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{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Red-bellied titi<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=144|id=12100337}}</ref>
|name=Red-bellied titi<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=144|id=12100337}}</ref>
| image =Callicebus moloch (sensu stricto) -Brazil-8.jpg
|image=Callicebus moloch (sensu stricto) -Brazil-8.jpg
| status = LC
|status=LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
|status_system=IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Veiga, L. M. & Ferrari, S. F.|year=2008|id=41556|title=Callicebus moloch|downloaded=3 January 2009}}</ref>
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ravetta, A.L. |author2=Carvalho, A.S. |author3=Buss, G. |author4=Boubli, J.P. |date=2021 |title=''Plecturocebus moloch'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T41556A192452656 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41556A192452656.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Callicebus moloch
|genus=Plecturocebus
| binomial = ''Callicebus moloch''
|species=moloch
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmannsegg]], 1807)
|authority=([[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Hoffmannsegg]], 1807)
| range_map = Red-bellied Titi area.png
| range_map_caption = Red-bellied titi range
|range_map=Red-bellied Titi area.png
|range_map_caption=Red-bellied titi range
|synonyms=''Callicebus moloch'' <small>Hoffmannsegg, 1807</small>
}}
}}


The '''red-bellied titi''' or '''dusky titi''', ''Callicebus moloch'', is a species of [[titi]], a type of [[New World monkey]], [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to [[Brazil]]. It lives in forests and thickets.
The '''red-bellied titi monkey''' or '''dusky titi''' ('''''Plecturocebus moloch''''') is a species of [[titi monkey]], a type of [[New World monkey]], [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to [[Brazil]].<ref name=byrne2016>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=Hazel|last2=Rylands|first2=Anthony B.|last3=Carneiro|first3=Jeferson C.|last4=Alfaro|first4=Jessica W. Lynch|last5=Bertuol|first5=Fabricio|last6=da Silva|first6=Maria N. F.|last7=Messias|first7=Mariluce|last8=Groves|first8=Colin P.|last9=Mittermeier|first9=Russell A.|date=2016-01-01|title=Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence|journal=Frontiers in Zoology|volume=13|pages=10|doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4|issn=1742-9994|pmc=4774130|pmid=26937245 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> It lives in forests and thickets.


It has a rounded head and a thick, soft coat and frequently adopts a characteristic posture with the body hunched, limbs close together, and a tail hanging down. The body is 28–39&nbsp;cm long, and the tail is 33–49&nbsp;cm.
It has a rounded head and a thick, soft coat and frequently adopts a characteristic posture with the body hunched, limbs close together, and a tail hanging down. The body is {{cvt|28|–|39|cm}} long, and the tail is {{cvt|33|–|49|cm}}.


It can move quite fast if necessary but rarely does so and generally stays within a fairly small area, feeding on fruit, insects, spiders, small birds, and bird's eggs. It is [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and moves in pairs or family groups, which communicate by means of a wide repertoire of sounds. The female gives birth to a single offspring.
It can move quite fast if necessary but rarely does so and generally stays within a fairly small area, feeding on fruit, insects, spiders, small birds, and bird's eggs. It is [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and moves in pairs or family groups, which communicate by means of a wide repertoire of sounds. The female gives birth to a single offspring.


== Physical description ==
==Physical description==
⚫
The red-bellied titi has an average head and body length of {{Convert|333|mm|in|abbr=on}} for males and {{Convert|331|mm|in|abbr=on}} for females, showing no [[sexual dimorphism]]. Its tail has a greater length than the head and body combined.<ref name="Hershkovitz1990">{{Cite journal |last1=Hershkovitz |first1=P. |year=1990 |title=Titis, New World Monkeys of the Genus ''Callicebus'' (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): A Preliminary Taxonomic Review |journal=Fieldiana Zoology |series=New Series |volume=55 |pages=1–109 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.2843|doi-access=free }}</ref> Males weigh between {{Convert|850|-|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}} while females range from {{Convert|700|-|1020|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hershkovitz1990" />


⚫
It has a larger [[Thumb|pollex]] than its [[hallux]]. It has six palmar pads and nails on each of its five digits. It has a dental formula of i 2/2, p 3/3, m 3/3 with a total of 36. Its upper [[incisor]]s are elongated and the incisiform canines barely extend beyond the other teeth. The upper [[molar (tooth)|molar]]s are sometimes tricuspid and the lower premolars are relatively simple. Upper and lower molars are quadricuspid. It has relatively large ears often obscured by the fur on side of the head. The nose has a wide internal [[Nasal septum|septum]] and the [[nares]] open laterally. In adults, the pelage of the back can be grey, reddish, or brown. It usually has white or black bands on its forehead. This color pattern found both in young and adults.
⚫
The red-bellied titi has an average head and body length of {{Convert|333|mm|in|abbr=on}} for males and {{Convert|331|mm|in|abbr=on}} for females, showing no [[sexual dimorphism]]. Its tail has a greater length than the head and body combined.<ref name="Hershkovitz1990">{{cite doi|10.5962/bhl.title.2843}}</ref> Males weigh between {{Convert|850|-|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}} while females range from {{Convert|700|-|1020|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hershkovitz1990" />


⚫
The ear has a helical margin that is pulled upward and towards the back. The anterior superior margins are rolled. Tragus and antitragus are small, lobulated and equal in size. The manus has a unique raided pads; the interdigital pads are separated from the palm by a structure called deep flex urge line. The palm consist of two elongated central pads, a hypothenar pad and a thenar pad.
⚫
It has a larger [[pollex]] than its [[hallux]]. It has six palmar pads and nails on each of its five digits. It has a dental formula of i 2/2, p 3/3, m 3/3 with a total of 36. Its upper [[incisor]]s are elongated and the incisiform canines barely extend beyond the other teeth. The upper [[molar (tooth)|molar]]s are sometimes tricuspid and the lower premolars are relatively simple. Upper and lower molars are quaddricuspid. It has relatively large ears often obscured by the fur on side of the head. The nose has a wide internal [[Nasal septum|septum]] and the [[nares]] open laterally. In adults, the pelege of the back can be grey, reddish, or brown. It usually has white or black bands on its forehead. This color pattern found both in young and adults.


⚫
The skull is orthognathous, orbits are unfenestrated, balls are inflated ventrally, and a large sinus found above the nasal. The foramen magnum is located towards the front, and the atlas has shallow anterior articular facets which allow the condyles to attach. Anterior margin of the lacrimal fossa is formed by or near the maxilla. The premaxilla is short, giving the appearance of a small, not especially prognathic face relative to other platyrrhines. The corpus of the mandible deepens posteriorly and the ramus is tall. The hyoid bone is expanded and highly convex ventrally.
⚫
The ear has a helical margin that is pulled upward and towards the back. The anterior superior margins are rolled. Tragus and antitragus are small, lobulated and equal in size. The manus has a unique raided pads, the interdigital pads are separated from the palm by a structure called deep flex urge line. The palm consist of two elongated central pads, a hypothenar pad and a thenar pad.


⚫
==Behavior and ecology==
⚫
The skull is orthagnathus, orbits are unfenestrated, balle are inflated ventraly, a large sinus found above the nasal. The foraman magnum is located towards the front, the atlas has a shallow anterior articular facets which allow the condyles to attach. Anterior margin of the lachrynal fossa is formed by or near the maxilla. The premaxilla is short, giving the appearance of a small, not especially prognathic face relative to other platyrrhines. The corpus of the mandible deepens posteriorly and the ramus is tall. The hyoid bone is expanded and highly convex ventraly.


⚫
Groups vary in size from two to four individuals usually with an adult female and an adult male. The young tend to leave group at the age of 2–3 years old. It rarely interacts with other primates. [[Pair bond|Bonding]] between male and female pairs is extremely strong. Once this relationship is established, partners remain very close to each other. Couples also intertwine the tails whenever possible. Couples tend to follow each other and remain near each other throughout the day. The males play a major role in taking care of the young. Siblings however, do not play a role and do not usually help in rearing of the young. The adults use chest rubbing as a visual signal, dragging branches along their chest slowly. Later, after brushing, the area is smelt or rubbed.
⚫
== Behavior and ecology ==


⚫
It tends to inhabit lower and denser tropical forest especially close to rivers and river banks. It has a frugivorous diet, eating anything from fruits and twigs to leaves and insects. It has a relatively small home range. Like other titis, it is highly territorial and sends out vocal calls to mark territory and scare off other animals.
⚫
Groups vary in size from two to four individuals usually with an adult female and an adult male. The young tend to leave group at the age of 2–3 years old. It rarely interacts with other primates. [[Pair bond|Bonding]] between male and female pairs is extremely strong. Once this relationship is established, partners remain very close to each other. Couples also intertwine the tails whenever possible. Couples tend to follow each other remain near each other throughout the day. The males play a major role in taking care of the young. Siblings however, do not play a role and do not usually help in rearing of the young. The adults use chest rubbing as a visual signal, dragging branches along their chest slowly. Later, after brushing, the area is smelt or rubbed.


⚫
Grooming occurs frequently throughout the day, mostly during rest periods. Both females and males, adults and young participate in grooming. It has been suggested that grooming is a form of habituation introducing the concept of presence and physical contact with companions. Adults and juvenile also intertwine tails with the opposite sex whenever two from the same social group are by each other.
⚫
It tends to inhibit lower and denser tropical forest especially close to rivers and river banks. It has a frugivorous diet, eating anything from fruits and twigs to leaves and insect. It has a relatively small home range. Like other titis, it is highly territorial and sends out vocal calls to mark territory and scare off other animals.


⚫
The red-bellied titi has a variety of postures and facial expressions that it uses as visual signals. Swaying the entire body, turning the head sideways and lowering the head to face downward are examples of these signals. Observers have seen that these signals are a response to a disturbance or escape tendencies. Arching of the back is a signal that the red-bellied titi uses to warn that they're about to attack. This signal is associated with hostility, after they arch their backs an attack usually follows. Other signals associated with hostility include [[piloerection]] and tail lashing. These tend to follow back arching and are often used as scare tactics. Facial expressions observed in these species include partial and complete shutting of the eyes, protrusion of the lips and baring of the teeth which is usually followed by smacking of the lips.
⚫
Grooming occurs frequently throughout the day, mostly during rest period. Both females and males adult and young participate in grooming. It has been suggested that grooming is a form of Habitutation introducing the concept of presence and physical contact with companions. Adults and juvenile also intertwine tails with the opposite sex whenever two from the same social group are by each other.


⚫
Infants are usually transferred and tended to by the males. Females only lick and nurse the infants. The adult males are responsible for carrying the infants except when the young is being nursed or licked. Sometimes the juvenile transfers itself from adult to adult, especially when the two adults are close to each other. There is a close association between males and juvenile after the juvenile becomes self-locomoting.
⚫
Collecebus moloch have a variety of posture and facial expression that they use as visual signals. Swaying the entire body, turning the head sideways and lowering the head to face downward are examples of these signals. Observer have seen that these signals are a response to a disturbance or escape tendencies. Arching of the back is a signal that red titi use to warn people's that they're about to attack. This signal is associated with hostility, after they arch their backs an attack usually follows. Other signal associated with hostility includes Pili-erection and tail lashing. These tend to follow back arching and oftentimes used as scared tactics. Facial expressions observed in these species include partial and complete shutting of the eyes, protrusion of the lips and baring of the teeth which is usually followed by smacking of the lips.

⚫
Infants are usually transferred and tended to by the males. Females only lick and nurse the infants. The adult males are responsible for carrying the infants except when the young is being nursed or licked. Sometimes the junvinile transfer itself from adult to adult especially when the two adults are close to each other. There has been a close association between males and juvenile after the juvenile becomes self-locomoting.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikispecies|Callicebus moloch|Red-bellied titi}}
{{reflist}}
⚫
*Macmillian Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia


=== Further reading ===
*American society of mammologist.
⚫
*Macmillan Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia
Mammalian species number 112. By Clyde Jones and Sydney Anderson
*American Society of Mammalogists. Mammalian species number 112. By Clyde Jones and Sydney Anderson


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Callicebus moloch}}
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/dusky_titi Primate Info Net ''Callicebus moloch'' Factsheet]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/dusky_titi Primate Info Net ''Callicebus moloch'' Factsheet]


{{Pitheciidae nav}}
{{Pitheciidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1044166|from2=Q56116672}}


[[Category:Titis]]
[[Category:Plecturocebus|red-bellied titi]]
[[Category:Mammals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Primates of Brazil]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Brazil]]
[[Category:Endemic mammals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1807|red-bellied titi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg]]
[[Category:Moloch]]

Latest revision as of 17:54, 6 April 2024

Red-bellied titi[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Pitheciidae
Genus: Plecturocebus
Species:
P. moloch
Binomial name
Plecturocebus moloch
(Hoffmannsegg, 1807)
Red-bellied titi range
Synonyms

Callicebus moloch Hoffmannsegg, 1807

The red-bellied titi monkey or dusky titi (Plecturocebus moloch) is a species of titi monkey, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil.[3][2] It lives in forests and thickets.

It has a rounded head and a thick, soft coat and frequently adopts a characteristic posture with the body hunched, limbs close together, and a tail hanging down. The body is 28–39 cm (11–15 in) long, and the tail is 33–49 cm (13–19 in).

It can move quite fast if necessary but rarely does so and generally stays within a fairly small area, feeding on fruit, insects, spiders, small birds, and bird's eggs. It is diurnal and moves in pairs or family groups, which communicate by means of a wide repertoire of sounds. The female gives birth to a single offspring.

Physical description

[edit]

The red-bellied titi has an average head and body length of 333 mm (13.1 in) for males and 331 mm (13.0 in) for females, showing no sexual dimorphism. Its tail has a greater length than the head and body combined.[4] Males weigh between 850–1,200 g (1.87–2.65 lb) while females range from 700–1,020 g (1.54–2.25 lb).[4]

It has a larger pollex than its hallux. It has six palmar pads and nails on each of its five digits. It has a dental formula of i 2/2, p 3/3, m 3/3 with a total of 36. Its upper incisors are elongated and the incisiform canines barely extend beyond the other teeth. The upper molars are sometimes tricuspid and the lower premolars are relatively simple. Upper and lower molars are quadricuspid. It has relatively large ears often obscured by the fur on side of the head. The nose has a wide internal septum and the nares open laterally. In adults, the pelage of the back can be grey, reddish, or brown. It usually has white or black bands on its forehead. This color pattern found both in young and adults.

The ear has a helical margin that is pulled upward and towards the back. The anterior superior margins are rolled. Tragus and antitragus are small, lobulated and equal in size. The manus has a unique raided pads; the interdigital pads are separated from the palm by a structure called deep flex urge line. The palm consist of two elongated central pads, a hypothenar pad and a thenar pad.

The skull is orthognathous, orbits are unfenestrated, balls are inflated ventrally, and a large sinus found above the nasal. The foramen magnum is located towards the front, and the atlas has shallow anterior articular facets which allow the condyles to attach. Anterior margin of the lacrimal fossa is formed by or near the maxilla. The premaxilla is short, giving the appearance of a small, not especially prognathic face relative to other platyrrhines. The corpus of the mandible deepens posteriorly and the ramus is tall. The hyoid bone is expanded and highly convex ventrally.

Behavior and ecology

[edit]

Groups vary in size from two to four individuals usually with an adult female and an adult male. The young tend to leave group at the age of 2–3 years old. It rarely interacts with other primates. Bonding between male and female pairs is extremely strong. Once this relationship is established, partners remain very close to each other. Couples also intertwine the tails whenever possible. Couples tend to follow each other and remain near each other throughout the day. The males play a major role in taking care of the young. Siblings however, do not play a role and do not usually help in rearing of the young. The adults use chest rubbing as a visual signal, dragging branches along their chest slowly. Later, after brushing, the area is smelt or rubbed.

It tends to inhabit lower and denser tropical forest especially close to rivers and river banks. It has a frugivorous diet, eating anything from fruits and twigs to leaves and insects. It has a relatively small home range. Like other titis, it is highly territorial and sends out vocal calls to mark territory and scare off other animals.

Grooming occurs frequently throughout the day, mostly during rest periods. Both females and males, adults and young participate in grooming. It has been suggested that grooming is a form of habituation introducing the concept of presence and physical contact with companions. Adults and juvenile also intertwine tails with the opposite sex whenever two from the same social group are by each other.

The red-bellied titi has a variety of postures and facial expressions that it uses as visual signals. Swaying the entire body, turning the head sideways and lowering the head to face downward are examples of these signals. Observers have seen that these signals are a response to a disturbance or escape tendencies. Arching of the back is a signal that the red-bellied titi uses to warn that they're about to attack. This signal is associated with hostility, after they arch their backs an attack usually follows. Other signals associated with hostility include piloerection and tail lashing. These tend to follow back arching and are often used as scare tactics. Facial expressions observed in these species include partial and complete shutting of the eyes, protrusion of the lips and baring of the teeth which is usually followed by smacking of the lips.

Infants are usually transferred and tended to by the males. Females only lick and nurse the infants. The adult males are responsible for carrying the infants except when the young is being nursed or licked. Sometimes the juvenile transfers itself from adult to adult, especially when the two adults are close to each other. There is a close association between males and juvenile after the juvenile becomes self-locomoting.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Ravetta, A.L.; Carvalho, A.S.; Buss, G.; Boubli, J.P. (2021). "Plecturocebus moloch". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41556A192452656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41556A192452656.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ Byrne, Hazel; Rylands, Anthony B.; Carneiro, Jeferson C.; Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Bertuol, Fabricio; da Silva, Maria N. F.; Messias, Mariluce; Groves, Colin P.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2016-01-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence". Frontiers in Zoology. 13: 10. doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 4774130. PMID 26937245.
  4. ^ a b Hershkovitz, P. (1990). "Titis, New World Monkeys of the Genus Callicebus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): A Preliminary Taxonomic Review". Fieldiana Zoology. New Series. 55: 1–109. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2843.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Macmillan Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia
  • American Society of Mammalogists. Mammalian species number 112. By Clyde Jones and Sydney Anderson
[edit]
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