Francis Owen (missionary): Difference between revisions
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{{short description|First English missionary to the Zulu kingdom}} |
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{{AFC comment|1=This draft is a good start. However, it leans too heavily on Owen's diary (a primary source) and lacks a variety of [[WP:PSTS|independent secondary sources]]. Because of this, it fails to adequately show why Owen's account is notable, and also why it's of limited value to modern historians because of his prejudice against Dingane – see [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716235 Okoye, F. (1971) ''Dingane and the Voortrekkers'']. This means that it also falls short of [[WP:NPOV]] as it fails to include "significant views that have been published by reliable sources on a topic." I've collected some of the secondary sources touching upon Owen and provided [[Draft talk:Francis Owen (Reverend) 1802-1854#Sources|a list on the talk page]]. If you have issues accessing some of these sources (for example, if they're behind academic paywalls), let me know and I'll assist with adding them to the article. Once broader sourcing is added, with a focus on acknowledging the critical treatment of Owen and Woods' accounts by more recent sources, this will be ready for the article space. [[User:Jr8825|<span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS'; color:#6F0000;">Jr8825</span>]] • [[User Talk:Jr8825|<span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS'; color:#4682B4;">Talk</span>]] 19:40, 22 January 2021 (UTC)}} |
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{{Notability|Biographies|date=October 2020}} |
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'''Francis Owen''' was the first English missionary to the [[Zulu kingdom]], then ruled by [[Dingane kaSenzangakhona|King Dingane]]. He and his household were the only white witnesses to the massacre of [[Piet Retief]] and his approximate 80 followers in February 1838 in the Zulu capital of [[uMgungundlovu|Umgungundlovu]]. He is also the only European to leave a detailed account of life in the Zulu court and travelling through Natal at that time.<ref name="Owenjournal">{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Francis |title=The Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen, M.A., missionary with Dingaan in 1837-38. Together with extracts from the writings of the interpreters in Zulu, Messrs. Hulley and Kirkman. Edited by Sir Geo. E. Cory. |date=1926 |publisher=Joseph Kirkman |location=Cape Town, South Africa |edition=Publications of the Van Riebeeck Society. vol. 7. |ref=owenjournal}}</ref> |
'''Francis Owen''' was the first English missionary to the [[Zulu kingdom]], then ruled by [[Dingane kaSenzangakhona|King Dingane]]. He and his household were the only white witnesses to the massacre of [[Piet Retief]] and his approximate 80 followers in February 1838 in the Zulu capital of [[uMgungundlovu|Umgungundlovu]]. He is also the only European to leave a detailed account of life in the Zulu court and travelling through Natal at that time.<ref name="Owenjournal">{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Francis |title=The Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen, M.A., missionary with Dingaan in 1837-38. Together with extracts from the writings of the interpreters in Zulu, Messrs. Hulley and Kirkman. Edited by Sir Geo. E. Cory. |date=1926 |publisher=Joseph Kirkman |location=Cape Town, South Africa |edition=Publications of the Van Riebeeck Society. vol. 7. |ref=owenjournal}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[file:Dingaanstat sendingstasie, wesaansig.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)|Dutch Reformed]] mission station on Hlomo amabutho, the site of Owen's camp at [[uMgungundlovu|Umgungundlovu]]. The concrete cross is a bell tower, all that remains of a 1969 church building that was torched during political unrest in the 1980s.]] |
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Owen was born in Chelsea, London in 1802. In 1836 was a vicar in [[Normanton, West Yorkshire]] when he attended a lecture given by a retired naval captain, [[Allen Francis Gardiner]], who was seeking a missionary to convert the Zulu people to Christianity.<ref name="Owenjournal" /> Owen agreed to help and travelled to South Africa in 1837 with his wife (Sarah Pennington Owen), daughter (name not known), sister Mary<ref name="Biography MC Owen">{{cite web |last1=Owen |first1=Mary C |title=Biographical Database of Southern African Science |url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2097 |website |
Owen was born in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], London, in 1802. In 1836 was a vicar in [[Normanton, West Yorkshire]] when he attended a lecture given by a retired naval captain, [[Allen Francis Gardiner]], who was seeking a missionary to convert the Zulu people to Christianity.<ref name="Owenjournal" /> Owen agreed to help and travelled to South Africa in 1837 with his wife (Sarah Pennington Owen), daughter (name not known), sister Mary,<ref name="Biography MC Owen">{{cite web |last1=Owen |first1=Mary C |title=Biographical Database of Southern African Science |url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2097 |website=Biographical Database of Southern African Science |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> (who later became a botanist in South Africa) and a maidservant called Jane Williams, later Jane Bird. |
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| ⚫ | Owen's mission was not a success<ref name="Binckes">{{cite book |last1=Binckes |first1=Robin |title=The Great Trek uncut : escape from British rule : the Boer exodus from the Cape Colony 1836 |year=2013 |location=Solihull, England |isbn=978-1908916280 |pages=290–300}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Owen's mission was not a success.<ref name="Binckes">{{cite book |last1=Binckes |first1=Robin |title=The Great Trek uncut : escape from British rule : the Boer exodus from the Cape Colony 1836 |year=2013 |location=Solihull, England |isbn=978-1908916280 |pages=290–300}}</ref> Dingane was deeply suspicious of the Christian teaching and the journal includes accounts of his many interrogations of Christian beliefs. Owen found many local practices strange and brutal compared to life in Yorkshire and viewed the Zulu King as a barbarian and a tyrant.<ref name="Okoye">{{cite journal |last1=Okoye |first1=Felix |title=Dingane and the Voortrekkers: A Note on South African Historiography |journal=The Journal of Negro History |date=April 1971 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.2307/2716235 |jstor=2716235 |s2cid=140392274 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716235}}</ref> Owen's belief, expressed in his journal and common amongst missionaries at the time, was that anyone not baptised in the church was bound for eternal damnation. This attitude only changed in South Africa in the 1860's with the preachings of [[John Colenso]]. |
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| ⚫ | When Retief's party arrived in the Zulu capital in February 1838, Owen was invited by the king to help draw up a written agreement for the allocation of some Zulu land for Retief and his Boer settlers. This was done with the help of a twelve-year-old boy called William Woods who could speak both Zulu and English. As the settlers prepared to leave, [[Piet Retief Delegation massacre|Dingane invited them to a farewell celebration where he had them all killed.]] The description of the massacre provided by Owen is largely aligned with that of Woods who wrote his account several years later and the oral record passed down by Zulu witnesses |
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| ⚫ | When Retief's party arrived in the Zulu capital in February 1838, Owen was invited by the king to help draw up a written agreement for the allocation of some Zulu land for Retief and his Boer settlers.<ref name="Gledhill">{{cite book |last1=Gledhill, Eily &Jack |title=In the Steps of Piet Retief |date=1980 |publisher=Human and Rousseau |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn= 0798110880 |page=206}}</ref> This was done with the help of a twelve-year-old boy called William Woods who could speak both Zulu and English. As the settlers prepared to leave, [[Piet Retief Delegation massacre|Dingane invited them to a farewell celebration where he had them all killed.]] The description of the massacre provided by Owen is largely aligned with that of Woods who wrote his account several years later and the oral record passed down by Zulu witnesses.<ref name="Grobler">{{cite journal |last1=Grobler |first1=Jackie |title=The Retief Massacre of 6 February 1838 revisited |journal=Historia |date=November 2011 |issue=56 |pages=113–132}}</ref> The agreement drafted by Owen was later found in a leather satchel beside Retief's remains.<ref name="Bird">{{cite book |last1=Bird |first1=John |title=Annals of Natal, Vol 1 |date=1888 |publisher=P Davis & Sons |location=Pietermaritzberg |page=450}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Dingane sent assurances to Owen that he and the British people staying in his mission would not be killed, but the king was not trusted. It is possible that they survived through a deliberate |
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| ⚫ | Dingane sent assurances to Owen that he and the British people staying in his mission would not be killed, but the king was not trusted.<ref name="Nathan">{{cite book |last1=Nathan |first1=Manfred |title=The Voortrekkers of South Africa |date=1937 |publisher=The Central News Agency |location=Johannesburg |page=215}}</ref> It is possible that they survived through a deliberate misinterpretation. In his journal,<ref name="Owenjournal" /> Owen records that when asked by Dingane's representative whether he approved of the killing of Retief's men, he replied that he could not condone such an action. However, in Woods later account of the meeting he confessed that he had reported Owen's response as agreeing that such killing was necessary.<ref name="WWood">{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=William |title=Diary of William Wood |url=http://rapidttp.co.za/milhist/diaries/woodzulu.html |website=South African Military History Society}}</ref> After several further tense interviews with the king, they were finally able to leave his capital for Port Natal ([[Durban]]).<ref name="Owenjournal" /> |
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| ⚫ | In March rebel Zulu and British settlers from Port Natal joined the Boers in attacking the forces of Dingane. Owen and Woods did not take part in the attacks although William Woods' father and uncle were among |
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| ⚫ | In March and April 1838 approximately fifteen hundred rebel Zulu warriors and seventeen British settlers from Port Natal joined the Boers in attacking the forces of Dingane.<ref name="Binckes" /> Owen and Woods did not take part in the attacks although William Woods' father and uncle were among the thirteen British settlers and about five hundred rebel Zulus killed and are listed on a memorial in the old fort at Durban.<ref name="Mackeurtan">{{cite book |last1=Mackeurtan |first1=Graham |title=Cradle Days of Natal |date=1930 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co |location=London |page=226}}</ref> The Owens, Woods junior and his mother were still in Port Natal when Dingane sent a retaliatory force to destroy the town. Fortunately, a ship called the ''Comet'', had just anchored in the bay and they were able to take shelter aboard.<ref name="Binckes" /> |
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| ⚫ | Owen left the [[Church Missionary Society]] and returned to England in 1841. In 1844 he became the second vicar of [[St |
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| ⚫ | Owen left the [[Church Missionary Society]] and returned to England in 1841. In 1844 he became the second vicar of [[St Thomas' Church, Crookes|St Thomas' Crookes Church]] in Sheffield. He served there for nearly ten years before taking a tour of the Holy Land. As he embarked for home he caught ‘Syrian fever’ and died in [[Alexandria]] on 14th November 1854, aged 52.<ref name="Memorials">{{cite book |last1=Odom |first1=W |title=Memorials of Sheffield: Its Cathedrals and Parish churches |date=1922 |publisher=JW Northend |location=Sheffield |page=124-5}}</ref> There is a memorial to him in this church. |
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==Literary references== |
==Literary references== |
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Owen and his family appear as characters in the book ''Flashman and the Zulus'' by Robert Brightwell. |
Owen and his family appear as characters in the book ''Flashman and the Zulus'' by Robert Brightwell. Owen also appears in [[H. Rider Haggard]]'s book "Marie". |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Owen, Francis}} |
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[[Category:Christian missionaries in South Africa]] |
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[[Category:1802 births]] |
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[[Category:1854 deaths]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:37, 10 April 2024
Francis Owen was the first English missionary to the Zulu kingdom, then ruled by King Dingane. He and his household were the only white witnesses to the massacre of Piet Retief and his approximate 80 followers in February 1838 in the Zulu capital of Umgungundlovu. He is also the only European to leave a detailed account of life in the Zulu court and travelling through Natal at that time.[1]
Background
[edit]
Owen was born in Chelsea, London, in 1802. In 1836 was a vicar in Normanton, West Yorkshire when he attended a lecture given by a retired naval captain, Allen Francis Gardiner, who was seeking a missionary to convert the Zulu people to Christianity.[1] Owen agreed to help and travelled to South Africa in 1837 with his wife (Sarah Pennington Owen), daughter (name not known), sister Mary,[2] (who later became a botanist in South Africa) and a maidservant called Jane Williams, later Jane Bird.
Owen's mission was not a success.[3] Dingane was deeply suspicious of the Christian teaching and the journal includes accounts of his many interrogations of Christian beliefs. Owen found many local practices strange and brutal compared to life in Yorkshire and viewed the Zulu King as a barbarian and a tyrant.[4] Owen's belief, expressed in his journal and common amongst missionaries at the time, was that anyone not baptised in the church was bound for eternal damnation. This attitude only changed in South Africa in the 1860's with the preachings of John Colenso.
When Retief's party arrived in the Zulu capital in February 1838, Owen was invited by the king to help draw up a written agreement for the allocation of some Zulu land for Retief and his Boer settlers.[5] This was done with the help of a twelve-year-old boy called William Woods who could speak both Zulu and English. As the settlers prepared to leave, Dingane invited them to a farewell celebration where he had them all killed. The description of the massacre provided by Owen is largely aligned with that of Woods who wrote his account several years later and the oral record passed down by Zulu witnesses.[6] The agreement drafted by Owen was later found in a leather satchel beside Retief's remains.[7]
Dingane sent assurances to Owen that he and the British people staying in his mission would not be killed, but the king was not trusted.[8] It is possible that they survived through a deliberate misinterpretation. In his journal,[1] Owen records that when asked by Dingane's representative whether he approved of the killing of Retief's men, he replied that he could not condone such an action. However, in Woods later account of the meeting he confessed that he had reported Owen's response as agreeing that such killing was necessary.[9] After several further tense interviews with the king, they were finally able to leave his capital for Port Natal (Durban).[1]
In March and April 1838 approximately fifteen hundred rebel Zulu warriors and seventeen British settlers from Port Natal joined the Boers in attacking the forces of Dingane.[3] Owen and Woods did not take part in the attacks although William Woods' father and uncle were among the thirteen British settlers and about five hundred rebel Zulus killed and are listed on a memorial in the old fort at Durban.[10] The Owens, Woods junior and his mother were still in Port Natal when Dingane sent a retaliatory force to destroy the town. Fortunately, a ship called the Comet, had just anchored in the bay and they were able to take shelter aboard.[3]
Owen left the Church Missionary Society and returned to England in 1841. In 1844 he became the second vicar of St Thomas' Crookes Church in Sheffield. He served there for nearly ten years before taking a tour of the Holy Land. As he embarked for home he caught ‘Syrian fever’ and died in Alexandria on 14th November 1854, aged 52.[11] There is a memorial to him in this church.
In 1857, his wife remarried another clergyman, John Livesey. She died in 1863, aged 54.[citation needed]
Literary references
[edit]Owen and his family appear as characters in the book Flashman and the Zulus by Robert Brightwell. Owen also appears in H. Rider Haggard's book "Marie".
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Owen, Francis (1926). The Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen, M.A., missionary with Dingaan in 1837-38. Together with extracts from the writings of the interpreters in Zulu, Messrs. Hulley and Kirkman. Edited by Sir Geo. E. Cory (Publications of the Van Riebeeck Society. vol. 7. ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Joseph Kirkman.
- ^ Owen, Mary C. "Biographical Database of Southern African Science". Biographical Database of Southern African Science. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ a b c Binckes, Robin (2013). The Great Trek uncut : escape from British rule : the Boer exodus from the Cape Colony 1836. Solihull, England. pp. 290–300. ISBN 978-1908916280.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Okoye, Felix (April 1971). "Dingane and the Voortrekkers: A Note on South African Historiography". The Journal of Negro History. 56 (2): 135–140. doi:10.2307/2716235. JSTOR 2716235. S2CID 140392274.
- ^ Gledhill, Eily &Jack (1980). In the Steps of Piet Retief. Cape Town, South Africa: Human and Rousseau. p. 206. ISBN 0798110880.
- ^ Grobler, Jackie (November 2011). "The Retief Massacre of 6 February 1838 revisited". Historia (56): 113–132.
- ^ Bird, John (1888). Annals of Natal, Vol 1. Pietermaritzberg: P Davis & Sons. p. 450.
- ^ Nathan, Manfred (1937). The Voortrekkers of South Africa. Johannesburg: The Central News Agency. p. 215.
- ^ Wood, William. "Diary of William Wood". South African Military History Society.
- ^ Mackeurtan, Graham (1930). Cradle Days of Natal. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 226.
- ^ Odom, W (1922). Memorials of Sheffield: Its Cathedrals and Parish churches. Sheffield: JW Northend. p. 124-5.