Skutterudite: Difference between revisions

Skutterudite
Skutterudite
	Skutterudite from Bou Azzer, Morocco
General
Category	Arsenide mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	CoAs3
IMA symbol	Skt
Strunz classification	2.EC.05
Crystal system	Cubic
Crystal class	Diploidal (m3) ; H-M symbol: (2/m 3)
Space group	Im3
Unit cell	a = 8.204 Å, Z = 8
Identification
Color	Tin-white to silver-gray, tarnishes gray or iridescent; in polished section, gray, creamy or golden white
Crystal habit	Crystals are cubes, octahedra, dodecahedra, rarely prismatic; in skeletal growth forms, distorted aggregates; also massive, granular
Twinning	On {112} as sixlings and complex shapes
Cleavage	Distinct on {001} and {111}; in traces on {011}
Fracture	Conchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness	5.5–6
Luster	Metallic
Streak	Black
Diaphaneity	Opaque
Specific gravity	6.5
References

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Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with the ideal formula CoAs₃. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2–3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a hydrothermal ore mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals are arsenopyrite, native silver, erythrite, annabergite, nickeline, cobaltite, silver sulfosalts, native bismuth, calcite, siderite, barite and quartz.^[3] It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product of arsenic.

The crystal structure of this mineral has been found to be exhibited by several compounds with important technological uses.

The mineral has a bright metallic luster, and is tin white or light steel gray in color with a black streak. The specific gravity is 6.5 and the hardness is 5.5–6. Its crystal structure is isometric with cube and octahedron forms similar to that of pyrite. The arsenic content gives a garlic odor when heated or crushed.

Skutterudite was discovered in Skuterud Mines, Modum, Buskerud, Norway, in 1845.^[4] Smaltite is an alternative name for the mineral. Notable occurrences include Cobalt, Ontario, Skuterud, Norway, and Franklin, New Jersey, in the United States. The rare arsenide minerals are classified in Dana's sulfide mineral group, even though it contains no sulfur.

Crystal structure

The crystal structure of the skutterudite mineral was determined in 1928 by Oftedahl^[7]^[8] to be cubic, belonging to space group Im-3 (number 204). The unit cell can be considered to consist of eight smaller cubes made up of the Co atoms. Six of these cubes are filled with (almost) square planar rings of As, each of which is oriented parallel to one of the unit cell edges. The As atoms then form octahedra with Co in the center.

In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8c sites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters must satisfy the Oftedahl relation x + y = 1/2. Any deviation from this relation yields a rectangular configuration of the As atoms; indeed, this is the case for all known compounds with this structure, and the As atoms do not form a perfect octahedron.

Together with the unit cell size and the assigned space group, the aforementioned parameters fully describe the crystal structure of the material. This structure is often referred to as the skutterudite structure.

Applications

Materials with a skutterudite structure are studied as a low cost thermoelectric material^[9] with low thermal conductivity.^[10]^[11] See also Thermoelectric materials#Skutterudite thermoelectrics.

References

^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ Mineralienatlas
^ ^a ^b http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/skutterudite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
^ ^a ^b http://www.mindat.org/min-3682.html Mindat.org
^ http://webmineral.com/data/Skutterudite.shtml Webmineral data
^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 289 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
^ Nolas, G. S., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M. (1999). "SKUTTERUDITES: A Phonon-Glass-Electron Crystal Approach to Advanced Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Applications". Annual Review of Materials Science. 29 (1): 89–116. Bibcode:1999AnRMS..29...89N. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.29.1.89. ISSN 0084-6600.
^ Oftedal, I. (1926). "The crystal structure of skutterudite and related minerals" (PDF). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 8: 250–257. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
^ Salvador, James R; Cho, Zuxin Ye; Moczygemba, Joshua E; Thompson, Alan J; Sharp, Jeffrey W; König, Jan D; Maloney, Ryan; Thompson, Travis; Sakamoto, Jeffrey; Wang, Hsin; Wereszczak, Andrew A; Meisner, Gregory P (5 Oct 2012). "Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion of Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Modules". Journal of Electronic Materials. 42 (7): 1389–1399. doi:10.1007/s11664-012-2261-9. S2CID 93808796.
^ Nolas, G. S., Slack, G. A., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M., Ehrlich, A. C. (1996). "The effect of rare-earth filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudites". Journal of Applied Physics. 79 (8): 4002–4008. Bibcode:1996JAP....79.4002N. doi:10.1063/1.361828. ISSN 0021-8979.
^ Gharleghi, Ahmad; Pai, Yi-Hsuan; Fei-Hung, Lina; Liu, Chia-Jyi (17 Mar 2014). "Low thermal conductivity and rapid synthesis of n-type cobalt skutterudite via a hydrothermal method". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2 (21): 4213–4220. doi:10.1039/C4TC00260A. S2CID 97681877.

A. Kjekshus and T. Rakke. Compounds with skutterudite type crystal-structure .3. Structural data for arsenides and antimonides. Acta Chemica Scandinavica Series A 28 (1): 99-103 1974.

[1] Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.

[2] Mineralienatlas

[Handbook-3] ttp://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/skutterudite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy

[Mindat-4] ttp://www.mindat.org/min-3682.html Mindat.org

[Wemin-5] ttp://webmineral.com/data/Skutterudite.shtml Webmineral data

[Klein-6] Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 289 ISBN 0-471-80580-7

[7] Nolas, G. S., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M. (1999). "SKUTTERUDITES: A Phonon-Glass-Electron Crystal Approach to Advanced Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Applications". Annual Review of Materials Science. 29 (1): 89–116. Bibcode:1999AnRMS..29...89N. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.29.1.89. ISSN 0084-6600.

[8] Oftedal, I. (1926). "The crystal structure of skutterudite and related minerals" (PDF). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 8: 250–257. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

[9] Salvador, James R; Cho, Zuxin Ye; Moczygemba, Joshua E; Thompson, Alan J; Sharp, Jeffrey W; König, Jan D; Maloney, Ryan; Thompson, Travis; Sakamoto, Jeffrey; Wang, Hsin; Wereszczak, Andrew A; Meisner, Gregory P (5 Oct 2012). "Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion of Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Modules". Journal of Electronic Materials. 42 (7): 1389–1399. doi:10.1007/s11664-012-2261-9. S2CID 93808796.

[10] Nolas, G. S., Slack, G. A., Morelli, D. T., Tritt, T. M., Ehrlich, A. C. (1996). "The effect of rare-earth filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudites". Journal of Applied Physics. 79 (8): 4002–4008. Bibcode:1996JAP....79.4002N. doi:10.1063/1.361828. ISSN 0021-8979.

[11] Gharleghi, Ahmad; Pai, Yi-Hsuan; Fei-Hung, Lina; Liu, Chia-Jyi (17 Mar 2014). "Low thermal conductivity and rapid synthesis of n-type cobalt skutterudite via a hydrothermal method". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2 (21): 4213–4220. doi:10.1039/C4TC00260A. S2CID 97681877.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Cobalt arsenide mineral}}
-{{refimprove|date=April 2015}}
 {{infobox mineral
 | name        = Skutterudite
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | caption     = Skutterudite from Bou Azzer, Morocco
 | formula     = CoAs<sub>3</sub>
+| IMAsymbol   = Skt<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 | molweight   =
 | strunz      = 2.EC.05
 | dana        =
 | system      = [[Cubic crystal system|Cubic]]
-| class       = Diploidal (m{{overline|3}}) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m {{overline|3}})
+| class       = Diploidal (m{{overline|3}}) <br />[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m {{overline|3}})
 | symmetry    = ''I''m{{overline|3}}
 | unit cell   = a = 8.204&nbsp;Å, Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;8
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 | fracture    = Conchoidal to uneven
 | tenacity    =
-| mohs        = 5.5 - 6
+| mohs        = 5.5–6
 | luster      = Metallic
 | streak      = Black
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 | references  = <ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Skutterudite Mineralienatlas]</ref><ref name=Handbook>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/skutterudite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy</ref><ref name=Mindat>http://www.mindat.org/min-3682.html Mindat.org</ref><ref name=Wemin>http://webmineral.com/data/Skutterudite.shtml Webmineral data</ref><ref name=Klein>Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, jr., ''Manual of Mineralogy,'' Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, p. 289 {{ISBN|0-471-80580-7}}</ref>
 }}
-Named after the city of [[Skotterud]], [[Norway]], '''Skutterudite''' is a [[cobalt]] [[arsenide mineral]] containing variable amounts of [[nickel]] and [[iron]] substituting for cobalt with a general formula: CoAs<sub>3</sub>. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2-3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a [[hydrothermal]] [[ore]] mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals are [[arsenopyrite]], native [[silver]], [[erythrite]], [[annabergite]], [[nickeline]], [[cobaltite]], silver [[sulfosalt]]s, native [[bismuth]], [[calcite]], [[siderite]], [[barite]] and [[quartz]].<ref name=Handbook/> It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product of [[arsenic]].
+'''Skutterudite''' is a [[cobalt]] [[arsenide mineral]] containing variable amounts of [[nickel]] and [[iron]] substituting for cobalt with the ideal formula CoAs<sub>3</sub>. Some references give the arsenic a variable formula subscript of 2–3. High nickel varieties are referred to as nickel-skutterudite, previously chloanthite. It is a [[hydrothermal]] [[ore]] mineral found in moderate to high temperature veins with other Ni-Co minerals. Associated minerals are [[arsenopyrite]], native [[silver]], [[erythrite]], [[annabergite]], [[nickeline]], [[cobaltite]], silver [[sulfosalt]]s, native [[bismuth]], [[calcite]], [[siderite]], [[barite]] and [[quartz]].<ref name=Handbook/> It is mined as an ore of cobalt and nickel with a by-product of [[arsenic]].
-The [[crystal structure]] of this mineral has been found to have important technological uses for several [[chemical compound|compounds]] isostructural with the mineral.
+The [[crystal structure]] of this mineral has been found to be exhibited by several [[chemical compound|compounds]] with important technological uses.
 The mineral has a bright metallic luster, and is tin white or light steel gray in color with a black streak. The [[specific gravity]] is 6.5 and the [[Mohs hardness scale|hardness]] is 5.5–6. Its [[crystal structure]] is [[Cubic (crystal system)|isometric]] with cube and octahedron forms similar to that of [[pyrite]]. The arsenic content gives a garlic odor when heated or crushed.
-It was discovered in Skuterud Mines, [[Modum]], [[Buskerud]], [[Norway]], in 1845.<ref name=Mindat/> Smaltite is a synonym for the mineral. Notable occurrences include [[Cobalt, Ontario]], Skuterud, [[Norway]], and [[Franklin, New Jersey]] in the [[United States]]. The rare arsenide minerals are classified in Dana's [[sulfide]] mineral group, even though it contains no sulfur.
+Skutterudite  was discovered in Skuterud Mines, [[Modum]], [[Buskerud]], [[Norway]], in 1845.<ref name=Mindat/> Smaltite is an alternative name for the mineral. Notable occurrences include [[Cobalt, Ontario]], Skuterud, [[Norway]], and [[Franklin, New Jersey]], in the [[United States]]. The rare arsenide minerals are classified in Dana's [[sulfide]] mineral group, even though it contains no sulfur.
 ==Crystal structure==
-{{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
 [[Image:Skutterudite-structure-large.jpg|thumb|left|The skutterudite unit cell.]]
-The crystal structure of the skutterudite mineral was determined in 1928 by Oftedahl to be cubic, belonging to [[space group]] Im-3 (number 204). The [[unit cell]] can be considered to consist of eight smaller cubes made up of the Co atoms. Six of these cubes are filled with (almost) square planar rings of As, each of which is oriented parallel to one of the unit cell edges. The As atoms then form [[octahedron|octahedra]] with Co in the centre.
+The crystal structure of the skutterudite mineral was determined in 1928 by Oftedahl<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nolas, G. S.)), ((Morelli, D. T.)), ((Tritt, T. M.)) | journal=Annual Review of Materials Science | title=SKUTTERUDITES: A Phonon-Glass-Electron Crystal Approach to Advanced Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Applications | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=89–116 | date=1999 | issn=0084-6600 | doi=10.1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.29.1.89| bibcode=1999AnRMS..29...89N }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oftedal |first1=I. |year=1926 |title=The crystal structure of skutterudite and related minerals |journal=Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift |volume=8 |pages=250–257 |url=https://foreninger.uio.no/ngf/ngt/pdfs/NGT_08_4_250-257.pdf |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> to be cubic, belonging to [[space group]] Im-3 (number 204). The [[unit cell]] can be considered to consist of eight smaller cubes made up of the Co atoms. Six of these cubes are filled with (almost) square planar rings of As, each of which is oriented parallel to one of the unit cell edges. The As atoms then form [[octahedron|octahedra]] with Co in the center.
-In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8c sites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters must satisfy the Oftedahl relation x + y = 1/2. Any deviation from this relation yields a rectangular configuration of the As atoms; indeed, this is the case for all known compounds with this structure, and the As atoms do not form a perfect octahedra.
+In crystallographic terms, the Co atoms occupy the 8c sites, while the As atoms occupy the 24g sites. The position of the Co atoms within the unit cell is fixed, while the positions of the As atoms are determined by the parameters x and y. It has been shown that for the As-rings to be fully square, these parameters must satisfy the Oftedahl relation x + y = 1/2. Any deviation from this relation yields a rectangular configuration of the As atoms; indeed, this is the case for all known compounds with this structure, and the As atoms do not form a perfect octahedron.
-Together with the unit cell size and the assigned space group, the aforementioned parameters fully describe the crystal structure of the material which is often referred to as ''the skutterudite structure''.
+Together with the unit cell size and the assigned space group, the aforementioned parameters fully describe the crystal structure of the material. This structure is often referred to as ''the skutterudite structure''.
 ==Applications==
-Materials with a Skutterudite structure are studied as a low cost [[thermoelectric material]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salvador|first1=James R|last2=Cho|first2=Zuxin Ye|last3=Moczygemba|first3=Joshua E|last4=Thompson|first4=Alan J|last5=Sharp|first5=Jeffrey W|last6=König|first6=Jan D|last7=Maloney|first7=Ryan|last8=Thompson|first8=Travis|last9=Sakamoto|first9=Jeffrey|last10=Wang|first10=Hsin|last11=Wereszczak|first11=Andrew A|last12=Meisner|first12=Gregory P|title=Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion of Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Modules|journal=Journal of Electronic Materials|date=5 Oct 2012|volume=42|issue=7|pages=1389–1399|doi=10.1007/s11664-012-2261-9}}</ref> with low [[thermal conductivity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gharleghi|first1=Ahmad|last2=Pai|first2=Yi-Hsuan|last3=Fei-Hung|first3=Lina|last4=Liu|first4=Chia-Jyi|title=Low thermal conductivity and rapid synthesis of n-type cobalt skutterudite via a hydrothermal method|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry C|volume=2|date=17 Mar 2014|issue=2|pages=4213–4220|doi=10.1039/C4TC00260A|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/tc/c4tc00260a#!divAbstract|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> See also [[Thermoelectric_materials#Skutterudite_thermoelectrics]].
+Materials with a skutterudite structure are studied as a low cost [[Thermoelectric materials|thermoelectric material]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salvador|first1=James R|last2=Cho|first2=Zuxin Ye|last3=Moczygemba|first3=Joshua E|last4=Thompson|first4=Alan J|last5=Sharp|first5=Jeffrey W|last6=König|first6=Jan D|last7=Maloney|first7=Ryan|last8=Thompson|first8=Travis|last9=Sakamoto|first9=Jeffrey|last10=Wang|first10=Hsin|last11=Wereszczak|first11=Andrew A|last12=Meisner|first12=Gregory P|title=Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion of Skutterudite-Based Thermoelectric Modules|journal=Journal of Electronic Materials|date=5 Oct 2012|volume=42|issue=7|pages=1389–1399|doi=10.1007/s11664-012-2261-9|s2cid=93808796}}</ref> with low [[thermal conductivity]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nolas, G. S.)), ((Slack, G. A.)), ((Morelli, D. T.)), ((Tritt, T. M.)), ((Ehrlich, A. C.)) | journal=Journal of Applied Physics | title=The effect of rare-earth filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudites | volume=79 | issue=8 | pages=4002–4008 | date=1996 | issn=0021-8979 | doi=10.1063/1.361828| bibcode=1996JAP....79.4002N }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gharleghi|first1=Ahmad|last2=Pai|first2=Yi-Hsuan|last3=Fei-Hung|first3=Lina|last4=Liu|first4=Chia-Jyi|title=Low thermal conductivity and rapid synthesis of n-type cobalt skutterudite via a hydrothermal method|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry C|volume=2|date=17 Mar 2014|issue=21|pages=4213–4220|doi=10.1039/C4TC00260A|s2cid=97681877}}</ref> See also [[Thermoelectric materials#Skutterudite thermoelectrics]].
 == References ==
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 [[Category:Arsenide minerals]]
 [[Category:Cubic minerals]]
+[[Category:Minerals in space group 204]]