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{{Short description|British-American civil servant, suffragist, and nurse}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Adaline Weston Couzins
| name = Adaline Couzins
| image =
| image = Adaline_Weston_Couzins.jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_name = Adaline Weston
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1815|08|12}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1815|08|12}}
| birth_place = [[Brighton|Brighton, England]]
| birth_place = [[Brighton]], Sussex, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1892|05|09|1815|08|12}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1892|05|09|1815|08|12}}
| death_place = [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
| death_place = [[St. Louis, Missouri]], United States
| nationality =
| nationality = USA
| spouse = John Edward Decker Couzins (m. 1834)
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffragist]] and an [[American Civil War]] [[Nursing|nurse]]
| known_for = [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffragist]] and an [[American Civil War]] [[Nursing|nurse]]
| notable_works =
}}
}}


'''Adaline Weston Couzins''' (August 12, 1815 – May 9, 1892) was a civil servant, a [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffragist]], and an [[American Civil War]] [[Nursing|nurse]] who worked for the [[Ladies' aid societies|Ladies' Union Aid Society of]] [[St. Louis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/adaline-couzins/|title=Adaline Weston Couzins|last=Trout|first=Carlynn|date=September 9, 2016|website=American Association of University Women Columbia (MO) Branch|publisher=American Association of University Women|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> She spent most of her career as a nurse during the Civil War on [[Hospital Ships of the Sanitary Commission|hospital ships]] that tended to [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] soldiers all along the [[Mississippi River]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://civilwarwomenblog.com/adaline-weston-couzins/|title=Adaline Weston Couzins|last=MacLean|first=Maggie|date=October 1, 2015|website=Civil War Women|publisher=|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref>
'''Adaline Weston Couzins''' (August 12, 1815 – May 9, 1892) was a British-born American civil servant, a [[Women's suffrage in the United States|suffragist]], and a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Nursing|nurse]] who worked for the [[Ladies' aid societies|Ladies' Union Aid Society of]] [[St. Louis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://columbia-mo.aauw.net/notablewomen/womenac/adaline-couzins/|title=Adaline Weston Couzins|last=Trout|first=Carlynn|date=September 9, 2016|website=American Association of University Women Columbia (MO) Branch|publisher=American Association of University Women|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> She spent most of her career as a nurse during the Civil War on [[Hospital Ships of the Sanitary Commission|hospital ships]] that tended to [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] soldiers all along the [[Mississippi River]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://civilwarwomenblog.com/adaline-weston-couzins/|title=Adaline Weston Couzins|last=MacLean|first=Maggie|date=October 1, 2015|website=Civil War Women|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref>


Adaline moved to St. Louis, Missouri around 1823 from England and eventually married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834. Adaline and John had four children, one of them being [[Phoebe Couzins]] who was one of the first female lawyers in the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Missouri Biography|last=Christensen|first=Lawrence O.|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=1999|isbn=9780826212221|location=Columbia|pages=210–211|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>
Adaline moved to St. Louis, Missouri around 1823 from England and eventually married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834. Adaline and John had four children. Their daughter, [[Phoebe Couzins]], was one of the first female lawyers in the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Missouri Biography|last=Christensen|first=Lawrence O.|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=1999|isbn=9780826212221|location=Columbia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmiss00unse/page/210 210–211]|via=EBSCOhost|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmiss00unse/page/210}}</ref>


Adaline's first civil service was during the [[cholera]] [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|epidemic of 1849]] as her and her husband headed its relief corps. After Adaline heard of the Civil War she began working under Dr. Charles Pope, a surgeon in St. Louis. Adaline then joined the Ladies' Union Aid Society of St. Louis and was sent out to work in the field. While on the hospital ships she worked under Simon Pollack who was the chief surgeon for the [[Western Sanitary Commission]].<ref name=":2" />
Adaline's first civil service was during the [[cholera]] [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|epidemic of 1849]] as she and her husband headed its relief corps. After Adaline heard of the Civil War she began working under [[Dr. Charles Pope]], a surgeon in St. Louis. Adaline then joined the Ladies' Union Aid Society of St. Louis and was sent out to work in the field. While on the hospital ships she worked under [[Simon Pollack]] who was the chief surgeon for the [[Western Sanitary Commission]].<ref name=":2" />


While rescuing and caring for soldiers, Adaline was injured twice. She was first severely frostbitten in 1862 and then struck by a [[Minié ball|minie-ball]] fragment in 1863 at the siege of Vicksburg. Despite her injuries, Adaline continued her nursing duties.<ref name=":2" />
While rescuing and caring for soldiers, Adaline was injured twice. She was first severely frostbitten in 1862 and then struck by a [[Minié ball|minie-ball]] fragment in 1863 at the siege of Vicksburg. Despite her injuries, Adaline continued her nursing duties. After the Civil War, Adaline continued on her work as a civil servant. She founded the [[Female Guardian Home of St. Louis]], headed the [[Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Health Department of St Louis]], and campaigned for [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]]. Before her death, she was granted government pension on May 27, 1888, for her unrelenting services during the Civil War.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

After the Civil War, Adaline continued on her work as a civil servant. She founded the Female Guardian Home of St. Louis, headed the Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Department of St Louis, and campaigned for [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]]. Before her death, she was granted government pension on May 27, 1888, for her unrelenting services during the Civil War.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


== Early and family life ==
== Early and family life ==
Adaline Weston Couzins was born on August 12, 1815 in [[Brighton|Brighton, England]]. In about 1823, at the age of eight, she relocated to St. Louis, Missouri with her parents. Several years after her move to St. Louis, Adaline married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> John Couzins started his career as a carpenter, but later served as St. Louis's chief of police during the American Civil War, and from 1884 to 1887 he served as the U.S. marshal of the eastern district of Missouri.<ref name=":2" /> Adaline and John had four children together and their daughter, [[Phoebe Couzins]] was not only the first female graduate from [[Washington University School of Law|Washington University Law School in St. Louis]], but was also one of the first female lawyers in the United States, an advocate for women's suffrage, and she was the first female U.S. marshal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/c/couzins/|title=Phoebe Wilson Couzins|last=Harper|first=Kimberly|date=|website=Historic Missourians|publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri|access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>
Adaline Weston was born on August 12, 1815 in [[Brighton|Brighton, England]]. Around 1823, at the age of eight, she relocated to St. Louis, Missouri with her parents. Several years after her move to St. Louis, she married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> John Couzins started his career as a carpenter, but later served as St. Louis's chief of police during the American Civil War, and from 1884 to 1887 he served as the U.S. marshal of the eastern district of Missouri.<ref name=":2" /> Adaline and John had four children together and their daughter, [[Phoebe Couzins]] was not only the first female graduate from [[Washington University School of Law]] in St. Louis, but was also one of the first female lawyers in the United States, an advocate for women's suffrage, and she was the first female [[U.S. Marshal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/c/couzins/|title=Phoebe Wilson Couzins|last=Harper|first=Kimberly|website=Historic Missourians|publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri|access-date=October 4, 2016|archive-date=July 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721200605/http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/c/couzins/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Early career ==
== Early career ==
Line 36: Line 32:


== Civil War nursing career ==
== Civil War nursing career ==
In April 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War, Adaline volunteered to work with Dr. Charles Pope, a surgeon in St. Louis. Together, with other volunteers, they transported wounded soldiers from trains to the New House of Refuge Hospital, where Adaline helped by washing and bandaging the soldier's wounds.<ref name=":2" />
In April 1861, shortly after the start of the [[American Civil War]], Adaline volunteered to work with Dr. Charles Pope, a surgeon in St. Louis. Together, with other volunteers, they transported wounded soldiers from trains to the [[New House of Refuge Hospital]], where Adaline helped by washing and bandaging the soldier's wounds.<ref name=":2" />


To continue her efforts in the war, Adaline joined the [[Ladies' aid societies|Ladies' Union Aid Society (LUAS) of]] St. Louis. She went on many missions to service and save solider while working with LUAS. Adaline was often times sent out to battlefields to inspect their conditions and report the number of casualties, putting herself in great danger. Her volunteer efforts were not limited to her time on the battlefields though, as she began working on hospital ships under Dr. Simon Pollack, the chief surgeon for the [[Western Sanitary Commission]], at the end of the American Civil War. These ships went all along the Mississippi River allowing her to tend to many soldiers in battle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
To continue her efforts in the war, Adaline joined the [[Ladies' aid societies|Ladies' Union Aid Society (LUAS) of]] St. Louis. Adaline worked closely with the society's president, [[Anna L. Clapp]]. She went on many missions to service and save soldiers while working with LUAS. Adaline was oftentimes sent out to battlefields to inspect their conditions and report the number of casualties, putting herself in great danger. Her volunteer efforts were not limited to her time on the battlefields though, as she began working on [[hospital ships]] under Dr. [[Simon Pollack]], the chief surgeon for the [[Western Sanitary Commission]], at the end of the American Civil War. These ships went all along the [[Mississippi River]] allowing her to tend to many soldiers in battle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


Adaline was praised by the doctors she serviced during this time for her hard, selfless work. Although she was a reliable and consistent worker, she unfortunately, was not paid for her work. Adaline often times even paid her own travel expenses so that she was able to provide her much needed services to the American soldiers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Adaline was praised by the doctors she serviced during this time for her hard, selfless work. Although she was a reliable and consistent worker, she unfortunately, was not paid for her work. Adaline oftentimes even paid her own travel expenses so that she was able to provide her much needed services to the American soldiers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


=== Injuries during the War ===
=== Injuries during the War ===
In the winter of 1862, Adaline endured her first serious injury while working as a Civil War nurse. She suffered from serious frostbite after her and another LUAS member, Arethusa L. Forbes, went out to inspect the condition of a battlefield and report the number of casualties. Because of their efforts, hospital cars were sent to save those soldiers who were wounded but still alive. While Adaline recovered from the frostbite, Arethusa did not, and was unable to volunteer such services in the future.<ref name=":2" />
In the winter of 1862, Adaline endured her first serious injury while working as a Civil War nurse. She suffered from serious frostbite after her and another LUAS member, Arethusa L. Forbes, went out to inspect the condition of a battlefield and report the number of casualties. Because of their efforts, hospital cars were sent to save those soldiers who were wounded but still alive. While Adaline recovered from the frostbite, Arethusa did not, and was unable to volunteer such services in the future.<ref name=":2" />


While working on a hospital ship in 1863, Adaline was once again injured. The ship she was on had stopped in Vicksburg, Mississippi to gather wounded soldiers to take back to St. Louis, and while she was there, Adaline was struck in the knee by [[Minié ball|minie-ball]].<ref name=":0" /> Although her injury did not stop her from continuing her services as a nurse, it did cause her problems later in life.<ref name=":1" />
While working on a hospital ship in 1863, Adaline was once again injured. The ship she was on had stopped in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]], to gather wounded soldiers to take back to St. Louis, and while she was there, Adaline was struck in the knee by [[Minié ball|minie-ball]].<ref name=":0" /> Although her injury did not stop her from continuing her services as a nurse, it did cause her problems later in life.<ref name=":1" />


== Post Civil War contributions ==
== Post Civil War contributions ==
Even after the American Civil War ended, Adaline could not stop her career as a civil servant. She founded the Female Guardian Home of St. Louis and headed the Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Health Department of St. Louis where she was able to continue her services as a nurse. Adaline also took part in campaigning for women's suffrage and advocated for women's rights.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Even after the American Civil War ended, Adaline could not stop her career as a civil servant. She founded the Female Guardian Home of St. Louis and headed the Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Health Department of St. Louis where she was able to continue her services as a nurse. Adaline also took part in campaigning for women's suffrage and advocated for women's rights.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


== Later Life ==
== Later life ==


=== Government Pension ===
=== Government pension ===
Many people appreciated Adaline's service during the American Civil War and recognized the need to compensate her for her work. Both her daughter Phoebe Couzins and Michigan Senator Thomas W. Paler petitioned for Adaline to receive pension for her service in the war.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History|last=Corbett|first=Katharine T.|publisher=Missouri Historical Society Press|year=1999|isbn=1-883982-26-X|location=St. Louis, Missouri|pages=93–94|via=Google Books}}</ref> Congress recognized her contributions in 1888, and passed Bill No. 2356 on October 1, 1888 granting Adaline Weston Couzins a government pension of $30 per month.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Chapter 13, 50 Congress, Session 2, Joint Resolution: Appointing H.H. Markham, of California, a manager for the National Homes for Disabled Soldiers, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Blanding." ''U.S. Statutes at Large'' 25.Main Section : 1022-1339.</ref>
Many people appreciated Adaline's service during the [[American Civil War]] and recognized the need to compensate her for her work. Both her daughter [[Phoebe Couzins]] and Michigan Senator Thomas W. Paler petitioned for Adaline to receive pension for her service in the war.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History|last=Corbett|first=Katharine T.|publisher=Missouri Historical Society Press|year=1999|isbn=1-883982-26-X|location=St. Louis, Missouri|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inherplaceguidet00corb/page/93 93–94]|via=Google Books|url=https://archive.org/details/inherplaceguidet00corb/page/93}}</ref> During the debate for her pension in the [[United States House of Representatives|Congressional House of Representatives]] it was said by Mr. O'Neill that she deserved the pension because she had done more "for the suffering, sick, and wounded soldiers, [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] and Federal alike, than any other women in the Mississippi Valley".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c225027;view=1up;seq=641;size=175|title=Congressional Record: The proceedings and debates of the fiftieth congress, first session.|publisher=United States Congress|year=1874|volume=XIX|location=Washington: Government Printing Office|pages=8631–8632|via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}</ref> After debating the amount of money she would receive,<ref name=":4" /> Congress recognized her contributions in 1888. The bill, Bill No. 2356, was passed on October 1, 1888, granting Adaline Weston Couzins a government pension of $30 per month.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>"Chapter 13, 50 Congress, Session 2, Joint Resolution: Appointing H.H. Markham, of California, a manager for the National Homes for Disabled Soldiers, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Blanding." ''U.S. Statutes at Large'' 25.Main Section : 1022-1339.</ref>


=== Final Days ===
=== Final days ===
All of the work Adaline Weston Couzins did was much appreciated and acknowledged by many.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> She died at the age of seventy-six in St. Louis, Missouri on May 9, 1892 and is buried at [[Bellefontaine Cemetery]] in St. Louis.
She died at age 76 in St. Louis, Missouri on May 9, 1892, and is buried at [[Bellefontaine Cemetery]] in St. Louis.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 65: Line 61:
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brighton]]
[[Category:People from Brighton]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American suffragists]]
[[Category:American suffragists]]
[[Category:American civil servants]]
[[Category:American civil servants]]
[[Category:American women civil servants]]
[[Category:Activists from Missouri]]
[[Category:People from St. Louis]]
[[Category:American Civil War nurses]]
[[Category:American Civil War nurses]]
[[Category:American women nurses]]

Latest revision as of 11:05, 2 April 2024

Adaline Couzins
Born
Adaline Weston

(1815-08-12)August 12, 1815
Brighton, Sussex, England
DiedMay 9, 1892(1892-05-09) (aged 76)
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
NationalityUSA
Known forsuffragist and an American Civil War nurse
SpouseJohn Edward Decker Couzins (m. 1834)

Adaline Weston Couzins (August 12, 1815 – May 9, 1892) was a British-born American civil servant, a suffragist, and a Civil War nurse who worked for the Ladies' Union Aid Society of St. Louis.[1] She spent most of her career as a nurse during the Civil War on hospital ships that tended to Union and Confederate soldiers all along the Mississippi River.[1][2]

Adaline moved to St. Louis, Missouri around 1823 from England and eventually married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834. Adaline and John had four children. Their daughter, Phoebe Couzins, was one of the first female lawyers in the United States.[1][3]

Adaline's first civil service was during the cholera epidemic of 1849 as she and her husband headed its relief corps. After Adaline heard of the Civil War she began working under Dr. Charles Pope, a surgeon in St. Louis. Adaline then joined the Ladies' Union Aid Society of St. Louis and was sent out to work in the field. While on the hospital ships she worked under Simon Pollack who was the chief surgeon for the Western Sanitary Commission.[3]

While rescuing and caring for soldiers, Adaline was injured twice. She was first severely frostbitten in 1862 and then struck by a minie-ball fragment in 1863 at the siege of Vicksburg. Despite her injuries, Adaline continued her nursing duties. After the Civil War, Adaline continued on her work as a civil servant. She founded the Female Guardian Home of St. Louis, headed the Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Health Department of St Louis, and campaigned for women's suffrage. Before her death, she was granted government pension on May 27, 1888, for her unrelenting services during the Civil War.[2][3]

Early and family life

[edit]

Adaline Weston was born on August 12, 1815 in Brighton, England. Around 1823, at the age of eight, she relocated to St. Louis, Missouri with her parents. Several years after her move to St. Louis, she married John Edward Decker Couzins in 1834.[1][2][3] John Couzins started his career as a carpenter, but later served as St. Louis's chief of police during the American Civil War, and from 1884 to 1887 he served as the U.S. marshal of the eastern district of Missouri.[3] Adaline and John had four children together and their daughter, Phoebe Couzins was not only the first female graduate from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, but was also one of the first female lawyers in the United States, an advocate for women's suffrage, and she was the first female U.S. Marshal.[4]

Early career

[edit]

In 1849 there was a cholera epidemic in St. Louis, Missouri. During this time in U.S. history there were few hospitals established and not near enough nurses to handle an epidemic like this. That left the responsibility of caring for the sick to family members and volunteers.[1][2]

Adaline and John were two of those volunteers, and headed the relief corps for this epidemic and worked tirelessly to nurse the sick back to health. This was just the first stepping stone of Adaline's long nursing career and civil service.[3]

Civil War nursing career

[edit]

In April 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War, Adaline volunteered to work with Dr. Charles Pope, a surgeon in St. Louis. Together, with other volunteers, they transported wounded soldiers from trains to the New House of Refuge Hospital, where Adaline helped by washing and bandaging the soldier's wounds.[3]

To continue her efforts in the war, Adaline joined the Ladies' Union Aid Society (LUAS) of St. Louis. Adaline worked closely with the society's president, Anna L. Clapp. She went on many missions to service and save soldiers while working with LUAS. Adaline was oftentimes sent out to battlefields to inspect their conditions and report the number of casualties, putting herself in great danger. Her volunteer efforts were not limited to her time on the battlefields though, as she began working on hospital ships under Dr. Simon Pollack, the chief surgeon for the Western Sanitary Commission, at the end of the American Civil War. These ships went all along the Mississippi River allowing her to tend to many soldiers in battle.[1][2][3]

Adaline was praised by the doctors she serviced during this time for her hard, selfless work. Although she was a reliable and consistent worker, she unfortunately, was not paid for her work. Adaline oftentimes even paid her own travel expenses so that she was able to provide her much needed services to the American soldiers.[1][2][3]

Injuries during the War

[edit]

In the winter of 1862, Adaline endured her first serious injury while working as a Civil War nurse. She suffered from serious frostbite after her and another LUAS member, Arethusa L. Forbes, went out to inspect the condition of a battlefield and report the number of casualties. Because of their efforts, hospital cars were sent to save those soldiers who were wounded but still alive. While Adaline recovered from the frostbite, Arethusa did not, and was unable to volunteer such services in the future.[3]

While working on a hospital ship in 1863, Adaline was once again injured. The ship she was on had stopped in Vicksburg, Mississippi, to gather wounded soldiers to take back to St. Louis, and while she was there, Adaline was struck in the knee by minie-ball.[1] Although her injury did not stop her from continuing her services as a nurse, it did cause her problems later in life.[2]

Post Civil War contributions

[edit]

Even after the American Civil War ended, Adaline could not stop her career as a civil servant. She founded the Female Guardian Home of St. Louis and headed the Ladies' Sanitary Corps of the Special Health Department of St. Louis where she was able to continue her services as a nurse. Adaline also took part in campaigning for women's suffrage and advocated for women's rights.[2][3]

Later life

[edit]

Government pension

[edit]

Many people appreciated Adaline's service during the American Civil War and recognized the need to compensate her for her work. Both her daughter Phoebe Couzins and Michigan Senator Thomas W. Paler petitioned for Adaline to receive pension for her service in the war.[1][5] During the debate for her pension in the Congressional House of Representatives it was said by Mr. O'Neill that she deserved the pension because she had done more "for the suffering, sick, and wounded soldiers, Confederate and Federal alike, than any other women in the Mississippi Valley".[6] After debating the amount of money she would receive,[6] Congress recognized her contributions in 1888. The bill, Bill No. 2356, was passed on October 1, 1888, granting Adaline Weston Couzins a government pension of $30 per month.[2][6][7]

Final days

[edit]

She died at age 76 in St. Louis, Missouri on May 9, 1892, and is buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Trout, Carlynn (September 9, 2016). "Adaline Weston Couzins". American Association of University Women Columbia (MO) Branch. American Association of University Women. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i MacLean, Maggie (October 1, 2015). "Adaline Weston Couzins". Civil War Women. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Christensen, Lawrence O. (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780826212221 – via EBSCOhost.
  4. ^ Harper, Kimberly. "Phoebe Wilson Couzins". Historic Missourians. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  5. ^ Corbett, Katharine T. (1999). In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Historical Society Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 1-883982-26-X – via Google Books.
  6. ^ a b c Congressional Record: The proceedings and debates of the fiftieth congress, first session. Vol. XIX. Washington: Government Printing Office: United States Congress. 1874. pp. 8631–8632 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  7. ^ "Chapter 13, 50 Congress, Session 2, Joint Resolution: Appointing H.H. Markham, of California, a manager for the National Homes for Disabled Soldiers, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Blanding." U.S. Statutes at Large 25.Main Section : 1022-1339.
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