Kama culture: Difference between revisions
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The '''Kama culture''' (also known as ''Volga-Kama'' or ''Khutorskoye'' from finds near the Khutorskoye settlement) is an Eastern European [[ |
The '''Kama culture''' (also known as ''Volga-Kama'' or ''Khutorskoye'' from finds near the Khutorskoye settlement) is an Eastern European [[Subneolithic]] archaeological culture from the [[6th millennium BC|6th]]-4th millennium BC. The area covers the [[Kama River|Kama]], [[Vyatka River|Vyatka]] and the [[Ik River|Ik]]-[[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya]] watershed ([[Perm Krai|Perm]] and [[Kirov Oblast|Kirov]] regions, [[Udmurtia]], [[Tatarstan]] and [[Bashkortostan]]).<ref name=revije>https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/44.9/73439 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> |
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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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The definition of the Kama culture remains a subject of debate. Initially, it was determined by O.H. Bader on the territory of the Middle Kama, where he distinguished two phases: Borovoye (Borovoy Lake I) and Khutorskoye. A.Kh. Khalikov united the finds with [[Pit–Comb Ware culture|Pitted and Combed Ware]] of the Lower and Middle Kama into one Volga-Kama culture. I.V. Kalinina, based on the study of ceramics came to the conclusion that there are two distinct cultures: Volga-Kama pitted pottery and Kama combed pottery. A.A. Vibornov identified three stages of development in the Kama culture, and V.P. Denisov and L.A. Nagovitchin joined the Kama Neolithic finds with combed ceramics into a single Khutorskoye culture, synchronous with the Poluden culture in the [[Ural Mountains]]. Its comb decorated pottery is similar to that of the Upper Volga culture. |
The definition of the Kama culture remains a subject of debate. Initially, it was determined by O.H. Bader on the territory of the Middle Kama, where he distinguished two phases: Borovoye (Borovoy Lake I) and Khutorskoye. A.Kh. Khalikov united the finds with [[Pit–Comb Ware culture|Pitted and Combed Ware]] of the Lower and Middle Kama into one Volga-Kama culture. I.V. Kalinina, based on the study of ceramics came to the conclusion that there are two distinct cultures: Volga-Kama pitted pottery and Kama combed pottery. A.A. Vibornov identified three stages of development in the Kama culture, and V.P. Denisov and L.A. Nagovitchin joined the Kama Neolithic finds with combed ceramics into a single Khutorskoye culture, synchronous with the Poluden culture in the [[Ural Mountains]]. Its comb decorated pottery is similar to that of the Upper Volga culture.<ref>[http://www.ural.ru/spec/ency/encyclopaedia-13-1359.html Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия. Неолит урала]</ref> |
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The Kama culture is also culturally close and genetically related to the Volosovo culture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zharnikova|first=S. V.|title=Archeology of the Indo-European|publisher=WP IPGEB|year=2020|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> There are scholars who also believe that the culture is related to the [[Dnieper–Donets culture|Dnieper-Donetsk]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Settlements == |
== Settlements == |
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The rectangular [[Pit-house|partially |
The rectangular [[Pit-house|partially sunken]] dwellings, ranging in size from 6×8 to 16×5m, are grouped in unfortified permanent and temporary settlements, located on the banks of lakes, floodplains and on river terraces.<ref name="urenc">[http://www.ihist.uran.ru/index/ru/ency/encyclopaedia,%CA,882.html Уральская историческая энциклопедия. Камская (хуторская) культура]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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== Tools and ceramics == |
== Tools and ceramics == |
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The pottery is thick-walled, egg-shaped, both round- and pointed-bottomed. It is heavily ornamented with comb stamp designs, vertical and horizontal zigzags, sloping rows, braids, triangles, banded comb meshes. The instruments |
The pottery is thick-walled, egg-shaped, both round- and pointed-bottomed. The stone and bone inventory of the pottery culture demonstrated a Mesolithic character.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dolukhanov|first=Pavel|title=The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-582-23618-9|location=Oxon|pages=76|language=en}}</ref> It is heavily ornamented with comb stamp designs, vertical and horizontal zigzags, sloping rows, braids, triangles, banded comb meshes. Kama culture is noted for its metal work and handicrafts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menges|first=Karl Heinrich|title=The Turkic Languages and Peoples: An Introduction to Turkic Studies, Second revised edition|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1995|isbn=3-447-03533-1|location=Wiesbaden|pages=22–23|language=en}}</ref> The instruments for work include scrapers, sharpeners, knives, leaf-shaped and semi-rhombic arrowheads, chisels and adzes, weights.<ref name="urenc" /> |
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== Way of life == |
== Way of life == |
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== Origin and periodization == |
== Origin and periodization == |
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In its development the Kama culture passed through three stages: early (Ust-Bukorok, Ziarat, Ust-Shizhma), |
In its development the Kama culture passed through three stages: early (sites: Mokino, Ust-Bukorok, Ziarat, Ust-Shizhma), middle (sites: Khutorskaya Kryazhskaya, Lebedynska) and late (sites: Lyovshino, Chernashka).<ref name="revije" /> The culture was formed in the early Neolithic on a local Mesolithic substrate under the influence of southern steppe populations. The prehistoric phase according to archaeologists emerged around 2,000 BC.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|title=The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-91977-7|location=New York|pages=255|language=en}}</ref> During this stage, the culture existed in the area that began in the Ufa River (in modern [[Bashkortostan]]) through the entire Kama drainage area to the upper Pechora River (Komimu).<ref name=":1" /> In the southern regions the influence of the nearby forest-steppe cultures of the Middle Volga can be observed during the whole period of existence. |
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In the developed Neolithic a population of Trans-Ural origin penetrates in the upper and middle Kama. In this period there are formed local variants: Verkhnekamsk, Ikska-Belsky and Nizhnekamsk. At the end of the Neolithic the lower Kama falls under the influence of the Early [[Eneolithic]] [[Samara culture]]. |
In the developed Neolithic a population of Trans-Ural origin penetrates in the upper and middle Kama. In this period there are formed local variants: Verkhnekamsk, Ikska-Belsky and Nizhnekamsk. At the end of the Neolithic the lower Kama falls under the influence of the Early [[Eneolithic]] [[Samara culture]].<ref name="urenc" /> |
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== Linguistic affiliation == |
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Linguist [[Asko Parpola]] (2022) associates the Kama culture and the [[Elshanka culture]] with the early [[Proto-Uralic language]], which would later expand eastwards and westwards with the [[Seima-Turbino phenomenon|Seima-Turbino material culture]]. Uralic languages would later be transmitted by language shift from groups of hunters and fishers participating in the spread of the Seima-Turbino culture towards Siberia and back to Northeastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Парпола |first=Аско |date=2022-04-29 |title=Location of the Uralic proto-language in the Kama River Valley and the Uralic speakers' Expansion east and west with the 'Sejma-Turbino transcultural phenomenon' 2200-1900 BC |url=https://evrazstep.ru/index.php/aes/article/view/724 |journal=Археология Евразийских степей |language=en |issue=2 |pages=258–277 |doi=10.24852/2587-6112.2022.2.258.277 |issn=2618-9488 |quote=Alternative link to free pdf:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360290015_Location_of_the_Uralic_proto-language_in_the_Kama_River_Valley_and_the_Uralic_speakers'_Expansion_east_and_west_with_the_'Sejma-Turbino_transcultural_phenomenon'_2200-1900_BC|hdl=10138/354948 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* [[:ru:Камская культура]] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.ihist.uran.ru/index/ru/ency/encyclopaedia,%CA,882.html Уральская историческая энциклопедия]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* [http://www.tataroved.ru/obrazovanie/textbooks/2/3/ Тюрко-татарский мир. Эпоха камня.] |
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[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological cultures in Russia]] |
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[[Category:Prehistoric Russia]] |
[[Category:Prehistoric Russia]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:09, 3 April 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2014) |
The Kama culture (also known as Volga-Kama or Khutorskoye from finds near the Khutorskoye settlement) is an Eastern European Subneolithic archaeological culture from the 6th-4th millennium BC. The area covers the Kama, Vyatka and the Ik-Belaya watershed (Perm and Kirov regions, Udmurtia, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan).[1]
Classification
[edit]The definition of the Kama culture remains a subject of debate. Initially, it was determined by O.H. Bader on the territory of the Middle Kama, where he distinguished two phases: Borovoye (Borovoy Lake I) and Khutorskoye. A.Kh. Khalikov united the finds with Pitted and Combed Ware of the Lower and Middle Kama into one Volga-Kama culture. I.V. Kalinina, based on the study of ceramics came to the conclusion that there are two distinct cultures: Volga-Kama pitted pottery and Kama combed pottery. A.A. Vibornov identified three stages of development in the Kama culture, and V.P. Denisov and L.A. Nagovitchin joined the Kama Neolithic finds with combed ceramics into a single Khutorskoye culture, synchronous with the Poluden culture in the Ural Mountains. Its comb decorated pottery is similar to that of the Upper Volga culture.[2]
The Kama culture is also culturally close and genetically related to the Volosovo culture.[3] There are scholars who also believe that the culture is related to the Dnieper-Donetsk.[3]
Settlements
[edit]The rectangular partially sunken dwellings, ranging in size from 6×8 to 16×5m, are grouped in unfortified permanent and temporary settlements, located on the banks of lakes, floodplains and on river terraces.[4]
Tools and ceramics
[edit]The pottery is thick-walled, egg-shaped, both round- and pointed-bottomed. The stone and bone inventory of the pottery culture demonstrated a Mesolithic character.[5] It is heavily ornamented with comb stamp designs, vertical and horizontal zigzags, sloping rows, braids, triangles, banded comb meshes. Kama culture is noted for its metal work and handicrafts.[6] The instruments for work include scrapers, sharpeners, knives, leaf-shaped and semi-rhombic arrowheads, chisels and adzes, weights.[4]
Way of life
[edit]There are no signs of agriculture. The economy was based on hunting and fishing. Burials are unknown.
Origin and periodization
[edit]In its development the Kama culture passed through three stages: early (sites: Mokino, Ust-Bukorok, Ziarat, Ust-Shizhma), middle (sites: Khutorskaya Kryazhskaya, Lebedynska) and late (sites: Lyovshino, Chernashka).[1] The culture was formed in the early Neolithic on a local Mesolithic substrate under the influence of southern steppe populations. The prehistoric phase according to archaeologists emerged around 2,000 BC.[7] During this stage, the culture existed in the area that began in the Ufa River (in modern Bashkortostan) through the entire Kama drainage area to the upper Pechora River (Komimu).[7] In the southern regions the influence of the nearby forest-steppe cultures of the Middle Volga can be observed during the whole period of existence.
In the developed Neolithic a population of Trans-Ural origin penetrates in the upper and middle Kama. In this period there are formed local variants: Verkhnekamsk, Ikska-Belsky and Nizhnekamsk. At the end of the Neolithic the lower Kama falls under the influence of the Early Eneolithic Samara culture.[4]
Linguistic affiliation
[edit]Linguist Asko Parpola (2022) associates the Kama culture and the Elshanka culture with the early Proto-Uralic language, which would later expand eastwards and westwards with the Seima-Turbino material culture. Uralic languages would later be transmitted by language shift from groups of hunters and fishers participating in the spread of the Seima-Turbino culture towards Siberia and back to Northeastern Europe.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/44.9/73439 [dead link]
- ^ Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия. Неолит урала
- ^ a b Zharnikova, S. V. (2020). Archeology of the Indo-European. WP IPGEB. p. 58.
- ^ a b c Уральская историческая энциклопедия. Камская (хуторская) культура[permanent dead link]
- ^ Dolukhanov, Pavel (2013). The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus. Oxon: Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-582-23618-9.
- ^ Menges, Karl Heinrich (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples: An Introduction to Turkic Studies, Second revised edition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22–23. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
- ^ a b Taagepera, Rein (2013). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. New York: Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-415-91977-7.
- ^ Парпола, Аско (2022-04-29). "Location of the Uralic proto-language in the Kama River Valley and the Uralic speakers' Expansion east and west with the 'Sejma-Turbino transcultural phenomenon' 2200-1900 BC". Археология Евразийских степей (2): 258–277. doi:10.24852/2587-6112.2022.2.258.277. hdl:10138/354948. ISSN 2618-9488.
Alternative link to free pdf:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360290015_Location_of_the_Uralic_proto-language_in_the_Kama_River_Valley_and_the_Uralic_speakers'_Expansion_east_and_west_with_the_'Sejma-Turbino_transcultural_phenomenon'_2200-1900_BC