Gonioctena fornicata: Difference between revisions

Gonioctena fornicata
	Upperside
	Side view
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Infraorder:	Cucujiformia
Family:	Chrysomelidae
Genus:	Gonioctena
Species:	G. fornicata
Binomial name
	Gonioctena fornicata; (Brüggemann, 1873)
Synonyms
	Spartoxena fornicata;

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Gonioctena fornicata is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.^[1]

Subspecies

Spartoxena fornicata fornicata (Bruggemann, 1873)

Distribution

This species is mainly found in Poland, Italy, South Russia, Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Jugoslavia, Southern Poland, Ukraine, Southern Russia, Turkey and Caucasus.^[2]^[3]

Description

These beetles are 6–7 mm long, the head is black, elytra and pronotum are red, with two black dots on the pronotum and five black dots on the elytra. The larvae are yellow-gray, with black spots on the back and sides and three pairs of thoracic legs.^[4]

Biology

It is a univoltine species. It overwinters as an adult in the ground. After mating, the females lay their eggs on the leaves. The larvae develop in about 3–4 weeks. The new generation of adult beetles appears at the beginning of spring. Both beetles and larvae mainly feed on the tender leaves and stem of the alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa), Trifolium and other Fabaceae species.^[4]

Damages control

Generally chemical control using insecticides is not suggested but trials were done anyway. Unfortunately the field application of Bacillus thuringiensis subs. tenebrionis (Btt) is not possible due to lack of registration (e.g. in Italy). The good efficacy of the Btt preparation on adults and larvae was tested in lab. The microbial control with Btt could be very useful in alfalfa open fields on the contrary the chemical insecticides (e.g. neonicotinoids, etc.) due to the negative side effects on beneficial insects (very numerous in alfalfa) must be avoided. ^[5] ^[6]

References

^ Biolib
^ Fauna europaea
^ Borowiec L.: Chrysomelidae of Europe
^ ^a ^b Atlante di Entomologia Agraria - Insetti utili e dannosi (in Italian)
^ BURGIO G.; FERRARI R.; MAINI S. (1992). "Prove di laboratorio con un formulato a base di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp.tenebrionis nei confronti di Gonioctena fornicata (Brügg.)". Informatore Fitopatologico. 42 (11): 45–47.
^ A. GUARNONE, A. PACINI; G. FRESCHI, F. MAZZI; A. CAPELLA (2008). "Experimental results with EPIK (Acetamiprid 5% PS) to control Gonioctena fornicata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)on alfalfa". ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche. 2008, 1: 247–250.

[1] Biolib

[2] Fauna europaea

[3] Borowiec L.: Chrysomelidae of Europe

[Atl-4] Atlante di Entomologia Agraria - Insetti utili e dannosi (in Italian)

[5] BURGIO G.; FERRARI R.; MAINI S. (1992). "Prove di laboratorio con un formulato a base di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp.tenebrionis nei confronti di Gonioctena fornicata (Brügg.)". Informatore Fitopatologico. 42 (11): 45–47.

[6] A. GUARNONE, A. PACINI; G. FRESCHI, F. MAZZI; A. CAPELLA (2008). "Experimental results with EPIK (Acetamiprid 5% PS) to control Gonioctena fornicata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)on alfalfa". ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche. 2008, 1: 247–250.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
-{{Orphan|date=February 2011}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{italictitle}}
-{{Taxobox
-| name = ''Gonioctena fornicata''
 | image = Chrysomelidae - Gonioctena fornicata.JPG
-| image_caption =
+| image_caption = Upperside
-| image2 =
+| image2 = Chrysomelidae - Gonioctena fornicata-1.JPG
-| image2_caption =
+| image2_caption = Side view
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| genus = Gonioctena
+| species = fornicata
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
+| authority = ([[Friedrich Brüggemann|Brüggemann]], 1873)
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
-| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
-| superfamilia = [[Chrysomeloidea]]
-| familia = [[Chrysomelidae]]
-| subfamilia = [[Chrysomelinae]]
-| genus = ''[[Gonioctena]]''
-| species = '''''G. fornicata'''''
-| binomial = ''Gonioctena fornicata''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Friedrich Brüggemann|Brüggemann]], 1873)
 | synonyms =
+* ''Spartoxena fornicata''
 }}
-'''''Gonioctena fornicata''''' is a species of ''broad-shouldered leaf beetles'' belonging to the family [[Chrysomelidae]], subfamily [[Chrysomelinae]].
+'''''Gonioctena fornicata''''' is a species of ''broad-shouldered leaf beetles'' belonging to the family [[Chrysomelidae]], subfamily [[Chrysomelinae]].<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id11853/ Biolib]</ref>
-These beetles are 6–7&nbsp;mm long, the head is black, elytra and pronotum are red, with two black dots on the pronotum and five black dots on the elytra. They mainly feed on alfalfa plant (''[[Medicago sativa]]''), ''[[Trifolium]]'' and other [[Fabaceae]] species.
-This species is mainly found in [[Poland]], [[Italy]], South [[Russia]], [[Albania]], [[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Jugoslavia]]{{dn|date=May 2011}}.
 ==Subspecies==
 *''Spartoxena fornicata fornicata'' <small>(Bruggemann, 1873)</small>
-==External links==
+==Distribution==
+This species is mainly found in [[Poland]], [[Italy]], South [[Russia]], [[Albania]], [[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]], [[Jugoslavia]], Southern [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], Southern  [[Russia]], [[Turkey]] and [[Caucasus]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629094735/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=241562 Fauna europaea]</ref><ref>Borowiec L.: [http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/European%20Chrysomelidae/gonioctena%20fornicata.htm Chrysomelidae of Europe]</ref>
-* [http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id11853/ Biolib]
-* [http://culex.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/European%20Chrysomelidae/gonioctena%20fornicata.htm Culex.biol.uni.wroc.pl]
-* [http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=241562 Fauna europea]
+==Description==
-[[Category:Chrysomelidae]]
+These beetles are 6–7&nbsp;mm long, the head is black, elytra and pronotum are red, with two black dots on the pronotum and five black dots on the elytra. The larvae are yellow-gray, with black spots on the back and sides and three pairs of thoracic legs.<ref name=Atl>[http://www.agraria.org/entomologia-agraria/crisomela-della-medica.htm Atlante di Entomologia Agraria - Insetti utili e dannosi {{in lang|it}}]</ref>
-[[Category:Beetles of Europe]]
+==Biology==
-[[de:Gonioctena fornicata]]
+It is a [[Voltinism|univoltine]] species. It overwinters as an adult in the ground. After mating, the females lay their eggs on the leaves. The larvae develop in about 3–4 weeks. The new generation of adult beetles appears at the beginning of spring. Both beetles and larvae mainly feed on the tender leaves and stem of the alfalfa plant (''[[Medicago sativa]]''), ''[[Trifolium]]'' and other [[Fabaceae]] species.<ref name=Atl/>
-[[el:Gonioctena fornicata]]
-[[nl:Gonioctena fornicata]]
+==Damages control==
-[[vi:Gonioctena fornicata]]
+Generally chemical control using insecticides is not suggested but trials were done anyway. Unfortunately the field application of ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' subs. ''tenebrionis'' (Btt) is not possible due to lack of registration (e.g. in Italy). The good efficacy of the Btt preparation on adults and larvae was tested in lab. The microbial control with Btt could be very useful in alfalfa open fields on the contrary the chemical insecticides (e.g. [[neonicotinoid]]s, etc.) due to the negative side effects on beneficial insects (very numerous in alfalfa) must be avoided.
+<ref>
+{{cite journal|author=BURGIO G.|author2=FERRARI R.|author3=MAINI S.|year=1992|title=Prove di laboratorio con un formulato a base di ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' Berliner ssp.''tenebrionis'' nei confronti di ''Gonioctena fornicata'' (Brügg.)|journal=Informatore Fitopatologico|volume=42|issue=11|pages=45–47}}
+</ref>
+<ref>
+{{cite journal|author=A. GUARNONE, A. PACINI|author2=G. FRESCHI, F. MAZZI|author3=A. CAPELLA|year=2008|title=Experimental results with EPIK (Acetamiprid 5% PS) to control ''Gonioctena fornicata'' (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)on alfalfa|journal=ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche|volume=2008, 1|pages=247–250}}
+</ref>
+==References==
+{{Wikispecies}}
+{{Commons}}
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q292038}}
+[[Category:Chrysomelinae]]
+[[Category:Beetles of Europe]]
+[[Category:Beetles described in 1873]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Brüggemann]]