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John Graweere also known as John Gowen (ca. 1615–living 1641)^[a] was one of the First Africans in Virginia, who was a servant who earned enough money to pay for his son's freedom. He filed a lawsuit to free his son, arguing that he wanted to raise him as a Christian. The court agreed and freed the son.

Early life

John Graweere was born in Africa around 1615 with the name of João Geaween. He was likely born in Angola.^[2]^[3] He is believed to have arrived in Virginia between the 1620s or early 1630s.^[3]^[b]

Servitude

He was among the First Africans in Virginia. He lived in James City (now Jamestown), one of the few black indentured servants, and likely worked as a field hand in tobacco fields for William Evans. It was not clear if he was enslaved for a lifetime or was a servant for a set number of years.^[2] Graweere was able to raise hogs and the earnings were split between himself and Evans.^[4]

Marriage and child

He met Margaret Cornish around 1635. She was born in Africa and in Virginia she was enslaved by Lieutenant Robert Sheppard,^[3]^[1] who owned the Chippoke plantation in Surry County, Virginia.^[5] John and Margaret had a boy named Mihill or Michael in 1635^[1] or in the late 1630s.^[3] About 1635, Graweere attained his freedom, but he did not have enough money yet to buy Margaret's freedom.^[1]

Margaret entered into a relationship with a white gentleman Robert Sweat (or Sweet), and they had a mixed-race child around 1640. The Virginia General Assembly censured the couple for fornication on October 17, 1640. His punishment was to wear a white gown to church. Cornish was whipped.^[1] He lost interest in freeing Cornish, but he had saved his earnings and had enough money to purchase his son. It was unclear, though, who legally owned the boy.^[6]

Legal suit

Graweere was one of the first African Americans to petition the court. He filed a lawsuit in on March 31, 1641 to purchase his son from Lieutenant Robert Sheppard, who was the slaveholder of the enslaved woman and her child.^[4] Graweere's intention was to raise his son as a Christian, specifically of the Church of England.^[4] Graweere won the court case,^[7] which said that the boy should "remain at the disposing and education of the said Graweere and the child's godfather - who undertaketh to see it brought up in the Christian religion as aforesaid."^[8]^[9] Robert Sheppard was the boy's godfather.^[10] He was not to be a servant or slave to Evans or others.^[6] Graweere was said to have "exhibited a sure-handed understanding of Chesapeake social hierarchy and the complex dynamics of patron-client relations."^[5]

Mihill Gowen

Graweere arranged for his son to be indentured until the age of 21 with a planter, Christopher Stafford. His intention was to have his son obtain an education. While still at the Stafford plantation, Mihill fathered a child with an enslaved black woman known as Prossa as well as Pallassa, a Kimbundu name.^[1]^[c] Gowen was freed of his indentured servitude by Christopher Stafford in his will and he lived in York County, Virginia. Ann Barnhouse, sister of Christopher Stafford, went to court in 1655 to free William Gowen, the son of Gowen and Prossa. Barnhouse, of Martin's Hundred, had William baptized and she posted a bond for the boy. She vowed "never to trouble Mihill Gowen or his son, William, or to demand service".^[12]^[13]^[14]^[d] Gowen was free in 1657.^[14] Mihill took his son with him when he was freed, but he was not able to take Prossa with them.^[1] Gowen bought several acres to farm tobacco in James City County. He developed a relationship with a white woman.^[1]

Other

There was a man, John, who was a servant of ship captain William Evans or Ewins. John was in England in 1622 when he departed on the James.^[6]

Notes

^ His surname was spelled a number of ways, Graweere, Gowen, Grasheare, Grashere, and Geawean. His son was Mihill or Michael with the Gowen surname, but also spelled Gowree and Goen.^[1]
^ Hashaw states that Graweere arrived in 1619.^[1]
^ Her name was stated Rosa in the General order ^[11]
^ In 1657, Gowen and his son were free and previously held by Christopher Stafford and Ann Barnhouse. A slave named Rosa was listed in the record. The subject was "The freedom of Mihill and his son William".^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Hashaw, Tim (March 2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Mercer University Press. pp. 19, 26–27. ISBN 978-0-88146-074-2.
^ ^a ^b Niven, Steven J. (2013). "Graweere, John". Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36947. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade". Journal of Slavery and Data Protection. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Case of John Graweere (March 31, 1641)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ ^a ^b "African Americans on Jamestown Island" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 19, 45.
^ ^a ^b ^c "1619 Virginia's First Africans". hampton.gov.
^ "Africans in America - Part 1 Africans in court". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. (1978-05-21). "Virginia Led the Way In Legal Oppression". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ BlackFacts.com. "The Virginia court rules in favor of John Graweere, an indentured servant who p". Blackfacts.com. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
^ Russell, John Henderson (1913). The free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 28.
^ Works related to Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century at Wikisource. page 96. Footnote 81.
^ ^a ^b "African Americans on Jamestown Island" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 71.
^ Morgan, Jennifer L. (March 2018). "Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery". Small Axe. 22 (1). Duke University Press: 10–11. doi:10.1215/07990537-4378888. S2CID 150349388 – via Muse.
^ ^a ^b "Africans and Native Americans" (PDF). p. 202. Retrieved 2021-05-14 – via University of Bergen.

[2] His surname was spelled a number of ways, Graweere, Gowen, Grasheare, Grashere, and Geawean. His son was Mihill or Michael with the Gowen surname, but also spelled Gowree and Goen.^[1]

[5] Hashaw states that Graweere arrived in 1619.^[1]

[14] Her name was stated Rosa in the General order ^[11]

[18] In 1657, Gowen and his son were free and previously held by Christopher Stafford and Ann Barnhouse. A slave named Rosa was listed in the record. The subject was "The freedom of Mihill and his son William".^[12]

[Hashaw-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Hashaw, Tim (March 2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Mercer University Press. pp. 19, 26–27. ISBN 978-0-88146-074-2.

[OAASC-3] Niven, Steven J. (2013). "Graweere, John". Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36947. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[ENS-4] "Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade". Journal of Slavery and Data Protection. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[EV-6] "The Case of John Graweere (March 31, 1641)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[NPS_-_JI-7] "African Americans on Jamestown Island" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 19, 45.

[Hampton-8] "1619 Virginia's First Africans". hampton.gov.

[9] "Africans in America - Part 1 Africans in court". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[Higginbotham_-_Led-10] Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. (1978-05-21). "Virginia Led the Way In Legal Oppression". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[11] BlackFacts.com. "The Virginia court rules in favor of John Graweere, an indentured servant who p". Blackfacts.com. Retrieved 2021-05-14.

[12] Russell, John Henderson (1913). The free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 28.

[WS-13] Works related to Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century at Wikisource. page 96. Footnote 81.

[NPS_-_MG-15] "African Americans on Jamestown Island" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 71.

[16] Morgan, Jennifer L. (March 2018). "Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery". Small Axe. 22 (1). Duke University Press: 10–11. doi:10.1215/07990537-4378888. S2CID 150349388 – via Muse.

[Forbes-17] "Africans and Native Americans" (PDF). p. 202. Retrieved 2021-05-14 – via University of Bergen.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''John Graweere''' also known as '''John Gowen''' (ca. 1615–living 1641) was one of the [[First Africans in Virginia]], who was a servant who earned enough money to pay for his son's freedom. He filed a lawsuit to free his son, arguing that he wanted to raise him as a Christian. The court agreed and freed the son.
+'''John Graweere''' also known as '''John Gowen''' (ca. 1615–living 1641){{efn|His surname was spelled a number of ways, Graweere, Gowen, Grasheare, Grashere, and Geawean. His son was Mihill or Michael with the Gowen surname, but also spelled Gowree and Goen.<ref name="Hashaw" />}} was one of the [[First Africans in Virginia]], who was a servant who earned enough money to pay for his son's freedom. He filed a lawsuit to free his son, arguing that he wanted to raise him as a Christian. The court agreed and freed the son.
 ==Early life==
-John Graweere was born in Africa around 1615 with the name of Joao Geaween. He was likely born in Angola.<ref name="OAASC" /><ref name="ENS">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade |url=https://enslaved.org/fullStory?kid=16-23-101307 |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Journal of Slavery and Data Protection |language=en}}</ref> He is believed to have arrived in Virginia between the 1620s or early 1630s.<ref name="ENS" />{{efn|Hashaw states that Graweere arrived in 1619.<ref name="Hashaw" />}}
+John Graweere was born in Africa around 1615 with the name of João Geaween. He was likely born in Angola.<ref name="OAASC" /><ref name="ENS">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade |url=https://enslaved.org/fullStory?kid=16-23-101307 |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Journal of Slavery and Data Protection |language=en}}</ref> He is believed to have arrived in Virginia between the 1620s or early 1630s.<ref name="ENS" />{{efn|Hashaw states that Graweere arrived in 1619.<ref name="Hashaw" />}}
 ==Servitude==
-He was among the [[First Africans in Virginia]]. He lived in [[James City (Virginia Company)|James City]] (now [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]), one of the few black indentured servants, and likely worked as a field hand in tobacco fields for William Evans. It was not clear if he was enslaved for a lifetime or was a servant for a set number of years.<ref name="OAASC">{{Cite web |last=Niven |first=Steven J. |title=Graweere, John |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-36947 |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-36947}}</ref> Graweere was able to raise hogs and the earnings were split between himself and Evans.<ref name="EV" />
+He was among the [[First Africans in Virginia]]. He lived in [[James City (Virginia Company)|James City]] (now [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]), one of the few black indentured servants, and likely worked as a field hand in tobacco fields for William Evans. It was not clear if he was enslaved for a lifetime or was a servant for a set number of years.<ref name="OAASC">{{Cite web |last=Niven |first=Steven J. |title=Graweere, John |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-36947 |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |year=2013 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36947|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 }}</ref> Graweere was able to raise hogs and the earnings were split between himself and Evans.<ref name="EV" />
 ==Marriage and child==
-He met Margaret Cornish around 1635. She was born in Africa and in Virginia she was enslaved by Lieutenant Robert Sheppard,<ref name="ENS" /><ref name="Hashaw" /> who owned the [[Chippokes Plantation State Park|Chippoke plantation]] in [[Surry County, Virginia]].<ref name="NPS - JI" /> John and Margaret had a boy named Mihill or Michael around 1635<ref name="Hashaw" /> or in the late 1630s.<ref name="ENS" /> About 1635, Graweere attained his freedom, but he did not have enough money yet to buy Margaret's freedom.<ref name="Hashaw" />
+He met Margaret Cornish around 1635. She was born in Africa and in Virginia she was enslaved by Lieutenant Robert Sheppard,<ref name="ENS" /><ref name="Hashaw" /> who owned the [[Chippokes Plantation State Park|Chippoke plantation]] in [[Surry County, Virginia]].<ref name="NPS - JI" /> John and Margaret had a boy named Mihill or Michael in 1635<ref name="Hashaw" /> or in the late 1630s.<ref name="ENS" /> About 1635, Graweere attained his freedom, but he did not have enough money yet to buy Margaret's freedom.<ref name="Hashaw" />
-Margaret entered into a relationship with a white gentleman Robert Sweat (or Sweet), and they had a mixed-race child around 1640. The Virginia General Assembly censured the couple for fornication on October 17, 1640. His punishment was to where a white gown to church. Cornish was whipped.<ref name="Hashaw">{{Cite book |last=Hashaw |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88XKOocy4vIC&pg=PA27 |title=Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America |date=March 2007 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-88146-074-2 |language=en | pages=26–27 }}</ref> He lost interest in freeing Cornish, but he had saved his earnings and had enough money to purchase his son. It was unclear, though, who legally owned the boy.<ref name="Hampton" />
+Margaret entered into a relationship with a white gentleman Robert Sweat (or Sweet), and they had a mixed-race child around 1640. The Virginia General Assembly censured the couple for fornication on October 17, 1640. His punishment was to wear a white gown to church. Cornish was whipped.<ref name="Hashaw">{{Cite book |last=Hashaw |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88XKOocy4vIC&pg=PA27 |title=Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America |date=March 2007 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-88146-074-2 |language=en | pages=19, 26–27 }}</ref> He lost interest in freeing Cornish, but he had saved his earnings and had enough money to purchase his son. It was unclear, though, who legally owned the boy.<ref name="Hampton" />
 ==Legal suit==
-Graweere was one of the first African Americans to petition the court. He filed a lawsuit in on March 31, 1641 to purchase his son from Lieutenant Robert Sheppard, who was the slaveholder of the enslaved woman and her child.<ref name="EV" />  Graweere's intention was to raise his son as a Christian, specifically of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="EV">{{Cite web |title=The Case of John Graweere (March 31, 1641)  |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/the-case-of-john-graweere-march-31-1641/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |language=en-US}}</ref> Graweere won the court case,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africans in America - Part 1 Africans in court |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p270.html |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> which said that the boy should "remain at the disposing and education of the said Graweere and the child's godfather - who undertaketh to see it brought up in the Christian religion as aforesaid."<ref name="Higginbotham - Led">{{Cite news |last=Higginbotham |first=A. Leon, Jr. |date=1978-05-21 |title=Virginia Led the Way In Legal Oppression |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1978/05/21/virginia-led-the-way-in-legal-oppression/664bcdf4-8aaf-475f-8ea7-eb597aee7ecd/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BlackFacts.com |title=The Virginia court rules in favor of John Graweere,an indentured servant who p |url=https://www.blackfacts.com/fact/the-virginia-court-rules-in-favor-of-john-graweere-an-indentured-servant-who-p |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Blackfacts.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The boy was not to be a servant or slave to Evans or others.<ref name="Hampton" /> He was said to have "exhibited a sure-handed understanding of Chesapeake social hierarchy and the complex dynamics of patron-client relations."<ref name="NPS - JI">{{Cite web |title=African Americans on Jamestown Island |url=https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |website=National Park Service | pages= 19, 45–}}</ref>
+Graweere was one of the first African Americans to petition the court. He filed a lawsuit in on March 31, 1641 to purchase his son from Lieutenant Robert Sheppard, who was the slaveholder of the enslaved woman and her child.<ref name="EV" />  Graweere's intention was to raise his son as a Christian, specifically of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="EV">{{Cite web |title=The Case of John Graweere (March 31, 1641)  |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/the-case-of-john-graweere-march-31-1641/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |language=en-US}}</ref> Graweere won the court case,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africans in America - Part 1 Africans in court |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p270.html |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> which said that the boy should "remain at the disposing and education of the said Graweere and the child's godfather - who undertaketh to see it brought up in the Christian religion as aforesaid."<ref name="Higginbotham - Led">{{Cite news |last=Higginbotham |first=A. Leon Jr. |date=1978-05-21 |title=Virginia Led the Way In Legal Oppression |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1978/05/21/virginia-led-the-way-in-legal-oppression/664bcdf4-8aaf-475f-8ea7-eb597aee7ecd/ |access-date=2021-05-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BlackFacts.com |title=The Virginia court rules in favor of John Graweere, an indentured servant who p |url=https://www.blackfacts.com/fact/the-virginia-court-rules-in-favor-of-john-graweere-an-indentured-servant-who-p |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=Blackfacts.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Robert Sheppard was the boy's godfather.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |url=https://archive.org/details/freenegro00russrich |title=The free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865 |date=1913 |publisher=Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press |page=28}}</ref> He was not to be a servant or slave to Evans or others.<ref name="Hampton" /> Graweere was said to have "exhibited a sure-handed understanding of Chesapeake social hierarchy and the complex dynamics of patron-client relations."<ref name="NPS - JI">{{Cite web |title=African Americans on Jamestown Island |url=https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |website=National Park Service | pages= 19, 45}}</ref>
 ==Mihill Gowen==
-Graweere arranged for his son to be indentured until the age of 21 with a planter, Christopher Stafford. His intention was to have his son obtain an education.  While still at the Stafford plantation, Mihill fathered a child with an enslaved black woman known as Prossa as well as Pallassa, a [[Kimbundu]] name. Mihill took his son with him when he was freed, but he was not able to take Prossa with them.<ref name="Hashaw" /> Gowen bought several acres to farm tobacco in James City County. He developed a relationship with a white woman.<ref name="Hashaw" />
+Graweere arranged for his son to be indentured until the age of 21 with a planter, Christopher Stafford. His intention was to have his son obtain an education.  While still at the Stafford plantation, Mihill fathered a child with an enslaved black woman known as Prossa as well as Pallassa, a [[Kimbundu]] name.<ref name="Hashaw" />{{efn|Her name was stated Rosa in the General order <ref name="WS">{{wikisource-inline|Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century}}. page 96. Footnote 81.</ref>}} Gowen was freed of his indentured servitude by Christopher Stafford in his will and he lived in [[York County, Virginia]]. Ann Barnhouse, sister of Christopher Stafford, went to court in 1655 to free William Gowen, the son of Gowen and Prossa. Barnhouse, of [[Martin's Hundred]], had William baptized and she posted a bond for the boy. She vowed "never to trouble Mihill Gowen or his son, William, or to demand service".<ref name="NPS - MG">{{Cite web |title=African Americans on Jamestown Island |url=https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |website=National Park Service | page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery| first=Jennifer L. |last=Morgan |journal=Small Axe |volume=22 | number=1 |date=March 2018 |pages=10–11 | publisher=Duke University Press | doi=10.1215/07990537-4378888 | s2cid=150349388 | via=Muse }}</ref><ref name="Forbes" />{{efn|In 1657, Gowen and his son were free and previously held by Christopher Stafford and Ann Barnhouse. A slave named Rosa was listed in the record. The subject was "The freedom of Mihill and his son William".<ref name="NPS - MG" />}} Gowen was free in 1657.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |title=Africans and Native Americans |url=https://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/forbes_2-africans_and_native_americans.pdf |access-date=2021-05-14 |via=University of Bergen | page=202}}</ref> Mihill took his son with him when he was freed, but he was not able to take Prossa with them.<ref name="Hashaw" /> Gowen bought several acres to farm tobacco in James City County. He developed a relationship with a white woman.<ref name="Hashaw" />
 ==Other==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Graweere, John}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Graweere, John}}
-[[Category:Indentured servants]]
+[[Category:American indentured servants]]
 [[Category:People from Virginia]]
 [[Category:1610s births]]
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 [[Category:People from James City County, Virginia]]
 [[Category:17th-century African-American people]]
+[[Category:17th-century American people]]
+[[Category:Angolan-American history]]