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{{Short description|Genus of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class}}
{{italic title}}
{{Distinguish|text = the fungi genus [[Chytridium]]}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = khaki
| image = CRITHIDIA 2.jpg
⚫
| name = ''Crithidia''
| image_caption = ''Crithidia luciliae'' ([[immunofluorescence]] pattern).
| domain = [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]]
⚫
| taxon = Crithidia
| unranked_phylum = [[Excavata]]
| authority = Léger, 1902<ref>Léger, Louis. 1902. Sur un flagellé parasite de l'''Anopheles maculipennis''. ''Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol.'', 54: 354-356, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100655#page/370/mode/1up].</ref>
| phylum = [[Euglenozoa]]
| synonyms =
| classis = [[Kinetoplastida|Kinetoplastea]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| ordo = [[Trypanosomatid]]a
| subdivision =
| genus = '''''Crithidia'''''
* ''[[Crithidia abscondita|C. abscondita]]''<ref name=eol>{{cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/2910547/overview |title=Crithidia - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Crithidia acanthocephali|C. acanthocephali]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia bombi|C. bombi]]''
* ''[[Crithidia brachyflagelli|C. brachyflagelli]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia brevicula|C. brevicula]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia confusa|C. confusa]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia dedva|C. dedva]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia expoeki|C. expoeki]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia fasciculata|C. fasciculata]]''
* ''[[Crithidia guilhermei|C. guilhermei]]''
* ''[[Crithidia insperata|C. insperata]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia luciliae|C. luciliae]]''
* ''[[Crithidia mellificae|C. mellificae]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia otongatchiensis|C. otongatchiensis]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia permixta|C. permixta]]''<ref name=eol/>
* ''[[Crithidia pragensis|C. pragensis]]''<ref name=eol/>
}}
}}


'''''Crithidia''''' are members of the [[Trypanosomatid|trypanosome]] [[protozoa]]. They are [[parasitism|parasites]] that exclusively parasitise [[arthropod]]s, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective [[faeces]] and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal [[epithelium]] using their [[flagellum]]. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Boulanger | year = 2001 | title = Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp. | journal = Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–37 | pmid = 11164335 | doi = 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5|display-authors=etal}}</ref> At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through [[amastigote]], [[promastigote]], and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.
'''''Crithidia''''' is a genus of [[trypanosomatid]] [[Euglenozoa]]. They are [[parasitism|parasites]] that exclusively parasitise [[arthropod]]s, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective [[faeces]] and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal [[epithelium]] using their [[flagellum]]. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Boulanger | year = 2001 | title = Immune response of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' to infection of the flagellate parasite ''Crithidia'' spp. | journal = Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–37 | pmid = 11164335 | doi = 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5|display-authors=etal}}</ref> At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through [[amastigote]], [[promastigote]], and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.


The [[etymology]] of the genus name ''Crithidia'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{wikt-lang|grc|κριθίδιον}} ({{grc-transl|κριθίδιον}}), meaning "small grain of barley".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |location=Paris |oclc=461974285 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date= |website=www.tabularium.be |access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>
''[[Crithidia bombi]]'' is perhaps the most well documented species and is the most prevalent parasite of [[bumblebee]]s, including common species like ''[[Bombus terrestris]]'', ''[[Bombus muscorum]]'', and ''[[Bombus hortorum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite Crithidia mellificae|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095057|journal = PLoS ONE|date = 2014-04-17|pmc = 3990616|pmid = 24743507|pages = e95057|volume = 9|issue = 4|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0095057|first = Charles|last = Runckel|first2 = Joseph|last2 = DeRisi|first3 = Michelle L.|last3 = Flenniken}}</ref><ref name="Baer">{{cite journal | author = Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel | year = 2001 | title = Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, ''Bombus terrestris'' | journal = Evolution | volume = 55 | issue = 8 | pages = 1639–1643 }}</ref> The parasites negatively impact reproductive fitness of ''Bombus'' queens, as they affect their ovarian development as well as early colony establishment after the queens emerge from hibernation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Sex, horizontal transmission, and multiple hosts prevent local adaptation of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees (Bombus spp.)|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.250/abstract|journal = Ecology and Evolution|date = 2012-05-01|issn = 2045-7758|pmc = 3399159|pmid = 22837838|pages = 930–940|volume = 2|issue = 5|doi = 10.1002/ece3.250|first = Silvio|last = Erler|first2 = Mario|last2 = Popp|first3 = Stephan|last3 = Wolf|first4 = H. Michael G.|last4 = Lattorff}}</ref> ''[[Crithidia mellificae]]'', is a parasite of the [[bee]]. Other species include ''[[Crithidia fasciculata|C. fasciculata]]'', ''[[Angomonas deanei|C. deanei]]'', ''[[Crithidia desouzai|C. desouzai]]'', ''[[Crithidia oncopemti|C. oncopelti]]'', ''[[Crithidia guilhermei|C. guilhermei]]'' and ''[[Crithidia luciliae|C. luciliae]]. C. deanei'' is atypical of the Crithidia genus, and it has been argued not a member of the Crithidia at all. It is not typical of trypanosomatids because of its unusual shape and it harbours [[endosymbiotic]] bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Camargo | year = 1992 | title = Ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and synthetic oligonucleotide probing in the identification of genera of lower trypanosomatids | journal = The Journal of Parasitology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–8 | pmid = 1310733 | doi=10.2307/3283683|display-authors=etal}}</ref> ''C. luciliae'' is the substrate for the [[antinuclear antibody]] test used to diagnose lupus and other autoimmune disorders


== Species ==
⚫
These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bee populations. They cause the bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain [[nectar]] and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}.
* ''[[Crithidia bombi]]'' is a well documented species, notable for being a parasite of various [[bumblebee]] species, including common species like ''[[Bombus terrestris]]'', ''[[Bombus muscorum]]'', and ''[[Bombus hortorum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite ''Crithidia mellificae''|journal = PLOS ONE|date = 2014-04-17|pmc = 3990616|pmid = 24743507|pages = e95057|volume = 9|issue = 4|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0095057|first1 = Charles|last1 = Runckel|first2 = Joseph|last2 = DeRisi|first3 = Michelle L.|last3 = Flenniken|bibcode = 2014PLoSO...995057R|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Baer">{{cite journal | author = Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel | year = 2001 | title = Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, ''Bombus terrestris'' | journal = Evolution | volume = 55 | issue = 8 | pages = 1639–1643 | doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1639:ucopfp]2.0.co;2| pmid = 11580023 }}</ref>
* ''[[Crithidia mellificae]]'' is a parasite of the [[bee]].
* ''[[Crithidia brevicula]]'' might incorporate species of the genus ''[[Wallaceina]]'' (''Wallaceina brevicula'', ''W. inconstans'', ''W. vicina'', and ''W. podlipaevi'') as suggested by molecular phylogenies based on [[18S ribosomal RNA]] and [[glycosome|glycosomal]] [[GAPDH|glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase]] sequences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kostygov |first1=Alexei Yu. |last2=Grybchuk-Ieremenko |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Malysheva |first3=Marina N. |last4=Frolov |first4=Alexander O. |last5=Yurchenko |first5=Vyacheslav |date=2014-09-01 |title=Molecular revision of the genus ''Wallaceina'' |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461014000662 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=165 |issue=5 |pages=594–604 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2014.07.001 |pmid=25113831 |issn=1434-4610}}</ref>
* Other species include ''[[Crithidia fasciculata|C. fasciculata]]'', ''[[Crithidia guilhermei|C. guilhermei]]'' and ''[[Crithidia luciliae|C. luciliae]]''.
* ''C. luciliae'' is the substrate for the [[antinuclear antibody]] test used to diagnose lupus and other autoimmune disorders

== Impact on bumble bees ==
⚫
These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bumble bee populations. They cause the bumble bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain [[nectar]] and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bumble bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bumble bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bumble bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bumble bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colla|first1=Sheila R.|last2=Otterstatter|first2=Michael C.|last3=Gegear|first3=Robert J.|last4=Thomson|first4=James D.|date=2006-05-01|title=Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=129|issue=4|pages=461–467|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.013|bibcode=2006BCons.129..461C }}</ref>


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{cite journal|last1=E Riddell|first1=Carolyn|last2=D Lobaton Garces|first2=Juan|last3=Adams|first3=Sally|title=Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity|journal=BMC Genomics|date=27 November 2014|volume=15|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/1031|accessdate=11 February 2015}} {{open access}}
{{cite journal|last1=E Riddell|first1=Carolyn|last2=D Lobaton Garces|first2=Juan|last3=Adams|first3=Sally|title=Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity|journal=BMC Genomics|date=27 November 2014|volume=15|issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031|pmid=25431190|pmc=4302123|pages=1031 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}


{{cite journal|last1=Otterstatter|first1=Michael C.|last2=Thomson|first2=James D.|title=Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators?|journal=PLoS ONE|date=23 July 2008|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002771|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002771|accessdate=13 February 2015}} {{open access}}
{{cite journal|last1=Otterstatter|first1=Michael C.|last2=Thomson|first2=James D.|title=Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators?|journal=PLOS ONE|date=23 July 2008|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002771|pmid=18648661|volume=3|issue=7|pages=e2771|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2771O|pmc=2464710|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}


{{cite journal|last1=Daniel|first1=Cariveau|last2=Elijah|first2=Powell|last3=Hauke|first3=Koch|title=Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (Bombus)|journal=The ISME journal|date=April 2014|volume=8|issue=12|pages=2369–2379|accessdate=13 February 2015}}
{{cite journal|last1=Daniel|first1=Cariveau|last2=Elijah|first2=Powell|last3=Hauke|first3=Koch|title=Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (''Bombus'')|journal=The ISME Journal|date=April 2014|volume=8|issue=12|pages=2369–2379|doi=10.1038/ismej.2014.68 |pmid=24763369|pmc=4260702|bibcode=2014ISMEJ...8.2369C }}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Crithidia}}
{{Commons category|Crithidia}}
⚫
{{eol|2910547}}


⚫
{{EOL|2910547}}
⚫
[[Category:Kinetoplastid]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1998692}}
⚫
[[Category:Parasitic protists]]
{{Authority control}}

⚫
[[Category:Trypanosomatida]]
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[[Category:Parasitic excavates]]
[[Category:Euglenozoa genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1902]]

Latest revision as of 15:22, 14 April 2024

Not to be confused with the fungi genus Chytridium.

Crithidia
Crithidia luciliae (immunofluorescence pattern).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Kinetoplastea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Family: Trypanosomatidae
Genus: Crithidia
Léger, 1902[1]
Species

Crithidia is a genus of trypanosomatid Euglenozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.[3] At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

The etymology of the genus name Crithidia derives from the Ancient Greek word κριθίδιον (krithídion), meaning "small grain of barley".[4][5]

Species

[edit]

Impact on bumble bees

[edit]

These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bumble bee populations. They cause the bumble bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain nectar and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bumble bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bumble bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bumble bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bumble bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this.[9]

Bibliography

[edit]
  1. ^ Léger, Louis. 1902. Sur un flagellé parasite de l'Anopheles maculipennis. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 54: 354-356, [1].
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Crithidia - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  3. ^ Boulanger; et al. (2001). "Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 31 (2): 129–37. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5. PMID 11164335.
  4. ^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
  5. ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  6. ^ Runckel, Charles; DeRisi, Joseph; Flenniken, Michelle L. (2014-04-17). "A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite Crithidia mellificae". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95057. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995057R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095057. PMC 3990616. PMID 24743507.
  7. ^ Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel (2001). "Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris". Evolution. 55 (8): 1639–1643. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1639:ucopfp]2.0.co;2. PMID 11580023.
  8. ^ Kostygov, Alexei Yu.; Grybchuk-Ieremenko, Anastasiia; Malysheva, Marina N.; Frolov, Alexander O.; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav (2014-09-01). "Molecular revision of the genus Wallaceina". Protist. 165 (5): 594–604. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.07.001. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 25113831.
  9. ^ Colla, Sheila R.; Otterstatter, Michael C.; Gegear, Robert J.; Thomson, James D. (2006-05-01). "Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 461–467. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..461C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.013.

Further reading

[edit]

E Riddell, Carolyn; D Lobaton Garces, Juan; Adams, Sally (27 November 2014). "Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1031. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031. PMC 4302123. PMID 25431190. Open access icon

Otterstatter, Michael C.; Thomson, James D. (23 July 2008). "Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators?". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2771. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2771O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002771. PMC 2464710. PMID 18648661. Open access icon

Daniel, Cariveau; Elijah, Powell; Hauke, Koch (April 2014). "Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (Bombus)". The ISME Journal. 8 (12): 2369–2379. Bibcode:2014ISMEJ...8.2369C. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.68. PMC 4260702. PMID 24763369.

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crithidia.

"Crithidia". The Encyclopedia of Life.

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