism'', with O. E. Wesslau


He contributed to the ''Open Review'' of [[Arthur Kitson]].<ref>Tyler Cowen and Randall Kroszner, ''The Development of the New Monetary Economics'', Journal of Political Economy Vol. 95, No. 3 (Jun., 1987), pp. 567–590, at p. 581 note 35. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831978</ref>
Hake also collaborated with [[David Christie Murray]] on novels.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Murray, David Christie|volume=2}}</ref> He contributed to the ''Open Review'' of [[Arthur Kitson]].<ref>[[Tyler Cowen]] and Randall Kroszner, ''The Development of the New Monetary Economics'', Journal of Political Economy Vol. 95, No. 3 (Jun., 1987), pp. 567–590, at p. 581 note 35. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831978</ref>


==Family==
==Family==
In 1879 Hake married Philippa Mary Handley, daughter of Alexander Charles Handley<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=75599|first= Cristiano|last=Camporesi|title=Hake, Alfred Egmont}}</ref>.
In 1879 Hake married Philippa Mary Handley, daughter of Alexander Charles Handley<ref name="ODNB"/>

==References==
*Fergus Nicoll, ''"Truest History, Struck Off at White Heat": The Politics of Editing Gordon's Khartoum Journals'', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Volume 38, Number 1, March 2010, pp.&nbsp;21–46(26)


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 28: Line 48:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author|id=45205}}
*[http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/khartoum.php ''The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885'', Alfred Egmont Hake in Eva March Tappan (ed.) ''The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song and Art'' (Boston, 1914) vol. III, pp. 240–249]
*[http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/khartoum.php ''The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885'', Alfred Egmont Hake in Eva March Tappan (ed.) ''The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song and Art'' (Boston, 1914) vol. III, pp. 240–249]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hake, Alfred Egmont}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Bury St Edmunds]]
[[Category:English book editors]]
[[Category:English newspaper editors]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:English biographers]]
[[Category:English male biographers]]

Latest revision as of 05:53, 1 April 2024

Alfred Egmont Hake (1849–1916) was an English author and social thinker. He became associated with the narrative of Charles George Gordon as a figure of the British Empire, in a fortuitous way.

Early life

[edit]

Hake was born in Bury St Edmunds, the fourth son of Lucy Bush and Thomas Gordon Hake, a physician. An early friend was William Michael Rossetti, his father being involved professionally with the Rossetti family. He joined the Savile Club in 1878.[1][2]

The General Gordon story

[edit]

Charles George Gordon was a first cousin of Hake's father, his paternal grandmother Augusta Maria Hake (née Gordon) being Gordon's aunt.[3] In 1884 Hake published The Story of Chinese Gordon.[4] It concentrated on Gordon's role opposing the Taiping Rebellion. It became topical with the Siege of Khartoum launched that year by Mahdist forces. A companion volume Gordon in China and Soudan was published in 1885, and sold well.[5]

While Gordon remained in the besieged city of Khartoum, journals were taken out through the lines; J. Donald Hamill-Stewart, who left in September 1884, had been keeping a journal, a task taken over by Gordon himself from 10 September. What he wrote to 14 December was brought out, and sent to London.[6] Sir Henry William Gordon, Gordon's brother, was entitled to the papers, after Gordon's death on 26 January 1885; and decided that Hake should edit them. On the other hand, the War Office wanted them suppressed. Gordon himself had thought some very personal comments should not be published; while the content included extended attacks on the current Liberal administration of W. E. Gladstone. Sir Henry was apparently unaware of Hake's political sympathies (he was a strong Conservative supporter).[7]

In the end a popular, two-volume edition of Gordon's journal appeared, with Hake as editor, on 25 June 1885. He added an introduction strongly critical of the government's inactivity in supporting Gordon.[8] Sir Henry Gordon required, contractually, that substantial redaction of the text removed a large number of personal references. Heavy criticism of Evelyn Baring remained.[9] Hake took advice from Wilfrid Meynell, and consulted Wilfred Scawen Blunt the Arabist on background.[10]

Hake then lectured on Gordon and the failure of the Liberal government to rescue him in Khartoum, before the 1885 United Kingdom general election.[11] He undertook a tour in England and Scotland, from the late summer to November: the election campaign started on 24 November.[12] The Conservatives supported the tour covertly through Richard Middleton; and finance was provided by Lord Cranborne and his sister, with whom Hake was in contact in October and December.[13]

Later life

[edit]

Hake edited in 1866 The State, a Conservative weekly; it had a short lifespan.[2][14] He became interested in the economics of free trade, was a critic of the Bank Charter Act 1844, and invented a system of banking; which Oscar Wilde found amusing. He wrote works for the Free Trade in Capital League.[2][15]

Hake died on 8 December 1916 of peripheral neuritis, in the City of London Lunatic Asylum, Stone, Kent.[2]

Works

[edit]

Hake wrote:

Hake also collaborated with David Christie Murray on novels.[29] He contributed to the Open Review of Arthur Kitson.[30]

Family

[edit]

In 1879 Hake married Philippa Mary Handley, daughter of Alexander Charles Handley[2]

References

[edit]
  • Fergus Nicoll, "Truest History, Struck Off at White Heat": The Politics of Editing Gordon's Khartoum Journals, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Volume 38, Number 1, March 2010, pp. 21–46(26)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). "Hake, Thomas Gordon" . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Camporesi, Cristiano. "Hake, Alfred Egmont". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75599. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ^ "Bibliography of the Gordons'". National Library of Scotland. p. 130. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  4. ^ Alfred Egmont Hake; Hugh Craig (1884). The Story of Chinese Gordon. R. Worthington.
  5. ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson (January 1998). Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809-1885. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 176 note 34. ISBN 978-0-8386-3729-6.
  6. ^ Nicoll, pp. 25–6
  7. ^ Nicoll, p. 26 and pp. 32–3
  8. ^ Nicoll, pp. 32–3
  9. ^ Nicoll, pp. 32–4
  10. ^ Nicoll, p. 36 and p. 41
  11. ^ Berny Sèbe (1 November 2015). Heroic imperialists in Africa: The promotion of British and French colonial heroes, 1870-1939. Manchester University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-5261-0350-5.
  12. ^ Nicoll, p. 42
  13. ^ Nicoll, p. 36 and p. 44 note 94
  14. ^ Nicoll, p. 43 note 77
  15. ^ Oscar Wilde (1962). The letters of Oscar Wilde. R. Hart-Davis. p. 520.
  16. ^ Alfred Egmont Hake (1878). Paris Originals: With Twenty Etchings. C. Kegan Paul & Company.
  17. ^ A. E. Hake; J. G. Lefebre (1884). The New Dance of Death.
  18. ^ Biographical Books. Bowker. 1983. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-8352-1603-6.
  19. ^ "(none)". Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald. 12 October 1889. p. 3. Retrieved 14 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  20. ^ Alfred Egmont Hake; O. E. Wesslau (1890). Free Trade in Capital: Or, Free Competition in the Supply of Capital to Labour, and Its Bearings on the Political and Social Questions of the Day. Remington & Company.
  21. ^ Anthony Howe (1997). Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846-1946. Clarendon Press. p. 192 note 9. ISBN 978-0-19-820146-5.
  22. ^ Charles George Gordon; Forbes Lugard Story (1891). Events in the Taeping Rebellion. W. H. Allen and Company, Limited.
  23. ^ Hake, Alfred Egmont (1892). Suffering London; or, The hygiene, moral, social, and political relations of our voluntary hospitals to society. London: The Scientific Press, Ltd. Retrieved 14 July 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Alfred Egmont Hake (1896). Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau. G. P. Putnam's sons.
  25. ^ Andrew Smith (4 September 2004). Victorian Demons: Medicine, Masculinity, and the Gothic at the Fin-de-siècle. Manchester University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7190-6357-2.
  26. ^ Christian Weikop (1 January 2011). New Perspectives on Brücke Expressionism: Bridging History. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 208 note 28. ISBN 978-1-4094-1203-8.
  27. ^ S. Karschay (6 January 2015). Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 169 note 196. ISBN 978-1-137-45033-3.
  28. ^ Alfred Egmont Hake; O. E. Wesslau (1895). The Coming Individualism. A. Constable.
  29. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Murray, David Christie" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  30. ^ Tyler Cowen and Randall Kroszner, The Development of the New Monetary Economics, Journal of Political Economy Vol. 95, No. 3 (Jun., 1987), pp. 567–590, at p. 581 note 35. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831978
[edit]
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