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{{Short description|Arthurian romance written by Hartmann von Aue}}
[[File:Iwein Rodenegg.jpg|thumb|Fresco from the Iwein-Cycle at Castle Rodenegg: Iwein fights Aschelon (Askalon).]]
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
'''''Iwein''''' is a [[Middle High German]] verse romance by the poet [[Hartmann von Aue]], written around 1203.<ref name=Mcdonald>Mcdonald, William (2006). [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=14000 "Iwein"]. The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2010.</ref> An [[Arthurian]] tale freely adapted from [[Chrétien de Troyes]]' [[Old French]] ''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion]]'', it tells the story of [[Ywain|Iwein]] (Ywain), a knight of [[King Arthur]]'s [[Round Table]]. It was written after Hartmann's ''[[Erec (Hartmann)|Erec]]'', and may have been his last work.<ref name=Mcdonald/>
{{Infobox poem
|name =
|image = Iwein Rodenegg.jpg
|caption = Fresco from the ''Iwein'' cycle at Castle Rodenegg: Iwein fights Aschelon (Askalon).
|subtitle =
|author = [[Hartmann von Aue]]
|original_title =
|original_title_lang =
|translator =
|written = {{Circa|1203}}
|country =
|language = [[Middle High German]]
|subject = [[Arthurian legend]]
|genre = [[German courtly romance]]
|form = Rhyming couplets
|meter =
|rhyme =
|lines = 8166/8266
|oclc =
|wikisource =
|orig_lang_code =
|native_wikisource =
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Iwein''''' is a [[Middle High German]] [[German courtly romance|verse romance]] by the poet [[Hartmann von Aue]], written around 1200. An [[Arthurian]] tale freely adapted from [[Chrétien de Troyes]]' [[Old French]] ''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion]]'', it tells the story of Iwein ([[Yvain]]), a knight of [[King Arthur]]'s [[Round Table]]. It was written after Hartmann's ''[[Erec (poem)|Erec]]'', and is generally taken to be his last work.{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=32}}


The poem tells how Iwein embarks on an adventure which culminates in marriage to the lady Laudine. But he is then persuaded to leave her for a year to pursue success in [[Tournament (medieval)|tournaments]]. After he misses the deadline to return to her, he is rejected by Laudine in front of the Arthurian court. Dishonoured, he descends into madness and goes off into the wilderness. There he is healed by a lady with a magic ointment and has further encounters which allow him to show true heroism. These include helping a lion which is being attacked by a dragon, the lion then becoming his companion. Eventually, his honour restored, he regains Laudine's favour.
== Iwein's Position in Hartmann's Work ==
Hartmann von Aue, because of his novel ''[[Erec]]'', written around 1180, is considered the founder of german [[Arthurian Legend]].


''Iwein'' was recognized by contemporaries and later generations alike as a masterpiece and a classic.{{sfn|Wapnewski|1979|p=64}} Its enduring popularity is attested both by the large number of manuscripts from the whole [[High German]] area over three centuries{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=19}} and by the depiction of scenes from the poem in a number of [[frescos]].{{sfn|Cormeau|1989|loc=col. 518}}{{sfn|Gibbs|Johnson|2002|pp=143-144}}
''Iwein'' is his second courtly novel; on the basis of stylistic evidence, it is considered to be the last of Hartmann's total of four works. Between ''Erec'' and ''Iwein'' he created his two legendary stories ''[[Gregorius]]'' and ''[[Der arme Heinrich]]''.
''Iwein'' must have been produced by 1205, as [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]] makes mention of it in his "[[Parzival]]". The earliest possible creation date is usually taken to be the year 1190. Linguistic investigations seem to suggest that ''Iwein'' was begun shortly after ''Erec'', but that Hartmann's work on it was interrupted after approximately 1000 verses. It is possible this is the result of the death of the patron. According to this theory, Hartmann only finished the poem at a later date. It is not known who commissioned ''Iwein'', but the [[Zähringer]], the [[Staufer]] and the [[Welfen]] have all been considered as possible patrons.


== Dating ==
As in other courtly epics, all of Hartmann's works are written in four-footed rhyming couplets.
''Iwein'' is generally regarded as the last of Hartmann's works.{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=32}}
It must already have been well known to the audience for [[Wolfram von Eschenbach|Wolfram]]'s ''[[Parzival]]'', since Wolfram alludes in two passages (253, 10–14 and 436,1–10) to a specific scene in ''Iwein'': he contrasts the faithfulness of Sigûne to her dead suitor Schianatulander with Lûnete's advice to Laudine in ''Iwein'' to marry her husband's killer (''Iwein'', ll.1815ff.).{{sfn|Edwards|2007|pp=xvi–xvii}} Since ''Parzival'' must have been completed after 1203, this is often given as a date for ''Iwein'', though strictly it is a ''[[terminus ante quem]]''.{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=30}}


It has been argued that the first 1,000 lines of ''Iwein'' show a markedly different poetic character from the subsequent text, and that this indicates two distinct phases in the poem's composition, with ''Iwein'' possibly started before ''[[Gregorius]]'' and ''[[Der arme Heinrich]]''.{{sfn|Wapnewski|1979|p=18}}
== Material and Sources ==


In any case, it seems safe to conclude that ''Iwein'' was completed around the start of the 13th century.{{sfn|Wapnewski|1979|p=27}}{{sfn|Mertens|2004|p=771}}
[[File:Ywain-Gawain.JPG|thumb|220px|In contrast to the German ''Iwein'' manuscripts, the French ''Yvain'' of Chrétien de Troyes was beautifully illustrated. Here: Iwein battling with Gawein. (Princeton University Library, Garrett MS. 125; um 1295).]]
Hartmann's immediate source was the Old French epic ''[[Yvain ou Le Chevalier au lion]]'' by [[Chrétien de Troyes]], which was created either around 1177 or between 1185 and 1188.
In contrast to his rather free version of ''[[Erec]]'', Hartmann's translation of ''Iwein'' remains much closer to the French original. As the themes of the courtly epic had in the meantime become common knowledge for his German listeners, he was able to avoid lengthy explanatory digressions.


== Sources ==
The subject are of King Arthur belongs to the ''[[matière de bretagne]]'', originally orally transmitted [[Celts|Celtic]] materials, which found entry to European literature through Chrétiens' reworkings.
Hartmann's source was the Old French epic ''[[Yvain, le Chevalier au Lion]]'' by [[Chrétien de Troyes]], which was written 1177–1181.{{sfn|Schmid|2010|p=136}} In contrast to his rather [[Erec (poem)|free version]] of ''[[Erec and Enide]]'', Hartmann's translation of ''Iwein'' remains much closer to the French original, though ''Iwein'' is nonetheless longer than ''Yvain'' by 1351 lines, around 20%.{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=199}}{{sfn|Wapnewski|1979|p=66}}

As the themes of the courtly romance were by this time familiar to his German listeners, Hartmann no longer needed lengthy explanatory digressions such as are found in ''Erec''. The additional material, apart from the inevitable increase involved with translation, represents, in particular, Hartmann's different approach to the relationship of Laudine and Lunete.{{sfn|Cormeau|Störmer|1985|p=199}}


== Plot ==
== Plot ==
=== Prologue (ll. 1–30)===
A [[prologue]] introduces King Arthur as an example to emulate in the search for honour in [[chivalry]], since his fame is ever-lasting. The author is then introduced, in the third person, as a learned knight who writes poetry.


=== Kalogrenant's tale (ll. 31–944) ===
=== Prologue ===
[[Whitsun]] festivities are taking place at the Arthurian court. The knight Kalogrenant tells of an adventure in which he visited a spring in the wilderness and was defeated by the knight who defended the spring.


=== First plot cycle ===
As was normal for medieval epics, Hartmann begins the tale with a [[Prologue (Literature)|Prologue]] (V. 1-85)- A reference to the literary genre of Arthurian epics, and programmatic statements about the morality of the poetry .Arthur is praised as an example of chivalry whose name is eternal. Thereto Hartmann adds a self-proclamation, which is written in much the same way as in [[Der arme Heinrich]]:
[[File:Iweinwaldmensch.jpg|thumb|Two scenes from the Iwein frescoes at Schloss Rodenegg: The stone on the spring is watered (left), and the Woodsman (right).]]


The story begins with a [[Whitsun]] celebration at the court of Arthur, the epitome of courtly festivities. While there, [[Yvain|Iwein]] hears the story of the Knight Kalogrenant.
{|
|-
|valign="top"|
:''Ein rîter, der gelêret was''<br/>
:''unde ez an den buochen las,''<br/>
:''swenner sîne stunde''<br/>
:''niht baz bewenden kunde''<br/>
:''daz er ouch tihtennes pflac''<br/>
:''(daz man gerne hœren mac,''<br/>
:''dâ kêrt er sînen vlîz an:''<br/>
:''er was genant Hartman''<br/>
:''und was ein Ouwære''<br/>
:''der tihte diz mære.''
|valign="top"|
A knight, he was learned<br/>
and read in books,<br/>
so that if he with his time<br/>
could begin nothing better,<br/>
he also wrote poetry.<br/>
That one could gladly hear,<br/>
there he set his eagerness to.<br/>
He was called Hartmann<br/>
and he was from Aue.<br/>
He wrote this story as poetry.
|}
:<small>(Hartmann von Aue: Iwein, V. 21-30. G.F. Benecke, K. Lachmann, L. Wolf. Übersetzt von Thomas Cramer. Berlin, New York ³1981)</small>


The unsuccessful adventure of the Arthurian knight Kalogrenant gives the court of Arthur a legitimate challenge - that of avenging the dishonour. Iwein, who as a relation of Kalogrenant's is doubly hit by the scandal, rides ahead of a procession of the entire court and heads secretly into the Well-Kingdom. The adventure repeats itself, but with deadly consequences for Askalon. Iwein chases the mortally wounded, fleeing Askalon into his castle. The falling portcullis cuts Iwein's horse in two; though he himself remains uninjured, he is sealed in the gatehouse.
=== First Plot Cycle ===


Only with the help of [[Lunete]], the confidante of the mistress of the castle, Laudine, does Iwein succeed in escaping the castle guards. Out of thankfulness for earlier assistance at the court of Arthur he receives from Lunete a ring which makes him invisible. The dead Askalon is mourned by his beautiful wife Laudine. Iwein sees the castle-mistress through a window and becomes inflamed with love (Minne) for her.
[[File:Iweinwaldmensch.jpg|thumb|Two scenes from the Iwein frescoes at Schloss Rodenegg: The stone on the spring is watered (left), and the Woodsman (right).]]
The novel begins with a Whitsun celebration at the court of Arthur, the epitome of courtly festivities. While there, Iwein hears the story of the Knight Kalogrenant, which is structured by Hartmann as a sort of novel in the novel. Kalogrenant reports how he happened across a clearing full of wild beasts on his way from a hospitable castle. In the middle of these beasts had stood a giant,ugly and uncultivated Wildman, who nevertheless singled himself out not as a brute or fiend, but as a peaceful herdsman. Kalogrenant's attempt to figure out the secret of a magic well-idyll in the Woods, whereof he spoke to the wild man, failed utterly however. With the watering of a stone, he unleashed a powerful thunderstorm, which thereby aided the defence of the spring by Askalon, the territorial Lord, and protector of the magic fountain. He was defeated by him, and had to return home without horse and armour.
The misbegotten adventure of the Arthurian knight Kalogrenant gives the court of Arthur a legitimate challenge - that of avenging the dishonour. Iwein, who as a relation of Kalogrenant's is doubly hit by the scandal, rides ahead of a procession of the entire court and heads secretly into the Fountain-Kingdom. The adventure repeats itself, but with deadly consequences for Askalon. Iwein chases the mortally wounded, fleeing Askalon into his castle. The falling portcullis cuts Iwein's horse in two; though he himself remains uninjured, he is sealed in the gatehouse.

Only with the help of [[Lunete]], the confidante of the mistress of the castle, Laudine, does Iwein succeed in escaping the castle guards. Out of thankfulness for earlier assistance at the court of Arthur he receives from Lunete a ring which makes him invisible. The dead Askalon is mourned by his beautiful wife Laudine. Iwein sees the castle-mistress through a window and becomes inflaimed with love (Minne) for her.


The wounds of the dead man begin to bleed again, due to the presence of the killer, and thus a burlesque search for the invisible man begins. Once again Lunete solves the paradoxical situation and convinces Laudine that the victor over Askalon would be a worthy successor as husband, Lord of the land and protector of the fountain. In a comedic enactment (as all the parties are already aware of the intentions of the other) Iwein and Laudine come together under the mediation of Lunete. Soon thereafter the wedding is celebrated.
The wounds of the dead man begin to bleed again, due to the presence of the killer, and thus a burlesque search for the invisible man begins. Once again Lunete solves the paradoxical situation and convinces Laudine that the victor over Askalon would be a worthy successor as husband, Lord of the land and protector of the fountain. In a comedic enactment (as all the parties are already aware of the intentions of the other) Iwein and Laudine come together under the mediation of Lunete. Soon thereafter the wedding is celebrated.
Line 64: Line 64:
Then the court of Arthur arrives at the source, and Iwein must try out his role as fountain-protector for the first time. This succeeds against [[Keie]], the exemplarily resentful knight of the court of Arthur. The entire court now celebrate the marriage of Iwein and Laudine. Thereby the plot arrives at a temporary ending - as well as the ''êre'' of victory Iwein has, unlooked for, achieved a wife and Lordship.
Then the court of Arthur arrives at the source, and Iwein must try out his role as fountain-protector for the first time. This succeeds against [[Keie]], the exemplarily resentful knight of the court of Arthur. The entire court now celebrate the marriage of Iwein and Laudine. Thereby the plot arrives at a temporary ending - as well as the ''êre'' of victory Iwein has, unlooked for, achieved a wife and Lordship.


=== The Breakdown and Madness of Iwein===
=== Iwein's breakdown and madness ===
On the urging of his friend [[Gawain]], who uses the ''verligen'' (long-term idleness) of [[Erec]] as an example, Iwein leaves Laudine shortly after the wedding, and goes in search of [[Tournaments]] and ''âventiure''. Laudine extracts from Iwein a promise to return after a year and a day. This timeframe implies a legally effective deadline after which his claims against possible usurpers would have lapsed. (This knowledge is left to the reader, and is not made explicit in the text).


The painful parting of the lovers is characterised by ''Minneharmonie''. In a dialogue between the narrator and [[Love|Lady Love]] it is stated that Iwein and Laudine have swapped their hearts, which will lead to momentous consequences.
On the urging of his friend [[Gawain]], who uses the ''verligen'' (long-term idleness) of [[Erec]] as an example, Iwein leaves Laudine shortly after the wedding, and goes in search of [[Tournaments]] and ''âventiure''. Laudine extracts from Iwein a promise to return after a year and a day. This timeframe implies a legally effective deadline after which his claims against possible usurpers would have lapsed. (This knowledge is left to the reader, and is not made explicit in the text).


Iwein gives himself up to the excitement of tournaments and notices only too late that he had already missed the pre-appointed deadline by six weeks. Lunete sues him before the [[Round Table]] for betrayal and takes the ring from him. All his honour is lost in Arthur's court and Laudine breaks off all connections with him. Thus Iwein loses his identity. Gripped by [[insanity|madness]] he rips the clothes from his body and becomes a [[wild man]] in the woods. His only social attachment is a silent exchange agreement with a hermit. Only through the help of the Lady of Narison and her companion, who treat his madness with a fairy-salve, can Iwein return to proper consciousness. His earlier identity as a knight seems to him as a dream. He must recognise that he no longer belongs to courtly society
The painful parting of the lovers is characterised by 'Minneharmonie'. In a dialogue between the narrator and [[Lady Love]] it is stated that Iwein and Laudine have swapped their hearts, which will lead to momentous consequences.


===Second plot cycle===
Iwein gives himself to the excitement of Tournaments and notices only too late that he had already missed the pre-appointed deadline by six weeks. Lunete sues him before the [[Table Round]] for betrayal and takes the ring from him. All his honour is lost in Arthur's court and Laudine breaks off all connections with him. Thus Iwein loses his identity. Gripped by [[Madness]] he rips the clothes from his body and becomes a wildman in the woods. His only social attachment is a silent exchange agreement with a hermit. Only through the help of the Lady of Narison and her companion, who treat his madness with a fairy-salve, can Iwein return to proper consciousness. His earlier identity as a knight seems to him as a dream. He must recognise that he no longer belongs to courtly society
Iwein frees the land of the Lady of Narison from Count Aliers, who has asserted a claim to it. The lady and the people wish him to become their sovereign, but he does not want this and hurries away. In the course of the story, he twice more rejects a marriage out of loyalty to Laudine.


Iwein rescues a lion from a dragon. From now on, the lion remains faithfully at his side, giving Iwein a new identity, the Knight of the Lion.

Chance brings him back to the spring, where the memory of his loss causes him to faint and fall from his horse. Iwein is on the verge of losing his mind again. Then he finds Lunete at the spring; because of her role in the marriage and Iwein's faithlessness (''untriuwe''), she has been sentenced to death. The only means of proving her innocence is [[trial by combat]], and the deadline is the following day. Iwein acknowledges his guilt and assures Lunete that he will fight for her.

Immediately thereafter, however, he also commits himself to assisting his host in the fight against the giant Harpin the following morning. With the lion's help, he is able to overcome this scheduling conflict by defeating the giant in time to also be able to successfully fight for Lunete. Her accusers undergo the same punishment that was intended for her: they are burned at the stake. Laudine, who does not recognize the Knight of the Lion in his new identity, learns during this episode that the knight has lost the favour of a lady, and condemns it&mdash;unaware that she herself is the lady.

Since their relationship is still unresolved, Iwein again leaves Laudine. He then undertakes to defend the younger daughter of the Count of the Black Thorn in a conflict with her sister concerning their inheritance. With the girl, Iwein sets out for Castle Maladventure, where he must fight two giants in order to free three hundred noble ladies who are held captive in a workhouse.

After that, he rides with his companion to King Arthur's court, where a trial by combat is decreed. Iwein's friend, the exemplary Arthurian knight Sir Gawain, has declared himself the champion of the other sister. Without either knowing who the other is, Gawain and Iwein fight; neither is able to seal the victory. Only after darkness has fallen and the battle has been discontinued until the following day do they recognize each other while talking. King Arthur poses a [[trick question]] to the older sister, which causes her to betray herself, and grants the younger sister's claim. Iwein then reveals his identity and is joyfully welcomed back to the fellowship of the Round Table.

Although Iwein has gained great honour, he is sure that he will die of a broken heart. Once more in the guise of the Knight of the Lion, he returns to Laudine's court. However, he wins her back only after a comic intrigue on the part of Lunete: Laudine swears an oath to aid the Knight of the Lion who watered the stone at the spring in regaining his lady's favour. With that she must forgive Iwein, who expresses his deep regret and promises never again to risk losing her favour. The two renew their marriage and their love.

==Manuscript tradition==

''Iwein'' is preserved in 15 complete and 17 fragmentary manuscripts, making it one of the mostly widely read texts of the genre (surpassed only by [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]]'s [[Parzival]]).{{sfn|Handschriftencensus}}{{sfn|Kropik|2021|loc=2.2.2.1}} The two oldest complete manuscripts both date from the second quarter of the 13th century, reasonably close to the date of composition.{{sfn|Handschriftencensus}}

*MS A: [[Heidelberg University Library|Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek]], Cpg 397, [[Central German]]-[[Low German]].{{sfn|Klein|1988|p=148}}
*MS B: [[University of Giessen|Giessen, Universitätsbibliothek]], Hs. 97, [[Upper German]].{{sfn|Klein|1988|p=148}}

The poem continued to be copied until the 16th century, when it was included in the [[Ambraser Heldenbuch]] of 1517.{{sfn|Cormeau|1989|loc=col. 514}}

Even though MSS A and B are both relatively early, there are major differences between them, both in the wording of individual lines and in the treatment of the material in ''Yvain''. The B version contains 150 lines not matched in A, while A has 24 lines not in B.{{sfn|Kropik|2021|loc=2.2.2.1}} However, there is nothing to distinguish the additional material in B from the rest of the poem, so the additions cannot be seen as later interpolations by a different hand. All in all, these circumstances indicate that A and B cannot have come from a common archetype. Also, neither A nor B can be understood as the descendant of a unique primary manuscript (and therefore the source of the other).Rather, they represent distinct versions of the story.{{sfn|Bumke|1996|pp=33–42}}

==Reception==
The popularity of ''Iwein'' is seen not only in the rich manuscript tradition but also in its influence on later writers and its reflection in domestic decoration.

===Literary influence===
Wolfram von Eschenbach's ''Parzival'', likely completed less than a decade after ''Iwein'', includes several direct references to ''Iwein'', but it also borrows the structure of Hartmann's poem as a framework for the latter part of ''Parzival'' in view of the unfinished nature of Chrétien's ''Perceval'', Wolfram's source.{{sfn|Mertens|2004|pp=961–962}}

The hero of [[Wirnt von Grafenberg]]'s ''Wigalois'', ({{circa|1210}}), has in common with ''Iwein'' that he undergoes a crisis of identity, and the poem borrows some 370 lines of verse from Hartmann's work.{{sfn|Mertens|2004|p=962}}{{sfn|Andersen}}

==Editions==
*{{cite book |title=Iwein|
editor1-last=Benecke | editor1-first=G.F. |
editor2-last= Lachmann | editor2-first= K.|
editor3-last=Wolff | editor3-first=L.|
translator-last=Cramer|translator-first=Thomas|
publisher=de Gruyter|location=Berlin, New York| date=2001 | edition=4th revised | isbn=3-11-016084-6}}
*{{cite book |title=Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich, Iwein|translator-last=Mertens|translator-first=Volker| editor-last=Mertens| editor-first=Volker |publisher=Deutscher Klassiker Verlag| location=Frankfurt am Main|date=2004 | series=Bibliothek des Mittelalters |volume=6 |isbn=3-618-66065-0}}
*{{cite book |title=Iwein. Mittelhochdeutsch/Neuhochdeutsch|editor-last=Krohn|editor-first=Rüdiger |translator-last=Krohn|translator-first=Rüdiger |publisher=Reclam|location=Stuttgart |date=2011 |isbn=978-3-15-010798-0}} With commentary by Mireille Schnyder.

For details of earlier editions, see [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/de/iwd/materialien/literatur.html#editionen Iwein — digital].

==English Translations==
*{{cite book |title=Iwein: The Knight with the Lion |translator-last=Thomas|translator-first=J.W.|publisher=University of Nebraska|location=Lincoln, NE|date=1979|isbn=0-8032-7331-2}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=McConeghy |editor1-first=Patrick M |translator-last=McConeghy |translator-first=Patrick M|title=Hartmann von Aue. Iwein |date=1984 |publisher=Garland |location=New York |isbn=0-8240-9415-8}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Iwein | title=Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue | translator-last=Lawson | translator-first=Richard H.|date=2001 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, PA| pages=235–321|isbn=0-271-02111-X}}
*{{cite book |author-mask=5|title=Iwein or The Knight with the Lion |translator-last=Edwards|editor-last=Edwards| editor-first=Cyril| translator-first=Cyril|translator-link=Cyril Edwards|publisher=D.S.Brewer |location=Cambridge|date=2007|series=German Romance|volume=III|isbn=978-1843840848}} Edition based on MS B, with parallel text.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
*{{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Peter |title=Iwein-Rezeption |url=https://gottfried.unistra.fr/hartmann-von-aue/iwein/iwein-rezeption/ |website=Gottfried-Portal |publisher=University of Strasbourg |access-date=28 December 2022}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ackermann |first1=Horst |title=Iwein der Löwenritter: Ein romanischer Bilderzyklus auf Schloss Rodenegg (Südtirol) im Lichte alter Mythen |date=2014 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Wagner |location=Innsbruck |isbn=978-3703008498}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bumke |first1=Joachim |title=Die vier Fassungen der 'Nibelungenklage'. Untersuchungen zur Überlieferungsgeschichte und Textkritik der höfischen Epik im 13. Jahrhundert |date=1996 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin, New York |isbn=3-110-15076-X}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last=Cormeau| first=Christoph| veditors=Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W | encyclopedia=Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon | title=Hartmann von Aue| year=1989 | publisher=Walter De Gruyter| location=Berlin, New York | volume=3| at=Cols. 514–519|isbn=3-11-008778-2}} With bibliography.
*{{cite book|last1=Cormeau|first1=Christoph|last2=Störmer|first2=Wilhelm|title=Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung |date=1985 |publisher=Beck |location=Munich |isbn=}}
* {{cite book| editor-last1=Gibbs|editor-first1=Marion|editor-last2=Johnson|editor-first2=Sidney|title=Medieval German Literature: A Companion| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgGUAgAAQBAJ|year=2002|publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London|isbn=0-203-90660-8}}
* {{cite web |url=https://handschriftencensus.de/werke/150|title=Gesamtverzeichnis Autoren/Werke: Hartmann von Aue: 'Iwein'|author=Handschriftencensus|website=Handschriftencensus |access-date=14 December 2022}}
*{{cite web |title=Überlieferung |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/de/iwd/einfuehrung/ueberlieferung.html |website=Iwein – Digital |access-date=22 December 2022}}
*{{cite book |author-last1=Klein |author-first1=Thomas |chapter=Ermittlung, Darstellung und Deutung von Verbreitungstypen in der Handschriftenüberlieferung mittelhochdeutscher Epik |editor1-last=Honemann |editor1-first=Volker |editor2-last=Palmer |editor2-first=Nigel F. |title=Deutsche Handschriften 1100 - 1400: Oxforder Kolloquium 1985 |date=1988 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |location=Tübingen |isbn=3-484-10578-X |pages=110–167| doi=10.1515/9783110941456.110}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kropik |editor1-first=Cordula |title=Hartmann von Aue: Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Einführung |date=2021 |publisher=Narr Francke Attempto |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3825255626| series=UTB| volume=5562}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Mertens| author-first=Volker| chapter=Rezeption und Kontinuität: Die Nachwirkung von Hartmanns Werk| editor1-last=Kropik |editor1-first=Cordula |title=Hartmann von Aue: Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Einführung |date=2021 |publisher=Narr Francke Attempto |location=Tübingen |isbn=978-3825255626| series=UTB| volume=5562| at=Chap. 13}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Evelyn |title=Manuscripts vs. Edition: The Multiple Endings of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein and their Gender Implications. |journal=Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik |date=2011 |volume=67 |pages=97–141|doi=10.1163/9789401207003_007 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Stephan |editor1-last=Egidi |editor1-first=Margreth |editor2-last=Greulich |editor2-first=Markus |editor3-last=Masse |editor3-first=Marie-Sophie |title=Hartmann von Aue 1230–1517. Kulturgeschichtliche Perspektiven der handschriftlichen Überlieferung |date=2020 |publisher=Hirzel |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-7776-2639-0 | doi=10.3813/9783777628967| pages=25–40 |chapter=Spontane Solitäre. Eine Skizze zum Profil der frühen Überlieferung von 'Erec' und 'Iwein'|s2cid=252450668 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rushing |first1=James |title=Iwein as Slave of Woman: The 'Maltererteppich' in Freiburg |journal=Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte |date=1992 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=124–35 |doi=10.2307/1482603|jstor=1482603 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Rushing |first1=James A. |title=Images of Adventure. Ywain in the Visual Arts |date=1995 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia | doi=10.9783/9781512809459|isbn=9781512809459 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Schmid |first1=Elisabeth |editor1-last=Pérennec |editor1-first=Réne |editor2-last=Schmid |editor2-first=Elisabeth |title=Germania Litteraria Mediaevalis Francigena |date=2010 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=New York |isbn=9783110194678 |pages=135–168 |chapter=Chrétiens ‚Yvain' und Hartmanns ‚Iwein'|doi=10.1515/9783110228885.135}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wapnewski |first1=Peter |title=Hartmann von Aue |date=1979 |publisher=J. B. Metzler |location=Stuttgart |isbn=3-476-17017-9 |pages=66–87 |edition=7th}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.fgcu.edu/rboggs/hartmann/Iwein/IwMain/IwHome.htm Iwein] at the Hartmann von Aue Knowledgebase
* [http://hvauep.uni-trier.de/kb_iwein.php ''Iwein''] at the Hartmann von Aue Knowledgebase
* [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/iwd/ Iwein – digital]
* [http://gottfried.unistra.fr/hartmann-von-aue/iwein/ Comprehensive list of editions] (to 2019)

===Facsimiles===
* [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg397 A: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. germ. 397]
* [https://digisam.ub.uni-giessen.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:26-digisam-46599 B:Gießen, Universitätsbibl., Hs. 97]
*[https://handschriftencensus.de/werke/150 Links to facsimiles of other manuscripts]

{{Hartmann von Aue}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1200s books]]
[[Category:1200s books]]
[[Category:Arthurian literature in German]]
[[Category:Arthurian literature in German]]
[[Category:German poems]]
[[Category:Medieval German poems]]
[[Category:Fiction about mental health]]
[[Category:Middle High German literature]]
[[Category:Middle High German literature]]
[[Category:Works by Hartmann von Aue]]
[[Category:Works by Hartmann von Aue]]
[[Category:Poetry based on works by Chrétien de Troyes]]

[[Category:Wild men]]

{{poem-stub}}
{{Link GA|de}}

[[de:Iwein]]

Latest revision as of 22:49, 6 April 2024

Iwein
by Hartmann von Aue
Fresco from the Iwein cycle at Castle Rodenegg: Iwein fights Aschelon (Askalon).
Writtenc. 1203
LanguageMiddle High German
Subject(s)Arthurian legend
Genre(s)German courtly romance
FormRhyming couplets
Lines8166/8266

Iwein is a Middle High German verse romance by the poet Hartmann von Aue, written around 1200. An Arthurian tale freely adapted from Chrétien de Troyes' Old French Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, it tells the story of Iwein (Yvain), a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. It was written after Hartmann's Erec, and is generally taken to be his last work.[1]

The poem tells how Iwein embarks on an adventure which culminates in marriage to the lady Laudine. But he is then persuaded to leave her for a year to pursue success in tournaments. After he misses the deadline to return to her, he is rejected by Laudine in front of the Arthurian court. Dishonoured, he descends into madness and goes off into the wilderness. There he is healed by a lady with a magic ointment and has further encounters which allow him to show true heroism. These include helping a lion which is being attacked by a dragon, the lion then becoming his companion. Eventually, his honour restored, he regains Laudine's favour.

Iwein was recognized by contemporaries and later generations alike as a masterpiece and a classic.[2] Its enduring popularity is attested both by the large number of manuscripts from the whole High German area over three centuries[3] and by the depiction of scenes from the poem in a number of frescos.[4][5]

Dating

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Iwein is generally regarded as the last of Hartmann's works.[1] It must already have been well known to the audience for Wolfram's Parzival, since Wolfram alludes in two passages (253, 10–14 and 436,1–10) to a specific scene in Iwein: he contrasts the faithfulness of Sigûne to her dead suitor Schianatulander with Lûnete's advice to Laudine in Iwein to marry her husband's killer (Iwein, ll.1815ff.).[6] Since Parzival must have been completed after 1203, this is often given as a date for Iwein, though strictly it is a terminus ante quem.[7]

It has been argued that the first 1,000 lines of Iwein show a markedly different poetic character from the subsequent text, and that this indicates two distinct phases in the poem's composition, with Iwein possibly started before Gregorius and Der arme Heinrich.[8]

In any case, it seems safe to conclude that Iwein was completed around the start of the 13th century.[9][10]

Sources

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Hartmann's source was the Old French epic Yvain, le Chevalier au Lion by Chrétien de Troyes, which was written 1177–1181.[11] In contrast to his rather free version of Erec and Enide, Hartmann's translation of Iwein remains much closer to the French original, though Iwein is nonetheless longer than Yvain by 1351 lines, around 20%.[12][13]

As the themes of the courtly romance were by this time familiar to his German listeners, Hartmann no longer needed lengthy explanatory digressions such as are found in Erec. The additional material, apart from the inevitable increase involved with translation, represents, in particular, Hartmann's different approach to the relationship of Laudine and Lunete.[12]

Plot

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Prologue (ll. 1–30)

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A prologue introduces King Arthur as an example to emulate in the search for honour in chivalry, since his fame is ever-lasting. The author is then introduced, in the third person, as a learned knight who writes poetry.

Kalogrenant's tale (ll. 31–944)

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Whitsun festivities are taking place at the Arthurian court. The knight Kalogrenant tells of an adventure in which he visited a spring in the wilderness and was defeated by the knight who defended the spring.

First plot cycle

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Two scenes from the Iwein frescoes at Schloss Rodenegg: The stone on the spring is watered (left), and the Woodsman (right).

The story begins with a Whitsun celebration at the court of Arthur, the epitome of courtly festivities. While there, Iwein hears the story of the Knight Kalogrenant.

The unsuccessful adventure of the Arthurian knight Kalogrenant gives the court of Arthur a legitimate challenge - that of avenging the dishonour. Iwein, who as a relation of Kalogrenant's is doubly hit by the scandal, rides ahead of a procession of the entire court and heads secretly into the Well-Kingdom. The adventure repeats itself, but with deadly consequences for Askalon. Iwein chases the mortally wounded, fleeing Askalon into his castle. The falling portcullis cuts Iwein's horse in two; though he himself remains uninjured, he is sealed in the gatehouse.

Only with the help of Lunete, the confidante of the mistress of the castle, Laudine, does Iwein succeed in escaping the castle guards. Out of thankfulness for earlier assistance at the court of Arthur he receives from Lunete a ring which makes him invisible. The dead Askalon is mourned by his beautiful wife Laudine. Iwein sees the castle-mistress through a window and becomes inflamed with love (Minne) for her.

The wounds of the dead man begin to bleed again, due to the presence of the killer, and thus a burlesque search for the invisible man begins. Once again Lunete solves the paradoxical situation and convinces Laudine that the victor over Askalon would be a worthy successor as husband, Lord of the land and protector of the fountain. In a comedic enactment (as all the parties are already aware of the intentions of the other) Iwein and Laudine come together under the mediation of Lunete. Soon thereafter the wedding is celebrated.

Then the court of Arthur arrives at the source, and Iwein must try out his role as fountain-protector for the first time. This succeeds against Keie, the exemplarily resentful knight of the court of Arthur. The entire court now celebrate the marriage of Iwein and Laudine. Thereby the plot arrives at a temporary ending - as well as the êre of victory Iwein has, unlooked for, achieved a wife and Lordship.

Iwein's breakdown and madness

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On the urging of his friend Gawain, who uses the verligen (long-term idleness) of Erec as an example, Iwein leaves Laudine shortly after the wedding, and goes in search of Tournaments and âventiure. Laudine extracts from Iwein a promise to return after a year and a day. This timeframe implies a legally effective deadline after which his claims against possible usurpers would have lapsed. (This knowledge is left to the reader, and is not made explicit in the text).

The painful parting of the lovers is characterised by Minneharmonie. In a dialogue between the narrator and Lady Love it is stated that Iwein and Laudine have swapped their hearts, which will lead to momentous consequences.

Iwein gives himself up to the excitement of tournaments and notices only too late that he had already missed the pre-appointed deadline by six weeks. Lunete sues him before the Round Table for betrayal and takes the ring from him. All his honour is lost in Arthur's court and Laudine breaks off all connections with him. Thus Iwein loses his identity. Gripped by madness he rips the clothes from his body and becomes a wild man in the woods. His only social attachment is a silent exchange agreement with a hermit. Only through the help of the Lady of Narison and her companion, who treat his madness with a fairy-salve, can Iwein return to proper consciousness. His earlier identity as a knight seems to him as a dream. He must recognise that he no longer belongs to courtly society

Second plot cycle

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Iwein frees the land of the Lady of Narison from Count Aliers, who has asserted a claim to it. The lady and the people wish him to become their sovereign, but he does not want this and hurries away. In the course of the story, he twice more rejects a marriage out of loyalty to Laudine.

Iwein rescues a lion from a dragon. From now on, the lion remains faithfully at his side, giving Iwein a new identity, the Knight of the Lion.

Chance brings him back to the spring, where the memory of his loss causes him to faint and fall from his horse. Iwein is on the verge of losing his mind again. Then he finds Lunete at the spring; because of her role in the marriage and Iwein's faithlessness (untriuwe), she has been sentenced to death. The only means of proving her innocence is trial by combat, and the deadline is the following day. Iwein acknowledges his guilt and assures Lunete that he will fight for her.

Immediately thereafter, however, he also commits himself to assisting his host in the fight against the giant Harpin the following morning. With the lion's help, he is able to overcome this scheduling conflict by defeating the giant in time to also be able to successfully fight for Lunete. Her accusers undergo the same punishment that was intended for her: they are burned at the stake. Laudine, who does not recognize the Knight of the Lion in his new identity, learns during this episode that the knight has lost the favour of a lady, and condemns it—unaware that she herself is the lady.

Since their relationship is still unresolved, Iwein again leaves Laudine. He then undertakes to defend the younger daughter of the Count of the Black Thorn in a conflict with her sister concerning their inheritance. With the girl, Iwein sets out for Castle Maladventure, where he must fight two giants in order to free three hundred noble ladies who are held captive in a workhouse.

After that, he rides with his companion to King Arthur's court, where a trial by combat is decreed. Iwein's friend, the exemplary Arthurian knight Sir Gawain, has declared himself the champion of the other sister. Without either knowing who the other is, Gawain and Iwein fight; neither is able to seal the victory. Only after darkness has fallen and the battle has been discontinued until the following day do they recognize each other while talking. King Arthur poses a trick question to the older sister, which causes her to betray herself, and grants the younger sister's claim. Iwein then reveals his identity and is joyfully welcomed back to the fellowship of the Round Table.

Although Iwein has gained great honour, he is sure that he will die of a broken heart. Once more in the guise of the Knight of the Lion, he returns to Laudine's court. However, he wins her back only after a comic intrigue on the part of Lunete: Laudine swears an oath to aid the Knight of the Lion who watered the stone at the spring in regaining his lady's favour. With that she must forgive Iwein, who expresses his deep regret and promises never again to risk losing her favour. The two renew their marriage and their love.

Manuscript tradition

[edit]

Iwein is preserved in 15 complete and 17 fragmentary manuscripts, making it one of the mostly widely read texts of the genre (surpassed only by Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival).[14][15] The two oldest complete manuscripts both date from the second quarter of the 13th century, reasonably close to the date of composition.[14]

The poem continued to be copied until the 16th century, when it was included in the Ambraser Heldenbuch of 1517.[17]

Even though MSS A and B are both relatively early, there are major differences between them, both in the wording of individual lines and in the treatment of the material in Yvain. The B version contains 150 lines not matched in A, while A has 24 lines not in B.[15] However, there is nothing to distinguish the additional material in B from the rest of the poem, so the additions cannot be seen as later interpolations by a different hand. All in all, these circumstances indicate that A and B cannot have come from a common archetype. Also, neither A nor B can be understood as the descendant of a unique primary manuscript (and therefore the source of the other).Rather, they represent distinct versions of the story.[18]

Reception

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The popularity of Iwein is seen not only in the rich manuscript tradition but also in its influence on later writers and its reflection in domestic decoration.

Literary influence

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Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, likely completed less than a decade after Iwein, includes several direct references to Iwein, but it also borrows the structure of Hartmann's poem as a framework for the latter part of Parzival in view of the unfinished nature of Chrétien's Perceval, Wolfram's source.[19]

The hero of Wirnt von Grafenberg's Wigalois, (c. 1210), has in common with Iwein that he undergoes a crisis of identity, and the poem borrows some 370 lines of verse from Hartmann's work.[20][21]

Editions

[edit]
  • Benecke, G.F.; Lachmann, K.; Wolff, L., eds. (2001). Iwein. Translated by Cramer, Thomas (4th revised ed.). Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016084-6.
  • Mertens, Volker, ed. (2004). Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich, Iwein. Bibliothek des Mittelalters. Vol. 6. Translated by Mertens, Volker. Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag. ISBN 3-618-66065-0.
  • Krohn, Rüdiger, ed. (2011). Iwein. Mittelhochdeutsch/Neuhochdeutsch. Translated by Krohn, Rüdiger. Stuttgart: Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-010798-0. With commentary by Mireille Schnyder.

For details of earlier editions, see Iwein — digital.

English Translations

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  • Iwein: The Knight with the Lion. Translated by Thomas, J.W. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska. 1979. ISBN 0-8032-7331-2.
  • McConeghy, Patrick M, ed. (1984). Hartmann von Aue. Iwein. Translated by McConeghy, Patrick M. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-9415-8.
  • "Iwein". Arthurian Romances, Tales, and Lyric Poetry: The Complete Works of Hartmann von Aue. Translated by Lawson, Richard H. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2001. pp. 235–321. ISBN 0-271-02111-X.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2007). Iwein or The Knight with the Lion. German Romance. Vol. III. Translated by Edwards, Cyril. Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-1843840848. Edition based on MS B, with parallel text.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Cormeau & Störmer 1985, p. 32.
  2. ^ Wapnewski 1979, p. 64.
  3. ^ Cormeau & Störmer 1985, p. 19.
  4. ^ Cormeau 1989, col. 518.
  5. ^ Gibbs & Johnson 2002, pp. 143–144.
  6. ^ Edwards 2007, pp. xvi–xvii.
  7. ^ Cormeau & Störmer 1985, p. 30.
  8. ^ Wapnewski 1979, p. 18.
  9. ^ Wapnewski 1979, p. 27.
  10. ^ Mertens 2004, p. 771.
  11. ^ Schmid 2010, p. 136.
  12. ^ a b Cormeau & Störmer 1985, p. 199.
  13. ^ Wapnewski 1979, p. 66.
  14. ^ a b Handschriftencensus.
  15. ^ a b Kropik 2021, 2.2.2.1.
  16. ^ a b Klein 1988, p. 148.
  17. ^ Cormeau 1989, col. 514.
  18. ^ Bumke 1996, pp. 33–42.
  19. ^ Mertens 2004, pp. 961–962.
  20. ^ Mertens 2004, p. 962.
  21. ^ Andersen.

References

[edit]
  • Andersen, Peter. "Iwein-Rezeption". Gottfried-Portal. University of Strasbourg. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  • Ackermann, Horst (2014). Iwein der Löwenritter: Ein romanischer Bilderzyklus auf Schloss Rodenegg (Südtirol) im Lichte alter Mythen. Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner. ISBN 978-3703008498.
  • Bumke, Joachim (1996). Die vier Fassungen der 'Nibelungenklage'. Untersuchungen zur Überlieferungsgeschichte und Textkritik der höfischen Epik im 13. Jahrhundert. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 3-110-15076-X.
  • Cormeau C (1989). "Hartmann von Aue". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. Cols. 514–519. ISBN 3-11-008778-2. With bibliography.
  • Cormeau, Christoph; Störmer, Wilhelm (1985). Hartmann von Aue. Epoche - Werk - Wirkung. Munich: Beck.
  • Gibbs, Marion; Johnson, Sidney, eds. (2002). Medieval German Literature: A Companion. New York, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-90660-8.
  • Handschriftencensus. "Gesamtverzeichnis Autoren/Werke: Hartmann von Aue: 'Iwein'". Handschriftencensus. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  • "Überlieferung". Iwein – Digital. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  • Klein, Thomas (1988). "Ermittlung, Darstellung und Deutung von Verbreitungstypen in der Handschriftenüberlieferung mittelhochdeutscher Epik". In Honemann, Volker; Palmer, Nigel F. (eds.). Deutsche Handschriften 1100 - 1400: Oxforder Kolloquium 1985. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. pp. 110–167. doi:10.1515/9783110941456.110. ISBN 3-484-10578-X.
  • Kropik, Cordula, ed. (2021). Hartmann von Aue: Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Einführung. UTB. Vol. 5562. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto. ISBN 978-3825255626.
  • Mertens, Volker (2021). "Rezeption und Kontinuität: Die Nachwirkung von Hartmanns Werk". In Kropik, Cordula (ed.). Hartmann von Aue: Eine literaturwissenschaftliche Einführung. UTB. Vol. 5562. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto. Chap. 13. ISBN 978-3825255626.
  • Meyer, Evelyn (2011). "Manuscripts vs. Edition: The Multiple Endings of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein and their Gender Implications". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 67: 97–141. doi:10.1163/9789401207003_007.
  • Müller, Stephan (2020). "Spontane Solitäre. Eine Skizze zum Profil der frühen Überlieferung von 'Erec' und 'Iwein'". In Egidi, Margreth; Greulich, Markus; Masse, Marie-Sophie (eds.). Hartmann von Aue 1230–1517. Kulturgeschichtliche Perspektiven der handschriftlichen Überlieferung. Stuttgart: Hirzel. pp. 25–40. doi:10.3813/9783777628967. ISBN 978-3-7776-2639-0. S2CID 252450668.
  • Rushing, James (1992). "Iwein as Slave of Woman: The 'Maltererteppich' in Freiburg". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 55 (1): 124–35. doi:10.2307/1482603. JSTOR 1482603.
  • Rushing, James A. (1995). Images of Adventure. Ywain in the Visual Arts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9781512809459. ISBN 9781512809459.
  • Schmid, Elisabeth (2010). "Chrétiens ‚Yvain' und Hartmanns ‚Iwein'". In Pérennec, Réne; Schmid, Elisabeth (eds.). Germania Litteraria Mediaevalis Francigena. New York: de Gruyter. pp. 135–168. doi:10.1515/9783110228885.135. ISBN 9783110194678.
  • Wapnewski, Peter (1979). Hartmann von Aue (7th ed.). Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler. pp. 66–87. ISBN 3-476-17017-9.
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Facsimiles

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Iwein&oldid=1217623385"