Intercursus Magnus: Difference between revisions

*Intercursus Magnus*
Type	Commercial treaty
Signed	24 February 1496
Signatories	Henry VII, King of England; Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy;
Parties	Kingdom of England; Burgundian Netherlands; Holy Roman Empire; Republic of Venice; Republic of Florence; Dutch Republic; Hanseatic League;

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The Intercursus Magnus was a major and long-lasting commercial treaty signed in February 1496 by King Henry VII of England^[1] and Duke Philip IV of Burgundy. Other signatories included the commercial powers of Venice, Florence, the Netherlands, and the Hanseatic League.

Background

The Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic civil wars between two branches of the House of Plantagenet, had been fought in several sporadic episodes, mainly between 1455 and 1485. In 1485, the Lancastrian claimant Henry Tudor defeated the Yorkist king Richard III on Bosworth Field and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and sister to the Princes in the Tower, to unite the houses. In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard, the younger of the Yorkist "Princes in the Tower" and, thus, a pretender to the English crown. Warbeck had already forced Henry's hand in foreign policy during the French–Breton War by forcing Henry to sign the Treaty of Étaples to get France to banish him, despite Henry's promise to help Brittany in the war as demanded by the Treaty of Redon. Warbeck was, therefore, the most significant threat during Henry's reign and the last remnants of the Wars of the Roses. In 1493, Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy, who was a strong and persistent enemy of Henry VII due to her being sister to Richard III of England. She allowed him to remain at her court, gave him 2,000 mercenaries, and support for an eventual invasion of England.^[2]

After the Black Death in the late 14th century, England began to dominate the European cloth market, with trade reaching a first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 cloths.^[3]^[4] The Low Countries, then Burgundian, were one of England's major export markets, particularly Antwerp. The cloth trade was important to Burgundy, as well as being a major component of the English economy (accounting for 80% of English exports in 1485).

The Treaty

It was a major and brave act of domestic and foreign policy, thus, for Henry VII to issue a trade embargo — reciprocated by Duke Philip IV of Burgundy — as a result of Margaret's meddling. Henry forced the Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade and with whom he had a good relationship, to relocate from Antwerp to the Pale of Calais and ejected Flemish merchants from England.^[2] Though this would have been suicidal when Henry came to the throne in 1485 due to the reliance of Antwerp as a trade hub, a series of successful trade treaties during 1486 - including with France and Brittany that removed all Anglo-French trade restrictions - as well as the Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489) diversified English trade routes and provided Henry the breathing room required to hold the English trade through Antwerp hostage in order to negotiate the removal of Burgundian support for Warbeck.

This diversification of English trade routes allowed Henry to maintain the embargo for 3 years, until 1496. Margaret's influence faded after the threat of the removal of her dower lands of County of Artois and Palatine Burgundy and it became clear that the embargo was hurting both the English and the Flemish economies, so the Intercursus Magnus was signed, with Margaret's acceptance of the Tudor succession and the banishment of Warbeck being conditions of the treaty. Philip was also keen to secure English help against France, and so the treaty had very favourable conditions for English merchants.^[2] The treaty granted reciprocal trade privileges to English and Flemings and established fixed duties.^[5] These certainties greatly aided English export of wool, and thus both Henry VII's treasury^[6] and Flemish and Brabantine industry,^[7] whilst also providing freedoms to the Hollandic and Zeelandic fisheries.^[7] Further treaty promises of impartial justice for English merchants in Burgundian courts^[5] were poorly effected.^[2] The importance of the treaty for England, who still relied heavily on the wool trade through Antwerp, cannot be overstated and served as another major success for Henry in both his economic and foreign policy aims.

The treaty remained in place until 1506, when Duke Philip and his wife, Joanna of Castile, were shipwrecked off the coast of England on the way to Castile. Henry VII essentially held the two captive until Philip agreed to the Malus Intercursus, which provided even more favourable terms to English merchants, and demanded the Burgundians to hand over Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, Henry's greatest enemy and pretender beside Warbeck. However, upon Philip's death in September 1506, having been released from England in February or March after a forced stay of 6 weeks, his sister, Margaret of Austria, refused to ratify the terms of the treaty (that would have seen her betrothed to the recently widowed Henry VII), and later signed a third treaty in 1507 that saw a near complete return to the terms of the Intercursus Magnus.^[8]

Perkin Warbeck, who fled before the treaty was signed (as he had done in France before the Treaty of Etaples) appeared in Scotland in September 1496. He persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England but, a year later, Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, fomenting the Second Cornish Uprising of 1497. He was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire and hanged at the Tyburn on 23 November 1499.^[9]

References

^ "In 1496 Portinari was among the negotiators of the Intercursus Magnus, the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the Low Countries." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici (Armand Grunzwig, 1931), which was a compilation of correspondences between the Medici Bank branch at Bruges and the home branch in Florence.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Magnus Intercursus". Everything2. 1 May 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^ A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an English broadcloth, for example, was 24 yards long and 1.75 yards wide (22 m by 1.6 m).
^ John Blair; Nigel Ramsay, eds. (2001). English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products. London: Hambledon Press. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1-85285-326-6.
^ ^a ^b "Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus". Oxford Dictionary of British History. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^ "United Kingdom". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2006. By 1496 they were a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woolen cloth trade, and largely as a consequence of their political and international importance, Henry successfully negotiated the Intercursus Magnus, a highly favourable commercial treaty between England and the Low Countries.
^ ^a ^b George Edmundson (1922). "II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands". History of Holland. The University press. pp. 16–17. ASIN B00085XL4Y. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^ Penn, Thomas (2012). Winter King. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-98660-9.
^ "Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant: Perkin Warbeck (1474–99)". Channel 4. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

Sources

Raymond Adrien de Roover (1966), The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397–1494, New York City; Toronto: W. W. Norton & Company; George J. McLeod Limited (respectively), LCCN 63-11417, OCLC 743184 — the product of three years of research in the Florentine archives to improve the author's previous work, it was previously released in 1963 by Harvard University Press.

External links

[1] "In 1496 Portinari was among the negotiators of the Intercursus Magnus, the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the Low Countries." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici (Armand Grunzwig, 1931), which was a compilation of correspondences between the Medici Bank branch at Bruges and the home branch in Florence.

[Everything2-2] "Magnus Intercursus". Everything2. 1 May 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

[note:_cloth-3] A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an English broadcloth, for example, was 24 yards long and 1.75 yards wide (22 m by 1.6 m).

[Blair_&_Ramsay-4] John Blair; Nigel Ramsay, eds. (2001). English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products. London: Hambledon Press. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1-85285-326-6.

[Dictionary_of_English_History-5] "Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus". Oxford Dictionary of British History. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

[6] "United Kingdom". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2006. By 1496 they were a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woolen cloth trade, and largely as a consequence of their political and international importance, Henry successfully negotiated the Intercursus Magnus, a highly favourable commercial treaty between England and the Low Countries.

[History_of_Holland-7] George Edmundson (1922). "II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands". History of Holland. The University press. pp. 16–17. ASIN B00085XL4Y. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

[8] Penn, Thomas (2012). Winter King. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-98660-9.

[Ch4-9] "Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant: Perkin Warbeck (1474–99)". Channel 4. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1496 commercial treaty between England and Burgundy}}
 {{Italic title}}
 {{Infobox treaty
-| name                = ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}''
+| name                = {{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}
 | long_name           =
 |
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg}} [[Hanseatic League]]
 }}
-The '''''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}''''' was a major and long-lasting [[commercial treaty]] signed in February 1496 by King [[Henry VII of England]]<ref>"In 1496 [[Tommaso Portinari|Portinari]] was among the negotiators of the ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}'', the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the [[Low Countries]]." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the ''{{lang|fr|Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici}}'' (Armand Grunzwig, 1931), which was a compilation of correspondences between the [[Medici Bank]] branch at [[Bruges]] and the home branch in Florence.</ref> and Duke [[Philip IV of Burgundy]]. Other signatories included the commercial powers of [[Venice]], [[Florence]], the [[Netherlands]], and the [[Hanseatic League]].
+The '''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}''' was a major and long-lasting [[commercial treaty]] signed in February 1496 by King [[Henry VII of England]]<ref>"In 1496 [[Tommaso Portinari|Portinari]] was among the negotiators of the {{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}, the great treaty which for many years was to regulate commercial intercourse between England and the [[Low Countries]]." De Roover 1966. He sources, on pages xxxix–xl, the {{lang|fr|Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici}} (Armand Grunzwig, 1931), which was a compilation of correspondences between the [[Medici Bank]] branch at [[Bruges]] and the home branch in Florence.</ref> and Duke [[Philip IV of Burgundy]]. Other signatories included the commercial powers of [[Venice]], [[Florence]], the [[Netherlands]], and the [[Hanseatic League]].
-== Background and detail ==
+== Background ==
-The [[Wars of the Roses]], a series of dynastic civil wars between two branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]], had been fought in several sporadic episodes, mainly between 1455 and 1485. In 1485, the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] claimant [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] defeated the [[House of York|Yorkist]] king [[Richard III]] on [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Bosworth Field]] and married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of [[Edward IV]] and sister to [[Princes in the Tower|the Princes in the Tower]], to unite the houses. In 1490, a young [[Flemish people|Fleming]], [[Perkin Warbeck]], appeared and claimed to be [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York|Richard]], the younger of the Yorkist "[[Princes in the Tower]]" and, thus, a [[pretender]] to the English crown. In 1493, Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister [[Margaret of York|Margaret]], dowager duchess of Burgundy. She allowed him to remain at her court, and gave him 2,000 mercenaries.<ref name="Everything2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=''Magnus Intercursus'' |encyclopedia=[[Everything2]] |url=http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1294731 |date=1 May 2002 |accessdate=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
+The [[Wars of the Roses]], a series of dynastic civil wars between two branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]], had been fought in several sporadic episodes, mainly between 1455 and 1485. In 1485, the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] claimant [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] defeated the [[House of York|Yorkist]] king [[Richard III]] on [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Bosworth Field]] and married [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of [[Edward IV]] and sister to [[Princes in the Tower|the Princes in the Tower]], to unite the houses. In 1490, a young [[Flemish people|Fleming]], [[Perkin Warbeck]], appeared and claimed to be [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York|Richard]], the younger of the Yorkist "[[Princes in the Tower]]" and, thus, a [[pretender]] to the English crown. Warbeck had already forced Henry's hand in foreign policy during the [[French–Breton War]] by forcing Henry to sign the [[Peace of Étaples|Treaty of Étaples]] to get France to banish him, despite Henry's promise to help Brittany in the war as demanded by the [[Treaty of Redon]]. Warbeck was, therefore, the most significant threat during Henry's reign and the last remnants of the [[Wars of the Roses]]. In 1493, Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister [[Margaret of York|Margaret]], dowager duchess of Burgundy, who was a strong and persistent enemy of Henry VII due to her being sister to [[Richard III of England]]. She allowed him to remain at her court, gave him 2,000 mercenaries, and support for an eventual invasion of England.<ref name="Everything2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=''Magnus Intercursus'' |encyclopedia=[[Everything2]] |url=http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1294731 |date=1 May 2002 |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
-After the [[Black Death]] in the late 14th century, England began to dominate the European cloth market, with trade reaching a first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 cloths.<ref name="note: cloth">A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an English [[broadcloth]], for example, was 24 yards long and 1.75 yards wide (22 m by 1.6 m).</ref><ref name="Blair & Ramsay">{{cite book |authors=John Blair and Nigel Ramsay (eds) |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxjCN8R4pgsC&pg=PR31 |title=English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products |page=xxxi |location=London |publisher=Hambledon Press |isbn=978-1-85285-326-6 }}</ref> The [[Low Countries]] were one of England's major export markets, particularly [[Antwerp]]. The cloth trade was important to [[Burgundian Netherlands|Burgundy]], as well as being [[economy of England in the Middle Ages#Rise of the cloth trade|a major component of the English economy]]. It was a major act of domestic and foreign policy, thus, for Henry VII to issue a trade embargo — reciprocated by Duke [[Philip IV of Burgundy]] — as a result of Margaret's meddling, with Henry forcing the [[Company of Merchant Adventurers of London|Merchant Adventurers]], the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, to relocate from Antwerp to the [[Pale of Calais]] and ejecting Flemish merchants from England.<ref name="Everything2"/>
+After the [[Black Death]] in the late 14th century, England began to dominate the European cloth market, with trade reaching a first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 cloths.<ref name="note: cloth">A "cloth" in medieval times was a single piece of woven fabric from a loom of a fixed size; an English [[broadcloth]], for example, was 24 yards long and 1.75 yards wide (22 m by 1.6 m).</ref><ref name="Blair & Ramsay">{{cite book |editor=John Blair |editor2=Nigel Ramsay |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxjCN8R4pgsC&pg=PR31 |title=English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products |page=xxxi |location=London |publisher=Hambledon Press |isbn=978-1-85285-326-6 }}</ref> The [[Low Countries]], then [[Burgundian Netherlands|Burgundian]], were one of England's major export markets, particularly [[Antwerp]]. The cloth trade was important to Burgundy, as well as being [[economy of England in the Middle Ages#Rise of the cloth trade|a major component of the English economy]] (accounting for 80% of English exports in 1485).
+== The Treaty ==
-Margaret's influence faded after the threat of the removal of her [[dower]] lands of [[County of Artois]] and [[County of Burgundy|Palatine Burgundy]] and it became clear that the embargo was hurting both the English and the Flemish economies, so the ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}'' was signed, with Margaret's acceptance of the Tudor succession a condition of the treaty. Philip was also keen to secure English help against France, and so the treaty had very favourable conditions for English merchants.<ref name="Everything2"/> The treaty granted reciprocal trade privileges to English and Flemings and established fixed [[duty (economics)|duties]].<ref name="Dictionary of English History">{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/intercursus-magnus-and-intercursus-malus |title=Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus |work=Oxford Dictionary of British History |accessdate=3 July 2012 }}</ref> These certainties greatly aided English export of wool, and thus both Henry VII's treasury<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=By 1496 they were a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woolen cloth trade, and largely as a consequence of their political and international importance, Henry successfully negotiated the ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}'', a highly favourable commercial treaty between England and the Low Countries. |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-44833 |title=United Kingdom |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2006 |accessdate=3 October 2006 }}</ref> and Flemish and Brabantine industry,<ref name="History of Holland">{{cite book |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3O08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16 16–17] |url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-holland-4.html |title=History of Holland |author=George Edmundson |chapter= II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands |year=1922 |publisher=The University press |asin=B00085XL4Y |accessdate=3 July 2012 }}</ref> whilst also providing freedoms to the Hollandic and Zeelandic fisheries.<ref name="History of Holland"/><!-- Yes, Hollandic and Zeelandic; these terms are more specific than "Dutch", for example --> Further treaty promises of impartial justice for English merchants in Burgundian courts<ref name="Dictionary of English History"/> were poorly effected.<ref name="Everything2"/>
+It was a major and brave act of domestic and foreign policy, thus, for Henry VII to issue a trade embargo — reciprocated by Duke [[Philip IV of Burgundy]] — as a result of Margaret's meddling. Henry forced the [[Company of Merchant Adventurers of London|Merchant Adventurers]], the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade and with whom he had a good relationship, to relocate from Antwerp to the [[Pale of Calais]] and ejected Flemish merchants from England.<ref name="Everything2" /> Though this would have been suicidal when Henry came to the throne in 1485 due to the reliance of Antwerp as a trade hub, a series of successful trade treaties during 1486 - including with France and Brittany that removed all Anglo-French trade restrictions - as well as the [[Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)]] diversified English trade routes and provided Henry the breathing room required to hold the English trade through Antwerp hostage in order to negotiate the removal of Burgundian support for Warbeck.
+This diversification of English trade routes allowed Henry to maintain the embargo for 3 years, until 1496. Margaret's influence faded after the threat of the removal of her [[dower]] lands of [[County of Artois]] and [[County of Burgundy|Palatine Burgundy]] and it became clear that the embargo was hurting both the English and the Flemish economies, so the {{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}} was signed, with Margaret's acceptance of the Tudor succession and the banishment of Warbeck being conditions of the treaty. Philip was also keen to secure English help against France, and so the treaty had very favourable conditions for English merchants.<ref name="Everything2"/> The treaty granted reciprocal trade privileges to English and Flemings and established fixed [[duty (economics)|duties]].<ref name="Dictionary of English History">{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/intercursus-magnus-and-intercursus-malus |title=Intercursus magnus and intercursus malus |work=Oxford Dictionary of British History |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref> These certainties greatly aided English export of wool, and thus both Henry VII's treasury<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=By 1496 they were a chartered organization with a legal monopoly of the woolen cloth trade, and largely as a consequence of their political and international importance, Henry successfully negotiated the {{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}, a highly favourable commercial treaty between England and the Low Countries. |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-44833 |title=United Kingdom |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2006 |access-date=3 October 2006 }}</ref> and Flemish and Brabantine industry,<ref name="History of Holland">{{cite book |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3O08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16 16–17] |url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-holland-4.html |title=History of Holland |author=George Edmundson |chapter= II: Habsburg Rule in the Netherlands |year=1922 |publisher=The University press |asin=B00085XL4Y |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref> whilst also providing freedoms to the Hollandic and Zeelandic fisheries.<ref name="History of Holland"/><!-- Yes, Hollandic and Zeelandic; these terms are more specific than "Dutch", for example --> Further treaty promises of impartial justice for English merchants in Burgundian courts<ref name="Dictionary of English History"/> were poorly effected.<ref name="Everything2"/> The importance of the treaty for England, who still relied heavily on the wool trade through Antwerp, cannot be overstated and served as another major success for Henry in both his economic and foreign policy aims.
-Perkin Warbeck's story ended before the start of the 16th century: in September 1496, he persuaded [[James IV of Scotland]] to invade England but, a year later, Warbeck landed in [[Cornwall]] with a few thousand troops, fomenting the [[Second Cornish Uprising of 1497]]. He was captured at [[Beaulieu Abbey]] in [[Hampshire]] and hanged at the [[Tyburn]] on 23 November 1499.<ref name="Ch4">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/henry-viii-the-mind-of-a-tyrant/articles/perkin-warbeck-1474-99 |title=''Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant'': Perkin Warbeck (1474–99) |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |date=25 March 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
+The treaty remained in place until 1506, when Duke Philip and his wife, [[Joanna of Castile]], were shipwrecked off the coast of England on the way to [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. Henry VII essentially held the two captive until Philip agreed to the [[Malus Intercursus]], which provided even more favourable terms to English merchants, and demanded the Burgundians to hand over [[Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk]], Henry's greatest enemy and pretender beside Warbeck. However, upon Philip's death in September 1506, having been released from England in February or March after a forced stay of 6 weeks, his sister, [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]], refused to ratify the terms of the treaty (that would have seen her betrothed to the recently widowed Henry VII), and later signed a third treaty in 1507 that saw a near complete return to the terms of the Intercursus Magnus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Penn|first=Thomas|title=Winter King|publisher=Penguin|year=2012|isbn=978-0-141-98660-9}}</ref>
-== ''Intercursus Malus'' ==
-{{Infobox treaty
-| name                = ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Malus}}''
-| long_name           =
-|
-| rep                 = <!-- [[File:Example.png|200px|alt=Example alt text]]  OR: -->
-| image               = <!-- Example.png -->
-| image_width         = <!-- 200px -->
-| image_alt           = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
-| caption             = <!-- Example caption for either image style -->
-|
-| type                = [[Commercial treaty]]
-|
-| date_signed         = {{Start date|1506|||df=y}}
-| location_signed     = [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
-| date_effective      = Never ratified; repudiated by [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]]
-|
-| signatories         =
-* {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[Henry VII of England]]
-* {{flagicon image|Flag of Bourgogne.svg}} [[Philip IV of Burgundy]]
-}}
-Continuing frictions with the merchant, combined with Henry's desire to secure [[Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk]], the leading Yorkist heir, sheltering in Burgundy, led Henry to attempt further negotiations.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_c_md3gMpwC&pg=PA640 |title=Intercursus Malus |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Tudor England |authors=John A Wagner and Susan Walters Schmid |page=640 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |accessdate=3 July 2012 |isbn=978-1598-84299-9 }}</ref> A shipwreck in 1506 left Philip stranded in England en route to claiming the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian inheritance]] of his wife, [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna the Mad]].<ref name="History of Holland"/><ref name="Literary Encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Treaty 'Malus intercursus' between England and the Netherlands |work=The Literary Encyclopedia |date=1 November 2010 |url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=14111 |issn= 1747-678X |accessdate=3 July 2012 }}</ref> This enabled Henry to negotiate the ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Malus}}'' ("{{lang|en|evil treaty}}",<ref>{{cite book |author=John Guy |title=Tudor England |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford Publishing Press |isbn=0-1928-5213-2 }}</ref> so named from the Dutch perspective for being far too favorable to English interests), intended to replace the ''{{lang|la|Intercursus Magnus}}''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290079/Intercursus-Malus |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Intercursus Malus (Spain 1506) }}</ref> This replacement removed all duties from English textile exports without reciprocity and with little compensation for the Burgundians.<ref name="Everything2"/><ref name="Dictionary of English History"/> 49-year-old Henry, widowed three years previously, also arranged to be married to Philip's sister, the twice-widowed 26-year-old [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret]].<ref name="History of Holland"/>
+Perkin Warbeck, who fled before the treaty was signed (as he had done in France before the [[Treaty of Etaples]]) appeared in Scotland in September 1496. He persuaded [[James IV of Scotland]] to invade England but, a year later, Warbeck landed in [[Cornwall]] with a few thousand troops, fomenting the [[Second Cornish Uprising of 1497]]. He was captured at [[Beaulieu Abbey]] in [[Hampshire]] and hanged at the [[Tyburn]] on 23 November 1499.<ref name="Ch4">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/henry-viii-the-mind-of-a-tyrant/articles/perkin-warbeck-1474-99 |title=''Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant'': Perkin Warbeck (1474–99) |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
-Margaret's objection — both to the marriage and the treaty more generally — meant that, on Philip's death that September and Margaret's appointment as [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands]] (and ''de facto'' ruler), the treaty was not ratified<ref name="History of Holland"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20202%20HVII%20policy.htm |title=Domestic and Foreign Policy of Henry VII |author=J.P. Sommerville |work=Course 123: English history to 1688 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] Department of History |date=Fall semester 2012 |accessdate=24 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927053718/http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20202%20HVII%20policy.htm |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> being replaced instead by a third treaty in 1507, repeating the terms of the first.<ref name="Dictionary of English History"/>
 == References ==
@@ Line 67: / Line 48: @@
 == Sources ==
-* {{citation |author=Raymond Adrien de Roover |year=1966 |title=The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397–1494 |place=[[New York City]]; [[Toronto]] |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]; George J. McLeod Limited (respectively) |id=LCCN: 63-11417}} — the product of three years of research in the Florentine archives to improve the author's previous work, it was previously released in 1963 by [[Harvard University Press]].
+* {{citation |author=Raymond Adrien de Roover |year=1966 |title=The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397–1494 |place=[[New York City]]; [[Toronto]] |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]; George J. McLeod Limited (respectively) |lccn=63-11417 |oclc=743184}} — the product of three years of research in the Florentine archives to improve the author's previous work, it was previously released in 1963 by [[Harvard University Press]].
 == External links ==
 * [http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1294731 Magnus Intercursus] on [[Everything2]]
-* [http://www.tudorhistory.org/secondary/henry7/c10.html Tudor Domestic History]
+* [http://www.tudorhistory.org/secondary/henry7/c10.html Tudor Domestic History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522120934/http://www.tudorhistory.org/secondary/henry7/c10.html |date=2011-05-22 }}
 * [http://members.tripod.com/~midgley/midgleyana06.html John Franklin Midgley - Extract from ''Midgleyana'']
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224172038/http://www.johnguy.co.uk/history.php?&content=foreign.html Aims and Successes of Henry VII's Foreign Policy]
-* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1143839 The Third War of the Roses]
+* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1143839 The Third War of the Roses]
 [[Category:1490s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
 [[Category:1490s treaties]]
-[[Category:1496 in Europe]]
+[[Category:1496 in England]]
-[[Category:15th-century economic history]]
+[[Category:15th century in economic history]]
 [[Category:Commercial treaties]]
 [[Category:Treaties of England]]
@@ Line 87: / Line 68: @@
 [[Category:Treaties involving the Hanseatic League]]
 [[Category:Treaties of the Burgundian Netherlands]]
+[[Category:Henry VII of England]]
+[[Category:Philip I of Castile]]