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{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Oxybelis aeneus''
| name = ''Oxybelis aeneus''
| image = Oxybelis aeneus.jpg
| image = Mexican vine snake.jpg
| image_caption = Mexican vine snake in the El Palmar ecological reserve (Yucatán, Mexico).
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status = LC
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| status_ref = <ref>Hammerson, G.A., Ines Hladki, A., Lee, J., Ramírez Pinilla, M., Renjifo, J., Urbina, N., Vazquez Díaz, J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Gonzales, L., Catenazzi, A., Nogueira, C., Schargel, W., Rivas, G. & Murphy, J. 2019. Oxybelis aeneus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T198390A2523934. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T198390A2523934.en. Accessed on 19 September 2022.</ref>
| classis = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| genus = Oxybelis
⚫
| species = aeneus
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1824)
| familia = [[Colubrid]]ae
⚫
| synonyms = *''Dryinus aeneus'' <br />{{small|Wagler, 1824}}
| subfamilia = [[Colubrinae]]
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*''Coluber acuminatus'' <br />{{small|[[Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied|Wied]], 1824}}
| genus = ''[[Oxybelis]]''
⚫
*''Dryinus auratus'' <br />{{small|[[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825}}
⚫
| species = '''''O. aeneus'''''
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*''Dryiophis aeneus'' <br />{{small|— [[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1887}}<ref name="RDB">"''Oxybelis aeneus'' ". The Reptile Database</ref>
| binomial = ''Oxybelis aeneus''
⚫
*''Oxybelis argenteus'' <br />{{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896}}<ref name="Blgr1896"/>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1824)
⚫
*''Oxybelis argenteus'' <br />{{small|— [[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1897}}
⚫
| synonyms = * ''Dryinus aeneus'' <small>Wagler, 1824</small>
⚫
*''Oxybelis aeneus auratus'' <br />{{small|— [[Albert Hazen Wright|A.H. Wright]] & A.A. Wright, 1957}}<ref name="Wr&Wr1957"/>
⚫
* ''Coluber acuminatus'' <small>[[Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied|Wied]], 1824</small>
⚫
*''Oxybelis aeneus'' <br />{{small|— [[Hobart Muir Smith|H.M. Smith]] & Brodie, 1982}}<ref name="Sm&Br1982">[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, H.M.]]; Brodie, E.D. Jr. (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback). (''Oxybelis aeneus'', pp. 188-189).</ref>
⚫
* ''Dryinus auratus'' <small>[[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825</small>
* ''Dryophis vittatus'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854</small>
⚫
* ''Dryiophis aeneus'' <small>&mdash; [[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1887</small><ref name="RDB"/>
⚫
* ''Oxybelis argenteus'' <br><small>&mdash; [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small><ref name="Blgr1896"/>
⚫
* ''Oxybelis argenteus'' <small>&mdash; [[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1897</small>
* ''Oxybelis microphthalmus'' <br><small>[[Thomas Barbour|Barbour]] & [[:fr:Afrânio Pompílio Gastos do Amaral|Amaral]], 1926</small>
* ''Oxybelis potosiensis'' <small>[[Edward H. Taylor|Taylor]], 1941</small><ref name="RDB">The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
⚫
* ''Oxybelis aeneus auratus'' <br><small>&mdash; [[Albert Hazen Wright|A.H. Wright]] & A.A. Wright, 1957</small><ref name="Wr&Wr1957"/>
⚫
* ''Oxybelis aeneus'' <br><small>[[Hobart Muir Smith|H.M. Smith]] & Brodie, 1982</small><ref name="Sm&Br1982">[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, H.M.]], and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. Golden Press. New York. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (''Oxybelis aeneus'', pp. 188-189.)</ref>
}}
}}

[[File:Cobra - cipó - Oxybelis aeneus.jpg|thumb]]
'''''Oxybelis aeneus''''', commonly known as the '''Mexican vine snake''' or '''brown vine snake''', is a [[species]] of [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]], which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Americas]].
'''''Oxybelis aeneus''''', commonly known as the '''Mexican vine snake''' or '''brown vine snake''', is a [[species]] of [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]], which is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Americas]].


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range and habitat==
It is found from southern [[Arizona]] in the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reptilesofaz.org/Snakes-Subpages/h-o-aeneus.html |first=Thomas C |last=Brennan |title=Brown Vine Snake ''(Oxybelis aeneus)'' |publisher=Online Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Arizona |accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> through [[Mexico]], to northern [[South America]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].
''O. aeneus'' is found from within the Atascosa, Patagonia, and Pajarito mountains of southern [[Arizona]] in the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reptilesofaz.org/Snakes-Subpages/h-o-aeneus/ |first=Thomas C |last=Brennan |title=Brown Vine Snake ''(Oxybelis aeneus)'' |publisher=Online Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Arizona |accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> through [[Mexico]], to northern [[South America]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].

Within Arizona, ''O. aeneus'' is exclusively affiliated with Madrean Evergreen Woodland communities and the upper reaches of adjacent semidesert grassland habitat. It is usually encountered in trees or shrubs on open, steep, and grassy slopes, but is also associated with wooded canyons, especially those with abundant vegetation. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reptilesofaz.org/Snakes-Subpages/h-o-aeneus/ |first=Thomas C |last=Brennan |title=Brown Vine Snake ''(Oxybelis aeneus)'' |publisher=Online Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Arizona |accessdate=2023-01-30}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
This is an extremely slender snake that reaches up to {{convert|1.9|m|ft}} in length. Its color may vary from gray to brown with a yellow underside.
''O. aeneus'' is an extremely slender snake that reaches up to {{convert|1.9|m|ft}} in total length (including a long tail). Its color may vary from gray to brown with a yellow underside.


[[File:Mexican vine snake in habitat.jpg|thumb|An adult ''O. aeneus'' perches in the tree on the left. Mexican vine snakes disappear in their natural habitat; their cryptic morphology provides them with highly effective camouflage. ]]
⚫
The body is laterally compressed.<ref name="Wr&Wr1957"/> The snout is prominent, its length more than two times the diameter of the eye. There is 1 [[Ocular scales|preocular]], and there are 2 postoculars. There is 1 anterior [[Temporal scales|temporal]], and there are 2 posterior temporals.<ref name="Blgr1896">[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ),...'' Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Oxybelis argenteus'', pp. 190-191.)</ref> There is no [[loreal scale]], and there are 8-10 [[Supralabial scales|upper labials]].<ref name="Sm&Br1982"/>

⚫
The body is laterally compressed.<ref name="Wr&Wr1957"/> The snout is prominent, its length more than two times the diameter of the eye. There is 1 [[Ocular scales|preocular]], and there are 2 postoculars. There is 1 anterior [[Temporal scales|temporal]], and there are 2 posterior temporals.<ref name="Blgr1896">[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (''Oxybelis argenteus'', pp. 190-191).</ref> There is no [[loreal scale]], and there are 8-10 [[Supralabial scales|upper labials]].<ref name="Sm&Br1982"/>


The smooth [[dorsal scales]] are arranged in 17 rows at midbody.<ref name="Blgr1896"/>
The smooth [[dorsal scales]] are arranged in 17 rows at midbody.<ref name="Blgr1896"/>
Line 43: Line 40:


==Common names==
==Common names==
In Arizona it is also called "pike-headed tree snake".<ref name="Wr&Wr1957">[[Albert Hazen Wright|Wright, A.H.]], and A.A. Wright. 1957. ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Comstock. Ithaca and London. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (''Oxybelis aeneus auratus'', pp. 563, 565-569, Figure 167., Map 44.)</ref> In Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, it is known as a "horse whip" or "vine snake".
In Arizona ''O. aeneus'' is also called "pike-headed tree snake".<ref name="Wr&Wr1957">[[Albert Hazen Wright|Wright, A.H.]]; Wright, A.A. (1957). ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (''Oxybelis aeneus auratus'', pp. 563, 565-569, Figure 167, Map 44).</ref> In Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, it is known as a "horse whip" or "vine snake".


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
Mostly [[arboreal]] and [[diurnality|diurnal]], this snake is quite often mistaken for a vine. When threatened, it sometimes releases foul smelling secretions from its vent.
Mostly [[arboreal]] and [[diurnality|diurnal]], ''O. aeneus'' is quite often mistaken for a vine. When threatened, it sometimes releases foul smelling secretions from its vent.

[[File:Cobra - cipó - Oxybelis aeneus.jpg|thumb|A Mexican vine snake opening its mouth and displaying its black oral mucosa to intimidate a predator.]]


==Diet==
==Diet==
''O. aeneus'' feeds mainly on lizards (mostly [[anole]]s), but also eats frogs, small rodents and [[bird]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Oxybelis_aeneus%20-%20Brown%20Vine%20Snake.pdf|format=PDF|title=Oxybelis aeneus (Brown Vine Snake)
It feeds mainly on [[lizard]]s, but also eats [[frog]]s and [[bird]]s.
|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>


==Venom==
==Venom==
''O. aeneus'' is a mildly [[Venomous snake|venomous]] rear-fanged snake, but it is not considered dangerous to humans. However, a bite can cause an itching sensation.
''O. aeneus'' is a mildly [[Venomous snake|venomous]] rear-fanged snake, but it is not considered dangerous to humans.


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
''Oxybelis aeneus'' is [[oviparous]]. Clutch sizes of 3-6 have been published. In Arizona, hatching occurs in September.<ref>Goldberg, S.R. 1998. Reproduction in the Mexican vine snake ''Oxybelis aeneus''. Texas Journal of Science '''50''' (1): 51-56.</ref>
''O. aeneus'' is [[oviparous]]. Clutch sizes of 3-6 have been published. In Arizona, hatching occurs in September.<ref>Goldberg, S.R. (1998). "Reproduction in the Mexican vine snake ''Oxybelis aeneus'' ". ''Texas Journal of Science'' '''50''' (1): 51-56.</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[John L. Behler|Behler, John L.]]; King, F. Wayne (1979). ''The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. {{ISBN|0-394-50824-6}}. (''Oxybelis aeneus'', pp.&nbsp;641–642).
*{{cite book |first=Hans E.A. |last=Boos |title=The Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Texas | year=2001 |isbn=1-58544-116-3}}
*{{cite book |first=Hans E.A. |last=Boos |title=The Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Texas | year=2001 |isbn=1-58544-116-3}}
*[[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt, Karl P.]]; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). ''Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (''Oxybelis microphthalmus'', pp.&nbsp;266–268, Figure 88).
⚫
* [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler, "Jean" [sic].]] 1824. ''Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens,...'' IN: [[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix, '"Jean de" [sic].]] ''Animalia nova sive species novae''. Hübbschmann. Munich. viii + 75 pp. + Plates I.- XXVI. (''Dryinus aeneus'', pp.&nbsp;12–13 + Plate III.)
*[[Robert C. Stebbins|Stebbins, Robert C.]] (2003). ''A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition''. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. {{ISBN|0-395-98272-3}}. (''Oxybelis aeneus'', pp.&nbsp;402–403 + Plate 47 + Map 144).
⚫
*[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler, "Jean" [sic]]] (1824). "''Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens, recueillies et observées pendant le voyage dans l'intèrieur du Brésil dans les années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté le Roi de Baviére'' ". '''''In:''''' [[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix, '"Jean de" [sic]]] (1824). ''Animalia nova sive species novae''. Munich: F.S. Hübbschmann. viii + 75 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (''Dryinus aeneus'', new species, pp.&nbsp;12–13 + Plate III). (in Latin and French).
*[[Herbert S. Zim|Zim, Herbert S.]]; [[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, Hobart M.]] (1956). ''Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar Species: A Golden Nature Guide''. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (''Oxybelis aeneus'', pp.&nbsp;82, 84, 156).


==External links==
==External links==
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*{{EMBL species|genus=Oxybelis|species=aeneus}}
*{{EMBL species|genus=Oxybelis|species=aeneus}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2701091}}
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[[Category:Colubrids]]
{{Authority control}}

⚫
[[Category:Oxybelis]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Mexico]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Mexico]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Fauna of Guyana]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Guyana]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Central America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Central America]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1824]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1824]]

Latest revision as of 04:19, 4 April 2024

Oxybelis aeneus
Mexican vine snake in the El Palmar ecological reserve (Yucatán, Mexico).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Oxybelis
Species:
O. aeneus
Binomial name
Oxybelis aeneus
(Wagler, 1824)
Synonyms

Oxybelis aeneus, commonly known as the Mexican vine snake or brown vine snake, is a species of colubrid snake, which is endemic to the Americas.

Geographic range and habitat

[edit]

O. aeneus is found from within the Atascosa, Patagonia, and Pajarito mountains of southern Arizona in the United States,[6] through Mexico, to northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago.

Within Arizona, O. aeneus is exclusively affiliated with Madrean Evergreen Woodland communities and the upper reaches of adjacent semidesert grassland habitat. It is usually encountered in trees or shrubs on open, steep, and grassy slopes, but is also associated with wooded canyons, especially those with abundant vegetation. [7]

Description

[edit]

O. aeneus is an extremely slender snake that reaches up to 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in total length (including a long tail). Its color may vary from gray to brown with a yellow underside.

An adult O. aeneus perches in the tree on the left. Mexican vine snakes disappear in their natural habitat; their cryptic morphology provides them with highly effective camouflage.

The body is laterally compressed.[4] The snout is prominent, its length more than two times the diameter of the eye. There is 1 preocular, and there are 2 postoculars. There is 1 anterior temporal, and there are 2 posterior temporals.[3] There is no loreal scale, and there are 8-10 upper labials.[5]

The smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 17 rows at midbody.[3]

Ventrals 173-205;[5] subcaudals 150-188, divided (paired).[3] The anal plate is divided in Arizona specimens,[4] but is entire in South American specimens.[3]

Common names

[edit]

In Arizona O. aeneus is also called "pike-headed tree snake".[4] In Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, it is known as a "horse whip" or "vine snake".

Behavior

[edit]

Mostly arboreal and diurnal, O. aeneus is quite often mistaken for a vine. When threatened, it sometimes releases foul smelling secretions from its vent.

A Mexican vine snake opening its mouth and displaying its black oral mucosa to intimidate a predator.

Diet

[edit]

O. aeneus feeds mainly on lizards (mostly anoles), but also eats frogs, small rodents and birds.[8]

Venom

[edit]

O. aeneus is a mildly venomous rear-fanged snake, but it is not considered dangerous to humans.

Reproduction

[edit]

O. aeneus is oviparous. Clutch sizes of 3-6 have been published. In Arizona, hatching occurs in September.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hammerson, G.A., Ines Hladki, A., Lee, J., Ramírez Pinilla, M., Renjifo, J., Urbina, N., Vazquez Díaz, J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Gonzales, L., Catenazzi, A., Nogueira, C., Schargel, W., Rivas, G. & Murphy, J. 2019. Oxybelis aeneus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T198390A2523934. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T198390A2523934.en. Accessed on 19 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Oxybelis aeneus ". The Reptile Database
  3. ^ a b c d e Boulenger, G.A. (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Oxybelis argenteus, pp. 190-191).
  4. ^ a b c d Wright, A.H.; Wright, A.A. (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Oxybelis aeneus auratus, pp. 563, 565-569, Figure 167, Map 44).
  5. ^ a b c Smith, H.M.; Brodie, E.D. Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (Oxybelis aeneus, pp. 188-189).
  6. ^ Brennan, Thomas C. "Brown Vine Snake (Oxybelis aeneus)". Online Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Arizona. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
  7. ^ Brennan, Thomas C. "Brown Vine Snake (Oxybelis aeneus)". Online Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Arizona. Retrieved 2023-01-30.
  8. ^ "Oxybelis aeneus (Brown Vine Snake)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  9. ^ Goldberg, S.R. (1998). "Reproduction in the Mexican vine snake Oxybelis aeneus ". Texas Journal of Science 50 (1): 51-56.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Behler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Oxybelis aeneus, pp. 641–642).
  • Boos, Hans E.A. (2001). The Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-116-3.
  • Schmidt, Karl P.; Davis, D. Dwight (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Oxybelis microphthalmus, pp. 266–268, Figure 88).
  • Stebbins, Robert C. (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 0-395-98272-3. (Oxybelis aeneus, pp. 402–403 + Plate 47 + Map 144).
  • Wagler, "Jean" [sic] (1824). "Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens, recueillies et observées pendant le voyage dans l'intèrieur du Brésil dans les années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté le Roi de Baviére ". In: Spix, '"Jean de" [sic] (1824). Animalia nova sive species novae. Munich: F.S. Hübbschmann. viii + 75 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (Dryinus aeneus, new species, pp. 12–13 + Plate III). (in Latin and French).
  • Zim, Herbert S.; Smith, Hobart M. (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar Species: A Golden Nature Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Oxybelis aeneus, pp. 82, 84, 156).
[edit]


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