Wik Peoples v Queensland: Difference between revisions

Wik Peoples v Queensland
Wik Peoples v Queensland
Court	High Court of Australia
Full case name	The Wik Peoples v State of Queensland & Ors; The Thayorre People v State of Queensland & Ors
Decided	23 December 1996
Citations	[1996] HCA 40, (1996) 187 CLR 1
Case history
Prior action	Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 63 FCR 450; 134 ALR 637
Appealed from	Federal Court
Case opinions
	(4:3) the pastoral leases in question did not extinguish native title (4:3) native title rights and pastoral lease rights can coexist, but where they are inconsistent, the pastoral rights prevail
Majority	Toohey, Gaudron, Gummow & Kirby JJ
Dissent	Brennan CJ, Dawson & McHugh JJ decision

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Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland^[1] (commonly known as the Wik decision) is a decision of the High Court of Australia delivered on 23 December 1996, on whether statutory leases extinguish native title rights. The court found that the statutory pastoral leases under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of exclusive possession on the leaseholder. As a result, native title rights could coexist depending on the terms and nature of the particular pastoral lease. Where there was a conflict of rights, the rights under the pastoral lease would extinguish the remaining native title rights.

The decision provoked a significant debate in Australian politics.^[2] It led to intense discussions on the validity of land holdings in Australia. Some political leaders criticised the court for being out of touch and for introducing uncertainty into Australian life. The Howard government formulated a "10-point plan"^[3] to bring certainty to land ownership in Australia. This plan led to the longest debate in the Australian Senate’s history.^[4]

Background

In 1992, the High Court held in Mabo^[5] that the common law of Australia recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had a form of "native title," which reflected the entitlement of indigenous inhabitants to their traditional lands in accordance with their laws or customs.^[6] Native title was not defined by the Wik decision. However, it is commonly accepted to include rights to perform ceremonies or to gather foods or medicines.^[4]

The Wik peoples

The Wik peoples are a grouping of Aboriginal Australians who reside in north-eastern Australia. They live in an area on the western Cape York Peninsula between 11° 40' and 14° 50' south latitude.^[7] The group comprises the peoples of Wik-Ompom, Wik-Mungkana, Wik-Paacha, Wik-Thinta, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Epa, Wik-Me'anha, Wik-Nganthara, Wik-Nganychara, and Wik-Liyanh.^[8] Their traditional lands centre around the Archer River and the Edward River.^[8] The term Wik actually means "speech" or "language" in the Aboriginal languages of the region.^[7]

The Wik people have previously litigated native title-type claims. In 1975, part of the Aboriginal reserve at Aurukun created in 1957 had been excised by the Queensland Government for a bauxite mining lease. The lease was granted to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited (Comalco) through a special Act of Parliament called the Aurukun Associates Act 1975 (Qld). There was an initial win in the Supreme Court of Queensland against the lease. However, an appeal to the Privy Council in London led to the decision being overturned.^[7]^[9]

In the 1970s, the then-Aboriginal Development Commission attempted to purchase part of a pastoral lease. This lease was over part of traditional lands used by the "Winchanam" clan. The Bjelke-Petersen government refused to allow the purchase of the lease. A challenge in the High Court ensued, and the action was won by the corporation. However, the Queensland Government frustrated the decision by declaring the land a national park.^[7]

Basis of the Wik claim

The Wik people and the Thayorre people claimed to be the holders of native titles over two areas of land. The first is known as "Holroyd River Holding" and the other is known as "Michellton Pastoral Leases." Their claim before the court was on the basis that their native title was not extinguished by the granting of the various leases over the land. They asserted that their native title rights continued and co-existed with the pastoral lease.^[1]^{: p 64–5} The Wik Peoples also claimed declarations, which challenged the validity of the Special Bauxite Mining Leases which had been granted by the Queensland Government pursuant to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited Agreement Act 1957 (Qld) and the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld).^[1]^{: p 67} These claims were brought before the commencement of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth),^[10] came into operation. That law came into being because of the High Court’s decision in Mabo v Queensland (No 2).^[1]^{: p 101}

The Holroyd River Holding

The Holroyd River Holding is 1,119 square miles (2,900 km²) in area. The first Holroyd lease was issued to Marie Stuart Perkins in 1945. It was granted under the Land Act of 1910 (Qld). This lease was surrendered in 1973. The first lease was granted for pastoral purposes. A second lease for thirty years was issued under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) in 1975 to John Herbert Broinowski, John Darling, James Maurice Gordon, and Ross Farm Pty Ltd. The second lease was not limited to pastoral purposes.^[1]^{: p 104–5} The Holroyd land was subject solely to a claim by the Wik people.^[1]^{: p 102}

The Mitchellton Lease

The Mitchellton Lease was 535 square miles (1,390 km²) in area.^[1]^{: p 71} It is located north of Normanton, in far north Queensland. The claim extends from the Mitchell River to the Edward River in the north and west to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is in the District of Cook which was opened up for occupation in 1866.^[1]^{: p 136} The first Michellton lease was granted to Alfred Joseph Smith, Thomas Alexander Simpson and Marshall Hanley Woodhouse in 1915 under the Land Act 1910. The lessees did not take up actual possession of the land. The first lease was forfeited for non-payment of rent in 1918. A second lease was granted in 1919. The new lessee also did not take up possession. The lease was surrendered in 1921. Each lease was issued for pastoral purposes. Since 1922 the land had been reserved for the benefit of Aboriginals.^[1]^{: p 106–7} Both the Wik people and the Thayorre People made claims over the area.^[1]^{: p 102}

The mining leases

There were also what were called the Comalco and Aurukun matters. Comalco Aluminium Ltd held several bauxite mining leases issued by the Queensland State Government under the Comalco Act 1957 (Qld). In each of these claims, the Wik peoples alleged that the mining leases were invalid because the Queensland Government owed fiduciary duties as a trustee to the Wik people, and that those duties had been breached by the granting of the mining leases. The Aurukun claim also included an attack on an agreement called the Aurukun Associates Agreement entered into under the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld).^[11]

The original decision

The Wik peoples lodged their claim on 30 June 1993^[7] in the Federal Court of Australia.^[1]^{: p 167} The claim was lodged before the commencement of Native Title legislation,^[10] introduced into Australia following the decision in the Mabo case.^[5]^{: p 105} The State of Queensland was the first respondent to the claim. The Commonwealth of Australia was the second respondent. At a later stage, the Thayorre People were also joined as respondents. The Thayorre people also cross-claimed because their claim overlapped the claim of the Wik Peoples.^[1]^{: p 167} The matter came on for hearing before Drummond. Five preliminary questions were posed for determination by the Court. Drummond heard the claim between 17 and 26 October and 14 and 15 December 1994. He delivered his decision 29 January 1996 in Brisbane.^[12]

On 29 January 1996 Drummond gave judgment on the five preliminary questions that had been identified. He found that the granting of the leases over the two land claims extinguished any native title rights to those lands. In Drummond’s opinion, each lease gave exclusive possession to the lessees.^[12]^[13] Drummond did not have to decide whether the Wik people or the Thayorre people actually were the holders of native title rights in respect of the land.^[1]^{: p 65–7}

On 22 March 1996 Justice Spender granted the appellants leave to appeal to the Full Court of the Federal Court against the judgment. Subsequent to that grant leave, the High Court made orders that the appeal be removed into the High Court for determination by that court.^[1]^{: p 103}

The appeal

The appeal was heard by the High Court between 11 and 13 June 1996 with all 7 judges sitting, Gerard Brennan CJ, Daryl Dawson, John Toohey, Mary Gaudron, Michael McHugh, William Gummow and Michael Kirby JJ. The court reserved its decision until 23 December 1996. The Court decided in favour of the Wik people by a four/three majority. Each of the majority judges wrote separate judgments in support of their decision.^[14] The majority focused on the meaning of a “lease” as used in Australia at the time. The court focused on the purpose for which the leases were granted at that time in light of the social and economic conditions of the times.^[15] The minority judges wrote a single joint judgment.^[14] They focused on the leases as well, but concluded that the leases conferred the right to exclusive occupation of the land thereby extinguishing native title.^[15]

The majority decision became a proposition for:

A pastoral lease does not confer rights of exclusive possession on the holder of the lease.
The rights and obligations depend on the nature and terms of the lease.
Where the rights of the lease are in conflict with native title rights, then the rights under the lease will prevail to the extent of any inconsistency.
The granting of a lease does not extinguish any remaining native title rights.

Political response to the decision

The decision provoked significant political and public reactions in Australia. Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson said that “country people are concerned with the Wik Native Title problem"^[16] Some State Premiers went further and publicly commented that suburban backyards were under threat from native title claims. Queensland Premier Rob Borbidge even commented that some of the High Court judges were "dills about history."^[17] Prime Minister John Howard in a press conference held up a map of Australia purporting to show how much of Australia was at risk from native title claims.^[18] The Bulletin led with a cover in December 1997 depicting "Land Rights: How Much is Too Much" with the clear implication that all land holdings in Australia were under threat from native title claims as a result of the decision.^[17]

Others pointed out that the decision only affected leasehold land and not the overwhelming majority of Australia which is freehold land held under “fee simple”. The High Court had made clear that native title was extinguished in that situation. They emphasised the “shared use” of the land with a theme of "co-existence."^[19]

The Wik 10 Point Plan

The Howard government promised a response to the decision and came up with the “Wik 10 Point Plan”. Howard argued the decision "pushed the pendulum back too far in the Aboriginal direction (and) the 10 Point Plan will return the pendulum to the centre".^[20]^[21] The Native Title Amendment Bill 1997 (Cth) was drawn up to implement the plan. It was introduced into the Commonwealth Parliament on 4 September 1997. It was passed by the House of Representatives, however, the Senate made 217 amendments to the bill and returned it to the lower house for reconsideration. The House of Representatives agreed to half of the changes but returned the bill to the Senate again. It was eventually passed one year later on 8 July 1998 by the Senate^[19] after the longest debate in the history of the Senate.^[4] One commentator described the amendments to native title law as using a "legal sledge hammer to crack a political nut".^[22]

Legal commentary on the decision

Maureen Tehan describes the Wik decision as the high point in law for native title in Australia.^[19] The decision balanced the rights of the pastoralists and the rights of Aboriginal people, but placed the primacy of pastoral title over native title. Richard Bartlett argues that the decision placed great significance on the principle of equality at common law.^[23] Philip Hunter notes that criticism of the High Court was "totally unjustified".^[24] He states that the High Court recognised that native title was in no way destructive of the title of pastoralists. He points out that where native title clashed with pastoral interests, pastoral interests would always override native title.^{[citation needed]}

Frank Brennan described the approach of the court as taking into account an "incomplete reading of the history".^[25] Gim Del Villar goes further and argues that the Wik judgment is "flawed" from a historical perspective.^[26] He argues that the court used questionable historical material to reach its conclusion that pastoral leases were not common law leases.^[26] He notes that in 1870 the Supreme Court of Queensland held that pastoral leases did confer a right of exclusive possession^[27] which reflected a common belief at that time that leases did extinguish native title. Del Villar points to despatches from Earl Grey in which there is the clear implication that native title was not to be respected when granting pastoral leases.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland [1996] HCA 40, (1996) 187 CLR 1 (23 December 1996), High Court.
^ Brennan 1997, p. 10.
^ Australia, Federal Government of (29 January 1997). "The Federal Government's 10 Point Response to Wik". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 12. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Wik decision". The Law Handbook Online. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008.
^ ^a ^b Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] HCA 23, (1992) 175 CLR 1, High Court.
^ Brennan 1997, p. 11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Martin, David F (29 January 1997). "The 'Wik' Peoples of Western Cape York". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 8. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b Collings, Neva (29 January 1997). "The Wik: A History of Their 400 Year Struggle". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 4. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Peikinna (1978) 52 ALJR 286.
^ ^a ^b Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).
^ Hulme, S E K. "Chapter Twelve: The Wik Judgment". Samuel Griffith Society. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 63 FCR 450; 134 ALR 637 (29 January 1996) Federal Court.
^ Gal, Daniel (29 January 1997). "An Overview Of The Wik Decision". University of New South Wales Law Journal. (1997) 20(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 488. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b Brennan 1997, p. 27.
^ ^a ^b * Hepburn, S (29 January 2024). "Disinterested truth : legitimation of the doctrine of tenure post-Mabo". Melbourne University Law Review. (2005) 29(1) Melbourne University Law Review 1 at p 28.
^ Brisbane Courier-Mail 27 June 1998 cited by Pritchard & McManus 2000, p. 21.
^ ^a ^b Horrigan 2004, p. 208.
^ Pritchard, B & McManus, P, eds. (2000). Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-578-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tehan, M (29 January 2024). "Hope Disillusioned, an Opportunity Lost? Reflections on Common Law Native Title and Ten Years of the Native Title Act". Melbourne University Law Review. (2003) 27(2) Melbourne University Law Review 523. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ Horrigan, Bryan (2004). Adventures in Law and Justice. UNSW Press. p. 376. ISBN 0-86840-572-8.
^ "Issues 2001". Western Australia and Federation. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ Horrigan 2004, p. 199.
^ Bartlett, Richard (29 January 1997). "Wik: Equality and the Fallacy of 'Extinguishment". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 11. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ Hunter, Philip (29 January 1997). "Judicial Activism? The High Court and the Wik Decision". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ Del Villar 2004, p. 50.
^ ^a ^b Del Villar 2004, p. 44.
^ Wildash v Brosnan (1870) QCLLR 17, MacDonald v Tully (1870) 2 QCSCR 99 cited by Del Villar 2004, p. 51.

References

Brennan, Frank. The "Wik Judgment – The case for non-extinguishment, non-discrimination and negotiation". {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Speech given to the Sydney Institute, 10 Mar 1997.
Del Villar, Gim. "Pastoral Leases and Native Title: A Critique of Ward and Wik". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (2004) 16 Bond Law Review 29. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[Wik_HCA-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland [1996] HCA 40, (1996) 187 CLR 1 (23 December 1996), High Court.

[FOOTNOTEBrennan_199710-2] Brennan 1997, p. 10.

[3] Australia, Federal Government of (29 January 1997). "The Federal Government's 10 Point Response to Wik". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 12. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[handbook-4] "The Wik decision". The Law Handbook Online. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008.

[Mabo_#2_HCA-5] Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] HCA 23, (1992) 175 CLR 1, High Court.

[FOOTNOTEBrennan_199711-6] Brennan 1997, p. 11.

[Martin-7] Martin, David F (29 January 1997). "The 'Wik' Peoples of Western Cape York". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 8. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[Collings-8] Collings, Neva (29 January 1997). "The Wik: A History of Their 400 Year Struggle". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 4. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[9] Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Peikinna (1978) 52 ALJR 286.

[nta-10] Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).

[Hulme-11] Hulme, S E K. "Chapter Twelve: The Wik Judgment". Samuel Griffith Society. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[wik_FCA-12] Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 63 FCR 450; 134 ALR 637 (29 January 1996) Federal Court.

[Gal-13] Gal, Daniel (29 January 1997). "An Overview Of The Wik Decision". University of New South Wales Law Journal. (1997) 20(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 488. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[FOOTNOTEBrennan_199727-14] Brennan 1997, p. 27.

[Hepburn28-15] * Hepburn, S (29 January 2024). "Disinterested truth : legitimation of the doctrine of tenure post-Mabo". Melbourne University Law Review. (2005) 29(1) Melbourne University Law Review 1 at p 28.

[16] Brisbane Courier-Mail 27 June 1998 cited by Pritchard & McManus 2000, p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEHorrigan_2004208-17] Horrigan 2004, p. 208.

[18] Pritchard, B & McManus, P, eds. (2000). Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-578-0.

[Allure-19] Tehan, M (29 January 2024). "Hope Disillusioned, an Opportunity Lost? Reflections on Common Law Native Title and Ten Years of the Native Title Act". Melbourne University Law Review. (2003) 27(2) Melbourne University Law Review 523. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[Horrigan-20] Horrigan, Bryan (2004). Adventures in Law and Justice. UNSW Press. p. 376. ISBN 0-86840-572-8.

[21] "Issues 2001". Western Australia and Federation. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[FOOTNOTEHorrigan_2004199-22] Horrigan 2004, p. 199.

[Bartlett-23] Bartlett, Richard (29 January 1997). "Wik: Equality and the Fallacy of 'Extinguishment". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 11. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[24] Hunter, Philip (29 January 1997). "Judicial Activism? The High Court and the Wik Decision". Indigenous Law Bulletin. (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[FOOTNOTEDel_Villar_200450-25] Del Villar 2004, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEDel_Villar_200444-26] Del Villar 2004, p. 44.

[27] Wildash v Brosnan (1870) QCLLR 17, MacDonald v Tully (1870) 2 QCSCR 99 cited by Del Villar 2004, p. 51.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|1996 High Court of Australia decision}}
+{{Use Australian English|date=April 2018}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
 {{Infobox court case
 | name=Wik Peoples v Queensland
@@ Line 10: / Line 13: @@
 | appealed from      = [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]]
 | Majority           = [[John Toohey (judge)|Toohey]], [[Mary Gaudron|Gaudron]], [[William Gummow|Gummow]] & [[Michael Kirby (judge)|Kirby]] [[Justices|JJ]]
-| dissenting         = [[Gerard Brennan|Brennan]] [[Chief Justice of Australia|CJ]], [[Daryl Dawson|Dawson]] & [[Michael McHugh|McHugh]] JJ
+| dissenting         = [[Gerard Brennan|Brennan]] [[Chief Justice of Australia|CJ]], [[Daryl Dawson|Dawson]] & [[Michael McHugh (judge)|McHugh]] JJ
 decision
 | subsequent actions=
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 }}
 {{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}
-'''''Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland''''',<ref name="Wik HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|40|1996|litigants=Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland |parallelcite=(1996) 187 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1 |date=23 December 1996 |courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.</ref> (commonly known as the '''Wik decision''') is a decision of the [[High Court of Australia]] delivered on 23 December 1996 on whether statutory leases extinguish [[Native title in Australia|native title]] rights. The court found that the statutory pastoral leases under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of exclusive possession on the leaseholder. As a result, native title rights could co-exist depending on the terms and nature of the particular pastoral lease. Where there was a conflict of rights, the rights under the pastoral lease would extinguish the remaining native title rights.
+'''''Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland'''''<ref name="Wik HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|40|1996|litigants=Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland |parallelcite=(1996) 187 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1 |date=23 December 1996 |courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.</ref> (commonly known as the '''Wik decision''') is a decision of the [[High Court of Australia]] delivered on 23 December 1996, on whether statutory leases extinguish [[Native title in Australia|native title]] rights. The court found that the statutory pastoral leases under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of [[exclusive possession]] on the leaseholder. As a result, native title rights could coexist depending on the terms and nature of the particular [[pastoral lease]]. Where there was a conflict of rights, the rights under the pastoral lease would extinguish the remaining native title rights.
-The decision provoked a significant debate in Australian politics.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=10}} It led to intense discussions on the validity of land holdings in Australia. Some political leaders criticised the court for being out of touch and for introducing uncertainty into Australian life. The [[Howard Government]] formulated a “10 point plan”<ref>{{cite web
+The decision provoked a significant debate in Australian politics.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=10}} It led to intense discussions on the validity of land holdings in Australia. Some political leaders criticised the court for being out of touch and for introducing uncertainty into Australian life. The [[Howard government]] formulated a "10-point plan"<ref>{{cite journal
-|title=The Federal Government's 10 Point Response to Wik |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/46.html}} (1997) 4(2) [[Indigenous Law Bulletin]] 12. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> to bring certainty to land ownership in Australia.  This plan led to the longest debate in the Australian Senate’s history.<ref name= handbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch01s01s03s02.php | title = The Wik decision | publisher = The Law Handbook Online| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722203213/http://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch01s01s03s02.php |archive-date=22 July 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>
+|title=The Federal Government's 10 Point Response to Wik |journal=Indigenous Law Bulletin |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/46.html |last1=Australia |first1=Federal Government of }} (1997) 4(2) [[Indigenous Law Bulletin]] 12. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> to bring certainty to land ownership in Australia.  This plan led to the longest debate in the Australian Senate’s history.<ref name= handbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch01s01s03s02.php | title = The Wik decision | publisher = The Law Handbook Online| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722203213/http://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch01s01s03s02.php |archive-date=22 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==Background==
-In 1992 The High Court held in [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo]],<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|23|1992|litigants=[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)]] |parallelcite=(1992) 175 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1 |date= |courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.</ref> found that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had rights to their land before the arrival of British colonisation.  Those rights depended on the local laws and customs.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=11}} Native title was not defined by the Wik decision. However it is commonly accepted to include rights to perform ceremony, or to gather foods or medicines.<ref name=handbook/>
+In 1992, the High Court held in [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo]]<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|23|1992|litigants=[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)]] |parallelcite=(1992) 175 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 1 |date= |courtname=[[High Court of Australia|High Court]]}}.</ref> that the common law of Australia recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had a form of "native title," which reflected the entitlement of indigenous inhabitants to their traditional lands in accordance with their laws or customs.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=11}} Native title was not defined by the Wik decision. However, it is commonly accepted to include rights to perform ceremonies or to gather foods or medicines.<ref name=handbook/>
 ==The Wik peoples==
-The [[Wik peoples]] are a grouping of [[indigenous Australians|Aboriginal Australians]] who reside in Northern Eastern Australia.  They live in an area on western [[Cape York Peninsula]] between 11° 40' and 14° 50' south latitude.<ref name=Martin>{{cite web|last=Martin|first=David F |title=The 'Wik' Peoples of Western Cape York |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/30.html |ref=CITEREFMartin 2008}} (1997) 4(1) [[Indigenous Law Bulletin]] 8. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  The group comprises the peoples of Wik-Ompom, Wik-Mungkana, Wik-Paacha, Wik-Thinta, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Epa, Wik-Me'anha, Wik-Nganthara, Wik-Nganychara, and Wik-Liyanh.<ref name=Collings>{{cite web |title=The Wik: A History of Their 400 Year Struggle |first=Neva |last=Collings |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/29.html}} (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 4. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  Their traditional lands centre around the [[Archer River]] and the [[Edward River (Queensland)|Edward River]].<ref name=Collings/> The term Wik actually means “speech” or “language” in the Aboriginal languages of the region.<ref name=Martin/>
+The [[Wik peoples]] are a grouping of [[Aboriginal Australians]] who reside in north-eastern Australia. They live in an area on the western [[Cape York Peninsula]] between 11° 40' and 14° 50' south latitude.<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=David F |title=The 'Wik' Peoples of Western Cape York |journal=Indigenous Law Bulletin |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/30.html |ref=CITEREFMartin 2008}} (1997) 4(1) [[Indigenous Law Bulletin]] 8. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  The group comprises the peoples of Wik-Ompom, Wik-Mungkana, Wik-Paacha, Wik-Thinta, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Epa, Wik-Me'anha, Wik-Nganthara, Wik-Nganychara, and Wik-Liyanh.<ref name=Collings>{{cite journal |title=The Wik: A History of Their 400 Year Struggle |first=Neva |last=Collings |journal=Indigenous Law Bulletin |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/29.html}} (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 4. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  Their traditional lands centre around the [[Archer River]] and the [[Edward River (Queensland)|Edward River]].<ref name=Collings/> The term Wik actually means "speech" or "language" in the Aboriginal languages of the region.<ref name=Martin/>
-The Wik people have previously litigated native title type claims.  In 1975 part of the [[Aurukun, Queensland|Aurukun]] Aboriginal Reserve created in 1957 had been excised by the [[Queensland Government]] for a bauxite mining lease. The lease was granted to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited ([[Comalco]]) through a special Act of Parliament called the Aurukun Associates Act 1975 (Qld).  There was an initial win in the [[Supreme Court of Queensland]] against the lease.  However an appeal to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London led to the decision being overturned.<ref name=Martin/> <ref>''Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Peikinna (1978) 52 [[Australian Law Journal Reports|ALJR]] 286.</ref>
+The Wik people have previously litigated native title-type claims.  In 1975, part of the [[Aboriginal reserve]] at [[Aurukun, Queensland|Aurukun]] created in 1957 had been excised by the [[Queensland Government]] for a [[bauxite mining]] lease. The lease was granted to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited ([[Comalco]]) through a special Act of Parliament called the ''[[Aurukun Associates Act 1975]]'' (Qld).  There was an initial win in the [[Supreme Court of Queensland]] against the lease.  However, an appeal to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in London led to the decision being overturned.<ref name=Martin/><ref>''Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Peikinna (1978)'' 52 [[Australian Law Journal Reports|ALJR]] 286.</ref>
-In the 1970s, the then Aboriginal Development Commission attempted to purchase part of a pastoral lease.  This lease was over part of traditional lands used by the “Winchanam” clan. The [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen|Bjelke-Petersen]] government refused to allow the purchase of the lease. A challenge in the High Court ensued and the action was won by the corporation.  However, the Queensland Government frustrated the decision by declaring the land a national park.<ref name=Martin/>
+In the 1970s, the then-Aboriginal Development Commission attempted to purchase part of a pastoral lease.  This lease was over part of traditional lands used by the "Winchanam" clan. The [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen|Bjelke-Petersen]] government refused to allow the purchase of the lease. A challenge in the High Court ensued, and the action was won by the corporation.  However, the Queensland Government frustrated the decision by declaring the land a national park.<ref name=Martin/>
 ==Basis of the Wik claim==
-The Wik peoples and the [[Thayorre people]] claimed to be the holders of native title over two areas of land. The first is known as the “Holroyd River Holding” and the other is known as the "Michellton Pastoral Leases". Their claim before the court was on the basis that their native title was not extinguished by the granting of the various leases over the land.  They asserted that their native title rights continued and co-existed with the pastoral lease.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 64-5}} The Wik Peoples also claimed declarations which challenged the validity of the Special Bauxite Mining Leases which had been granted by the Queensland Government pursuant to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited Agreement Act 1957 (Qld) and the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld).<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 67}} These claims were brought before the commencement of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth),<ref name=nta>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|nta1993147|Native Title Act 1993}}.</ref> came into operation. That law came into being because of the High Court’s decision in Mabo v Queensland (No 2).<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 101}}
+The Wik people and the [[Thayorre people]] claimed to be the holders of native titles over two areas of land. The first is known as "Holroyd River Holding" and the other is known as "Michellton Pastoral Leases." Their claim before the court was on the basis that their native title was not extinguished by the granting of the various leases over the land.  They asserted that their native title rights continued and co-existed with the pastoral lease.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 64–5}} The Wik Peoples also claimed declarations, which challenged the validity of the Special Bauxite Mining Leases which had been granted by the Queensland Government pursuant to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited Agreement Act 1957 (Qld) and the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld).<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 67}} These claims were brought before the commencement of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth),<ref name=nta>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|nta1993147|Native Title Act 1993}}.</ref> came into operation. That law came into being because of the High Court’s decision in Mabo v Queensland (No 2).<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 101}}
 ===The Holroyd River Holding===
-The Holroyd River Holding is {{convert|1119|sqmi|km2}} in area. The first Holroyd lease was issued to Marie Stuart Perkins in 1945. It was granted under the Land Act 1910 (Qld). This lease was surrendered in 1973. The first lease was granted for pastoral purposes. A second lease for thirty years was issued under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) in 1975 to John Herbert Broinowski, John Darling, James Maurice Gordon and Ross Farm Pty Ltd. The second lease was not limited to pastoral purposes.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 104-5}} The Holroyd land was subject solely to a claim by the Wik people.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 102}}
+The Holroyd River Holding is {{convert|1119|sqmi|km2}} in area. The first Holroyd lease was issued to Marie Stuart Perkins in 1945. It was granted under the Land Act of 1910 (Qld). This lease was surrendered in 1973. The first lease was granted for pastoral purposes. A second lease for thirty years was issued under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) in 1975 to John Herbert Broinowski, John Darling, James Maurice Gordon, and Ross Farm Pty Ltd. The second lease was not limited to pastoral purposes.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 104–5}} The Holroyd land was subject solely to a claim by the Wik people.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 102}}
 ===The Mitchellton Lease===
-The Mitchellton Lease was {{convert|535|sqmi|km2}} in area.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 71}} It is located north of Normanton, in far north Queensland. The claim extends from the Mitchell River to the Edward River in the north and west to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is in the District of Cook which was opened up for occupation in 1866.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 136}} The first Michellton lease was granted to Alfred Joseph Smith, Thomas Alexander Simpson and Marshall Hanley Woodhouse in 1915 under the Land Act 1910. The lessees did not take up actual possession of the land. The first lease was forfeited for non-payment of rent in 1918. A second lease was granted in 1919. The new lessee also did not take up possession. The lease was surrendered in 1921. Each lease was issued for pastoral purposes. Since 1922 the land had been reserved for the benefit of Aboriginals.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 106-7}} Both the Wik people and the Thayorre People made claims over the area.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 102}}
+The Mitchellton Lease was {{convert|535|sqmi|km2}} in area.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 71}} It is located north of Normanton, in far north Queensland. The claim extends from the Mitchell River to the Edward River in the north and west to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is in the District of Cook which was opened up for occupation in 1866.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 136}} The first Michellton lease was granted to Alfred Joseph Smith, Thomas Alexander Simpson and Marshall Hanley Woodhouse in 1915 under the Land Act 1910. The lessees did not take up actual possession of the land. The first lease was forfeited for non-payment of rent in 1918. A second lease was granted in 1919. The new lessee also did not take up possession. The lease was surrendered in 1921. Each lease was issued for pastoral purposes. Since 1922 the land had been reserved for the benefit of Aboriginals.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 106–7}} Both the Wik people and the Thayorre People made claims over the area.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 102}}
 ===The mining leases===
@@ Line 50: / Line 53: @@
 |publisher=[[Samuel Griffith Society]]
 |url=http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume8/v8chap12.htm
-|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref>
+|access-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>
 ==The original decision==
-The Wik peoples lodged their claim on 30 June 1993<ref name="Martin"/> in the [[Federal Court of Australia]].<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 167}} The claim was lodged before the commencement of Native Title legislation.<ref name="nta"/> introduced into Australia following the decision in the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo case]].<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA"/>{{rp|p 105}} The State of Queensland was the first respondent to the claim.  The Commonwealth of Australia was the second respondent. At a later stage, the Thayorre People were also joined as respondents. The Thayorre people also cross-claimed because their claim overlapped the claim of the Wik Peoples.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 167}}
+The Wik peoples lodged their claim on 30 June 1993<ref name="Martin"/> in the [[Federal Court of Australia]].<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 167}} The claim was lodged before the commencement of Native Title legislation,<ref name="nta"/> introduced into Australia following the decision in the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo case]].<ref name="Mabo #2 HCA"/>{{rp|p 105}} The State of Queensland was the first respondent to the claim.  The Commonwealth of Australia was the second respondent. At a later stage, the Thayorre People were also joined as respondents. The Thayorre people also cross-claimed because their claim overlapped the claim of the Wik Peoples.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 167}}
 The matter came on for hearing before Drummond.  Five preliminary questions were posed for determination by the Court. Drummond heard the claim between 17 and 26 October and 14 and 15 December 1994. He delivered his decision 29 January 1996 in Brisbane.<ref name="wik FCA">''Wik Peoples v Queensland'' (1996) 63 [[Federal Court Reports|FCR]] 450; 134 [[Australian Law Reports|ALR]] 637 (29 January 1996) [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]].</ref>
-On 29 January 1996 Drummond gave judgment on the five preliminary questions that had been identified.  He found that the granting of the leases over the two land claims extinguished any native title rights to those lands. In Drummond’s opinion, each lease gave exclusive possession to the lessees.<ref name="wik FCA"/><ref name=Gal>{{cite web |title=An Overview Of The Wik Decision |first=Daniel |last=Gal |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLJ/1997/5.html}} (1997) 20(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 488. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> Drummond did not have to decide whether the Wik people or the Thayorre people actually were the holders of native title rights in respect of the land.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 65-7}}
+On 29 January 1996 Drummond gave judgment on the five preliminary questions that had been identified.  He found that the granting of the leases over the two land claims extinguished any native title rights to those lands. In Drummond’s opinion, each lease gave exclusive possession to the lessees.<ref name="wik FCA"/><ref name=Gal>{{cite journal |title=An Overview Of The Wik Decision |first=Daniel |last=Gal |journal=University of New South Wales Law Journal |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLJ/1997/5.html}} (1997) 20(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 488. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> Drummond did not have to decide whether the Wik people or the Thayorre people actually were the holders of native title rights in respect of the land.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 65–7}}
 On 22 March 1996 Justice Spender granted the appellants leave to appeal to the Full Court of the Federal Court against the judgment. Subsequent to that grant leave, the High Court made orders that the appeal be removed into the High Court for determination by that court.<ref name="Wik HCA"/>{{rp|p 103}}
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 ==The appeal==
-The appeal was heard by the High Court between 11 and 13 June 1996 with all 7 judges sitting, [[Gerard Brennan]] [[Chief Justice of Australia|CJ]], [[Daryl Dawson]], [[John Toohey (judge)|John Toohey]], [[Mary Gaudron]], [[Michael McHugh]], [[William Gummow]] and [[Michael Kirby (judge)|Michael Kirby]] [[Justices|JJ]]. The court reserved its decision until 23 December 1996. The Court decided in favour of the Wik people by a four/three majority.  Each of the majority judges wrote separate judgments in support of their decision.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=27}} The majority focused on the meaning of a “lease” as used in Australia at the time.  The court focused on the purpose for which the leases were granted at that time in light of the social and economic conditions of the times.<ref name = Hepburn28>* {{cite web|author=Hepburn, S |title=Disinterested truth : legitimation of the doctrine of tenure post-Mabo |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2005/1.html}} (2005) 29(1) [[Melbourne University Law Review]] 1 at p 28.</ref> The minority judges wrote a single joint judgment.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=27}} They focused on the leases as well, but concluded that the leases conferred the right to exclusive occupation of the land thereby extinguishing native title.<ref name = Hepburn28/>
+The appeal was heard by the High Court between 11 and 13 June 1996 with all 7 judges sitting, [[Gerard Brennan]] [[Chief Justice of Australia|CJ]], [[Daryl Dawson]], [[John Toohey (judge)|John Toohey]], [[Mary Gaudron]], [[Michael McHugh (judge)|Michael McHugh]], [[William Gummow]] and [[Michael Kirby (judge)|Michael Kirby]] [[Justices|JJ]]. The court reserved its decision until 23 December 1996. The Court decided in favour of the Wik people by a four/three majority.  Each of the majority judges wrote separate judgments in support of their decision.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=27}} The majority focused on the meaning of a “lease” as used in Australia at the time.  The court focused on the purpose for which the leases were granted at that time in light of the social and economic conditions of the times.<ref name = Hepburn28>* {{cite journal|author=Hepburn, S |title=Disinterested truth : legitimation of the doctrine of tenure post-Mabo |journal=Melbourne University Law Review |date=29 January 2024 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2005/1.html}} (2005) 29(1) [[Melbourne University Law Review]] 1 at p 28.</ref> The minority judges wrote a single joint judgment.{{sfn|Brennan 1997|page=27}} They focused on the leases as well, but concluded that the leases conferred the right to exclusive occupation of the land thereby extinguishing native title.<ref name = Hepburn28/>
 The majority decision became a proposition for:
@@ Line 73: / Line 76: @@
 ==Political response to the decision==
-The decision provoked significant political and public reactions in Australia. Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson said that “country people are concerned with the Wik Native Title problem"<ref>[[Brisbane Courier-Mail]] 27 June 1998 cited by {{harvnb|Pritchard & McManus 2000|p=21}}.</ref> Some State Premiers went further and publicly commented that suburban backyards were under threat from native title claims. Queensland Premier Rob Borbidge even commented that some of the High Court judges were "dills about history."{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=208}} Prime Minister John Howard in a press conference held up a map of Australia purporting to show how much of Australia was at risk from native title claims.<ref>{{cite book|title=Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia. |editor1=Pritchard, B |editor2=McManus, P |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |ISBN=978-0-86840-578-0 |last-author-amp=yes |ref=CITEREFPritchard & McManus 2000}}</ref> The Bulletin led with a cover in December 1997 depicting "Land Rights: How Much is Too Much" with the clear implication that all land holdings in Australia were under threat from native title claims as a result of the decision.{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=208}}
+The decision provoked significant political and public reactions in Australia. Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson said that “country people are concerned with the Wik Native Title problem"<ref>[[Brisbane Courier-Mail]] 27 June 1998 cited by {{harvnb|Pritchard & McManus 2000|p=21}}.</ref> Some State Premiers went further and publicly commented that suburban backyards were under threat from native title claims. Queensland Premier Rob Borbidge even commented that some of the High Court judges were "dills about history."{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=208}} Prime Minister John Howard in a press conference held up a map of Australia purporting to show how much of Australia was at risk from native title claims.<ref>{{cite book|title=Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia. |editor1=Pritchard, B |editor2=McManus, P |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-86840-578-0 |name-list-style=amp |ref=CITEREFPritchard & McManus 2000}}</ref> The Bulletin led with a cover in December 1997 depicting "Land Rights: How Much is Too Much" with the clear implication that all land holdings in Australia were under threat from native title claims as a result of the decision.{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=208}}
-Others pointed out that the decision only affected leasehold land and not the overwhelming majority of Australia which is freehold land held under “[[fee simple]]”.  The High Court had made clear that native title was extinguished in that situation.  They emphasised the “shared use” of the land with a theme of "co-existence."<ref name=Allure>{{cite web |first=M |last=Tehan |title= Hope Disillusioned, an Opportunity Lost? Reflections on Common Law Native Title and Ten Years of the Native Title Act |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2003/19.html#Heading373}} (2003) 27(2) [[Melbourne University Law Review]] 523. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>
+Others pointed out that the decision only affected leasehold land and not the overwhelming majority of Australia which is freehold land held under “[[fee simple]]”.  The High Court had made clear that native title was extinguished in that situation.  They emphasised the “shared use” of the land with a theme of "co-existence."<ref name=Allure>{{cite journal |first=M |last=Tehan |title= Hope Disillusioned, an Opportunity Lost? Reflections on Common Law Native Title and Ten Years of the Native Title Act |journal=Melbourne University Law Review |date=29 January 2024 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2003/19.html#Heading373}} (2003) 27(2) [[Melbourne University Law Review]] 523. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>
 ==The Wik 10 Point Plan==
+{{See also|Native Title Act 1993#Amendments}}
-The Howard Government promised a response to the decision and came up with the “Wik 10 Point Plan”.  Howard argued the decision "pushed the pendulum back too far in the Aboriginal direction (and) the 10 Point Plan will return the pendulum to the centre".<ref name="Horrigan">{{cite book|last=Horrigan|first=Bryan |title=Adventures in Law and Justice|publisher=UNSW Press|year=2004|pages=376|isbn=0-86840-572-8 |ref=CITEREFHorrigan 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
+The Howard government promised a response to the decision and came up with the “Wik 10 Point Plan”.  Howard argued the decision "pushed the pendulum back too far in the Aboriginal direction (and) the 10 Point Plan will return the pendulum to the centre".<ref name="Horrigan">{{cite book|last=Horrigan|first=Bryan |title=Adventures in Law and Justice|publisher=UNSW Press|year=2004|pages=376|isbn=0-86840-572-8 |ref=CITEREFHorrigan 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Issues 2001
 |publisher=Western Australia and Federation
 |url=http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/iss/113_oral.htm
-|accessdate=6 September 2008}}</ref>  The Native Title Amendment Bill 1997 (Cth) was drawn up to implement the plan. It was introduced into the Commonwealth Parliament on 4 September 1997.  It was passed by the House of Representatives, however, the Senate made 217 amendments to the bill and returned it to the lower house for reconsideration.  The House of Representatives agreed to half of the changes but returned the bill to the Senate again. It was eventually passed two years later on 8 July 1998 by the Senate<ref name=Allure/> after the longest debate in the history of the Senate.<ref name= handbook/>  One commentator described the amendments to native title law as using a "legal sledge hammer to crack a political nut".{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=199}}
+|access-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>  The Native Title Amendment Bill 1997 (Cth) was drawn up to implement the plan. It was introduced into the Commonwealth Parliament on 4 September 1997.  It was passed by the House of Representatives, however, the Senate made 217 amendments to the bill and returned it to the lower house for reconsideration.  The House of Representatives agreed to half of the changes but returned the bill to the Senate again. It was eventually passed one year later on 8 July 1998 by the Senate<ref name=Allure/> after the longest debate in the history of the Senate.<ref name= handbook/>  One commentator described the amendments to native title law as using a "legal sledge hammer to crack a political nut".{{sfn|Horrigan 2004|page=199}}
 ==Legal commentary on the decision==
-Maureen Tehan describes the Wik decision as the high point in law for native title in Australia.<ref name="Allure"/> The decision balanced the rights of the pastoralists and the rights of Aboriginals, but placed the primacy of pastoral title over native title. Richard Bartlett argues that the decision placed great significance on the principle of equality at common law.<ref name=Bartlett>{{cite web |title=Wik: Equality and the Fallacy of 'Extinguishment |first=Richard |last=Bartlett |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/31.html}} (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 11. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  Philip Hunter notes that criticism of the High Court was "totally unjustified".<ref>{{cite web |title=Judicial Activism? The High Court and the Wik Decision |first=Philip |last=Hunter |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/43.html}} (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> He states that the High Court recognised that native title was in no way destructive of the title of pastoralists. He points out that where native title clashed with pastoral interests, pastoral interests would always override native title.
+Maureen Tehan describes the Wik decision as the high point in law for native title in Australia.<ref name="Allure"/> The decision balanced the rights of the pastoralists and the rights of Aboriginal people, but placed the primacy of pastoral title over native title. Richard Bartlett argues that the decision placed great significance on the principle of equality at common law.<ref name=Bartlett>{{cite journal |title=Wik: Equality and the Fallacy of 'Extinguishment |first=Richard |last=Bartlett |journal=Indigenous Law Bulletin |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/31.html}} (1997) 4(1) Indigenous Law Bulletin 11. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref>  Philip Hunter notes that criticism of the High Court was "totally unjustified".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Judicial Activism? The High Court and the Wik Decision |first=Philip |last=Hunter |journal=Indigenous Law Bulletin |date=29 January 1997 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1997/43.html}} (1997) 4(2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6. Retrieved 6 September 2008.</ref> He states that the High Court recognised that native title was in no way destructive of the title of pastoralists. He points out that where native title clashed with pastoral interests, pastoral interests would always override native title.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
-Frank Brennan has described the approach of the court as taking into account an "incomplete reading of the history".{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=50}} Gim Del Villar goes further and argues that the Wik judgment is "flawed" from a historical perspective.{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=44}} He argues that the court used questionable historical material to reach its conclusion that pastoral leases were not common law leases.{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=44}} He notes that in 1870 the Supreme Court of Queensland held that pastoral leases did confer a right of exclusive possession<ref>''Wildash v Brosnan'' (1870) QCLLR 17, ''MacDonald v Tully'' (1870) 2 QCSCR 99 cited by {{harvnb|Del Villar 2004|page=51}}.</ref> which reflected a common belief at that time that leases did extinguish native title.  Del Villar points to despatches from [[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]] in which there is the clear implication that native title was not to be respected when granting pastoral leases.
+[[Frank Brennan (priest) |Frank Brennan]] described the approach of the court as taking into account an "incomplete reading of the history".{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=50}} Gim Del Villar goes further and argues that the Wik judgment is "flawed" from a historical perspective.{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=44}} He argues that the court used questionable historical material to reach its conclusion that pastoral leases were not common law leases.{{sfn|Del Villar 2004|page=44}} He notes that in 1870 the Supreme Court of Queensland held that pastoral leases did confer a right of exclusive possession<ref>''Wildash v Brosnan'' (1870) QCLLR 17, ''MacDonald v Tully'' (1870) 2 QCSCR 99 cited by {{harvnb|Del Villar 2004|page=51}}.</ref> which reflected a common belief at that time that leases did extinguish native title.  Del Villar points to despatches from [[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]] in which there is the clear implication that native title was not to be respected when granting pastoral leases.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Queensland}}
-* [[Native title in Australia]]
-* [[Mabo Decision]]
-* [[Wik peoples]]
 * [[Wik languages]]
 * ''[[Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen]]''
+* [[List of Australian Native Title court cases]]
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 104: / Line 105: @@
 ==References==
-* {{cite book |author=Brennan, Frank |author-link=Frank Brennan (Jesuit) | |title=The "Wik Judgment – The case for non-extinguishment, non-discrimination and negotiation" |work=The Sydney Papers Autumn 1997 |ref=CITEREFBrennan 1997}} Speech given to the Sydney Institute, 10 Mar 1997.
+* {{cite book |author=Brennan, Frank |author-link=Frank Brennan (Jesuit) |title=The "Wik Judgment – The case for non-extinguishment, non-discrimination and negotiation" |work=The Sydney Papers Autumn 1997 |ref=CITEREFBrennan 1997}} Speech given to the Sydney Institute, 10 Mar 1997.
 * {{cite journal |last=Del Villar |first=Gim |title=Pastoral Leases and Native Title: A Critique of Ward and Wik |ref=CITEREFDel Villar 2004 |url=http://epublications.bond.edu.au/blr/vol16/iss1/2/}} (2004) 16 Bond Law Review 29. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wik Peoples V Queensland}}
-[[Category:Native title in Australia|*]]
 [[Category:Native title case law in Australia]]
 [[Category:High Court of Australia cases]]