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{{Short description|Hindu caste of South India}} |
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[[File:Devanga community weavers.jpg|thumb|Devanga community weavers.jpg]] |
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[[File:Devanga guru.jpg|thumb|Hampi Hemakuta Gayathri Peeta Sri Sri Sri Dhayanadhapuri MahaSwamiji is the religious leader of Kannada Speaking Devanga people.]] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| related = [[Padmashali]] |
| related = [[Padmashali]] |
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| ⚫ | '''Devanga''' (also known as '''[[Lingayat]] Devanga''', '''Devanga Shetty''', '''Devanga Chettiar''')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/MGR-magic-still-spins-votes-from-Coimbatore-weavers/articleshow/52049522.cms|title=MGR magic still spins votes from Coimbatore weavers|date=30 April 2016|first=Komal|last=Gautham|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":28">[https://adfdell.pstc.brown.edu/arisreds_data/public06/caste_codelist.pdf Brown University "Page.8 (Lingayat Devanga), Page.11 (Devanga Shetty),"]</ref> is a [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] from [[South India]] that traditionally followed the occupation of textile merchandise, [[weaving]] and [[farming]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/silence-of-the-looms/article5814798.ece|title=Silence of the looms|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2014-03-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> mostly found in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|title=For 500 years, a Kannadiga community of weavers has produced Kerala's iconic white and gold saree|last=George|first=Anubha|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="sacred" /> |
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[[File:Dancer in Sari.jpg|thumb|Dancer in Saree wearing Kuthampally silk]] |
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| ⚫ | '''Devanga''' (also known as '''Devanga Chettiar''')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/MGR-magic-still-spins-votes-from-Coimbatore-weavers/articleshow/52049522.cms|title=MGR magic still spins votes from Coimbatore weavers|date=30 April 2016|first=Komal|last=Gautham|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> is a [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] from [[South India]] that traditionally followed the occupation of textile merchandise, [[weaving]] and [[farming]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/silence-of-the-looms/article5814798.ece|title=Silence of the looms|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2014-03-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> mostly found in the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881619/for-500-years-a-kannadiga-community-of-weavers-has-produced-keralas-iconic-white-and-gold-saree|title=For 500 years, a Kannadiga community of weavers has produced Kerala's iconic white and gold saree|last=George|first=Anubha|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="sacred" /> |
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==Origin and culture== |
==Origin and culture== |
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The caste claims to be descended from [[Devala]], an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sage.<ref name="sacred">{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Prasant Kumar |title=Sacred Complex of Budhi Santani: Anthropological Approach to Study Hindu Civilization |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1dVrGpyM-0C&pg=PA240 |edition=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8069-049-5 |pages=240–246 }}</ref> They originated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], and during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] they migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Studies in Global History: Studies in Global Migration History|publisher=Brill|year=2014|isbn=978-90-04-27136-4|editor-last=Hoerder|editor-first=Dirk|volume=15|pages=108|chapter=Mapping Migrations of South Indian Weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagar Period: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries}}</ref> They are of [[Shudra]] status in the [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste system]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramu|first=G. N.|title=Family and Caste in Urban India: A Case Study|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1997|pages=28, 171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaushal|first=Molly|title=Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|year=2001|pages=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhary|first=Bhupen|title=Indian Caste System: Essence and Reality|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|year=2006|pages=213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwalbe|first=Gustav Albert|title=Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie|publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung|year=1998|volume=82-83|pages=308}}</ref> However, they use the ''Devanga Purana'', a text sacred to the Devangas, to claim Brahmin status, despite |
The caste claims to be descended from [[Devala]], an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sage.<ref name="sacred">{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Prasant Kumar |title=Sacred Complex of Budhi Santani: Anthropological Approach to Study Hindu Civilization |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1dVrGpyM-0C&pg=PA240 |edition=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8069-049-5 |pages=240–246 }}</ref> They originated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], and during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] they migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Studies in Global History: Studies in Global Migration History|publisher=Brill|year=2014|isbn=978-90-04-27136-4|editor-last=Hoerder|editor-first=Dirk|volume=15|pages=108|chapter=Mapping Migrations of South Indian Weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagar Period: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries}}</ref> They are of [[Shudra]] status in the [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste system]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramu|first=G. N.|title=Family and Caste in Urban India: A Case Study|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1997|pages=28, 171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaushal|first=Molly|title=Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|year=2001|pages=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhary|first=Bhupen|title=Indian Caste System: Essence and Reality|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|year=2006|pages=213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwalbe|first=Gustav Albert|title=Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie|publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung|year=1998|volume=82-83|pages=308}}</ref> However, they use the ''Devanga Purana'', a text sacred to the Devangas, to claim Brahmin status, despite having a non-Brahmin profession.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEyfDwAAQBAJ&dq=devanga+shudra+brahmin&pg=PT113|title=Renunciation and Untouchability in India: The Notional and the Empirical in the Caste Order|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2020|pages=978-0-429-31765-1|isbn=9781000113600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ranjit Kumar|title=Indian Artisans: Social Institutions and Cultural Values|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=2002|pages=24–25}}</ref> They replaced their native local [[gotra]]s with [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritic]] gotras.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ratnam|first=L. K. Bal|title=Anthropological Research and Tribal Situation|publisher=Centre for Training and Research in Anthropology and Management|year=1991|pages=43}}</ref> |
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Devanga is a Sanskrit word that means "Body of the God".<ref>[https:// |
Devanga is a Sanskrit word that means "Body of the God".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6q21AAAAIAAJ&q=Devanga Mysore State Gazateer: Govt of Mysore. page 111]</ref> |
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=== Religion === |
=== Religion === |
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<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> |
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> |
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* [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3MDwAAQBAJ&q=theagaraya+chetty+devanga&pg=PT169|title=The Crafts and Capitalism: Handloom Weaving Industry in Colonial India|date=2020-01-28|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-02469-2|language=en}}</ref> - [[Theagaraya Nagar|T.Nagar]] is a locality in Chennai which is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/once-upon-a-time-in-thyagaraya-nagar/article3436296.ece#:~:text=The%20area%20and%20the%20busy,carrying%20his%20name%20and%20statue. |title= Once upon a time in Thyagaraya Nagar… |website=The Hindu}}</ref> |
* [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3MDwAAQBAJ&q=theagaraya+chetty+devanga&pg=PT169|title=The Crafts and Capitalism: Handloom Weaving Industry in Colonial India|date=2020-01-28|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-02469-2|language=en}}</ref> - [[Theagaraya Nagar|T.Nagar]] is a locality in Chennai which is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/once-upon-a-time-in-thyagaraya-nagar/article3436296.ece#:~:text=The%20area%20and%20the%20busy,carrying%20his%20name%20and%20statue. |title= Once upon a time in Thyagaraya Nagar… |website=The Hindu}}</ref> |
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* [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-16|url=https://www.quora.com/Who-are-famous-Kannada-actors-and-their-castes|title=Wo are famous Kannada actors and their castes|website=www.quora.com}}</ref> |
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* [[Rajesh Kumar (writer)|Rajesh Kumar]] - Tamil Crime Novelist |
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* [[Devar Dasimayya]] - Famous Eleventh Century Kannada Poet was praised by [[Basava]] |
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* [[K. Narayan]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-17|title=BJP fields K Narayan for bypoll for Karnataka Rajya Sabha seat|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/bjp-fields-k-narayan-for-bypoll-for-karnataka-rajya-sabha-seat-916582.html|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> - Member of parliament, Mangalore, Rajya Sabha<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bjps-k-narayan-enters-rajya-sabha-unopposed/articleshow/79380994.cms |title= BJP's K Narayan enters Rajya Sabha unopposed |website=The Times of India}}</ref> |
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* [[Chandan Shetty]] - Music Composer |
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* Sri [[Dhayananthapuri Swamiji]] - Hampi, Karnataka |
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* [[Umashree]] - Kannada actress and politician |
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== Punishment for inter-caste marriage == |
== Punishment for inter-caste marriage == |
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In 2004, the Devanga leaders of a small village in [[Belagur]], [[Chitradurga district]], [[Karnataka]], fined and socially excluded ten families from the community for marrying people outside the caste.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/22/stories/2004122205410300.htm |title=Ten families facing 'social boycott' |date=22 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-05-03}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The decision was criticised and alleged to be unconstitutional<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122305710300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202048/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122305710300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2016 |title=Seer calls for end to social boycott |date=23 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-05-03}}</ref> but a similar thing happened to five families in Shivani village, [[Ajjampura]], [[Chikmagalur district]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/protection-for-social-boycott-victims-sought/article1135939.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Protection for 'social boycott' victims sought |first=Muralidhara |last=Khajane |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=2015-05-03}}</ref> |
In 2004, the Devanga leaders of a small village in [[Belagur]], [[Chitradurga district]], [[Karnataka]], fined and socially excluded ten families from the community for marrying people outside the caste.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/22/stories/2004122205410300.htm |title=Ten families facing 'social boycott' |date=22 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-05-03}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The decision was criticised and alleged to be unconstitutional<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122305710300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202048/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/23/stories/2004122305710300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2016 |title=Seer calls for end to social boycott |date=23 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-05-03}}</ref> but a similar thing happened to five families in Shivani village, [[Ajjampura]], [[Chikmagalur district]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/protection-for-social-boycott-victims-sought/article1135939.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Protection for 'social boycott' victims sought |first=Muralidhara |last=Khajane |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=2015-05-03}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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*[[Kovai Cora Cotton]] |
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*[[Kuthampully Saree]] |
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*[[Pochampally Saree]] |
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*[[mecheri silk]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* {{commons category-inline}} |
* {{commons category-inline}} |
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* {{cite journal |title=Litigation as a Strategy for Personal Mobility: The Case of Urban Caste Association Leaders |first=Robert L. |last=Kidder |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=February 1974 |pages=177–191 |doi=10.2307/2052183 |jstor=2052183}} |
* {{cite journal |title=Litigation as a Strategy for Personal Mobility: The Case of Urban Caste Association Leaders |first=Robert L. |last=Kidder |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=February 1974 |pages=177–191 |doi=10.2307/2052183 |jstor=2052183|s2cid=147067108 }} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720-1800 |first=Prasannan |last=Parthasarathi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-57042-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-rGFnZVxgUC}} |
* {{cite book |title=The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720-1800 |first=Prasannan |last=Parthasarathi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-57042-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-rGFnZVxgUC}} |
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[[Category:Indian castes]] |
[[Category:Indian castes]] |
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[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]] |
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Odisha]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:55, 14 April 2024
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Odisha | |
| Languages | |
| Kannada,Tamil,Telugu,Malayalam,Tulu,Konkani | |
| Religion | |
| Mostly Lingayat sect of Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Padmashali |
Devanga (also known as Lingayat Devanga, Devanga Shetty, Devanga Chettiar)[1][2][3] is a Hindu caste from South India that traditionally followed the occupation of textile merchandise, weaving and farming[2] mostly found in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Odisha.[4][5]
Origin and culture
The caste claims to be descended from Devala, an ancient Hindu sage.[5] They originated from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, and during the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire they migrated to Tamil Nadu.[6] They are of Shudra status in the Hindu caste system.[7][8][9][10] However, they use the Devanga Purana, a text sacred to the Devangas, to claim Brahmin status, despite having a non-Brahmin profession.[11][12] They replaced their native local gotras with Sanskritic gotras.[13]
Devanga is a Sanskrit word that means "Body of the God".[14]
Religion
There is a theory that the Devanga and Padmashali communities were once a single entity, with a split arising when the Devanga element took up Shaivite Lingayatism or Veerashaivism while the Padmashalis were Vaishnavs.[15][16] While some Devangas wear the yagnopaveetam or janivara, others consider the Viramustis as their traditional preceptors, from whom they take precepts and wear lingam.[5]
During the medieval period, the Veerashaiva weavers supported anti-caste movements such as that of Basava. However, that movement itself became consumed with caste superiority against other Veerashaivas and Brahmins (who were non-Veerashaivas). The weavers began claiming higher caste status and claim that in 1231 a king granted them rights that were traditionally accorded to upper castes, such as wearing the sacred thread, riding a palanquin, and displaying a flag.[16]
The main goddess of the Devanga people is Sri Ramalinga Chowdeshwari Amman in the South Karnataka, Andhra and Tamil Nadu regions.[17][4]
In the Central and North Karnataka regions the main goddess of the Devanga people is Sri Banashankari Amma Temple.[18]
Devanga Purana
Around 1532, Devangas of the Godavari requested the Telugu poet Bhadralinga Kavi to write their kulapuranam, or mythological history. He composed the Devanga Purana in the dasimatra-dvipadi style.[19] The Godavari Devangas also helped to Sanskrtize Devangas from eastern Andhra.[16]
Occupation
Most members of this community were professional artisans who were specialized in weaving silk apparels with motifs and specialized with brocade, damask and matelassé. They were accordingly primarily concentrated around major textile centres in the Godavari district.[15]
They were known for great craftsmanship in weaving clothes of silk and superfine quality cotton textiles. Weaving the loom is usually done by men whereas women dye the yarn and spin the thread and children assist tasks such as looming. They are also very good entrepreneurs and expert in marketing of clothes. Some of them are also engaged in farming.[5]
Notable people
- P. Theagaraya Chetty[20] - T.Nagar is a locality in Chennai which is named after him.[21]
Punishment for inter-caste marriage
In 2004, the Devanga leaders of a small village in Belagur, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, fined and socially excluded ten families from the community for marrying people outside the caste.[22] The decision was criticised and alleged to be unconstitutional[23] but a similar thing happened to five families in Shivani village, Ajjampura, Chikmagalur district in 2011.[24]
References
- ^ Gautham, Komal (30 April 2016). "MGR magic still spins votes from Coimbatore weavers". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ^ a b Nainar, Nahla (21 March 2014). "Silence of the looms". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ Brown University "Page.8 (Lingayat Devanga), Page.11 (Devanga Shetty),"
- ^ a b George, Anubha. "For 500 years, a Kannadiga community of weavers has produced Kerala's iconic white and gold saree". Scroll.in. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d Acharya, Prasant Kumar (2003). Sacred Complex of Budhi Santani: Anthropological Approach to Study Hindu Civilization (2003 ed.). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 240–246. ISBN 978-81-8069-049-5.
- ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2014). "Mapping Migrations of South Indian Weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagar Period: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". In Hoerder, Dirk (ed.). Studies in Global History: Studies in Global Migration History. Vol. 15. Brill. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-04-27136-4.
- ^ Ramu, G. N. (1997). Family and Caste in Urban India: A Case Study. Vikas Publishing House. pp. 28, 171.
- ^ Kaushal, Molly (2001). Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 123.
- ^ Chaudhary, Bhupen (2006). Indian Caste System: Essence and Reality. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 213.
- ^ Schwalbe, Gustav Albert (1998). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. Vol. 82–83. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 308.
- ^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (2020). Renunciation and Untouchability in India: The Notional and the Empirical in the Caste Order. Taylor and Francis. pp. 978-0-429-31765-1. ISBN 9781000113600.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Ranjit Kumar (2002). Indian Artisans: Social Institutions and Cultural Values. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 24–25.
- ^ Ratnam, L. K. Bal (1991). Anthropological Research and Tribal Situation. Centre for Training and Research in Anthropology and Management. p. 43.
- ^ Mysore State Gazateer: Govt of Mysore. page 111
- ^ a b Swarnalatha, P. (2005). "The Social World of the Weaver". The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 - c. 1850. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan. pp. 36, 37. ISBN 978-81-250-2868-0.
- ^ a b c Reddy, Prabhavati C. (2014). Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India. Routledge. p. 183.
- ^ "A ritual of pain to connect with the past - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ "Standing the test of Time". Deccan herald. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ Swarnalatha, P. (2005). "The Social World of the Weaver". The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 - c. 1850. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-81-250-2868-0.
- ^ Roy, Tirthankar (28 January 2020). The Crafts and Capitalism: Handloom Weaving Industry in Colonial India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-02469-2.
- ^ "Once upon a time in Thyagaraya Nagar…". The Hindu.
- ^ "Ten families facing 'social boycott'". The Hindu. 22 December 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2015.[dead link]
- ^ "Seer calls for end to social boycott". The Hindu. 23 December 2004. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Khajane, Muralidhara (29 January 2011). "Protection for 'social boycott' victims sought". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
Further reading
Media related to Devanga at Wikimedia Commons- Kidder, Robert L. (February 1974). "Litigation as a Strategy for Personal Mobility: The Case of Urban Caste Association Leaders". The Journal of Asian Studies. 33 (2): 177–191. doi:10.2307/2052183. JSTOR 2052183. S2CID 147067108.
- Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2001). The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57042-8.
