Tadeusz Brzozowski: Difference between revisions
m disambiguated Orthodox Christianity |
No edit summary Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
| (85 intermediate revisions by 54 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{for|the Polish painter|Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)}} |
|||
[[Image:Brzozowski.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The Very Reverend Tadeusz Brzozowski, S.J.]]'''Tadeusz Brzozowski, S.J.''' ([[October 21]], [[1749]] - [[February 5]], [[1820]]) was the nineteenth [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]]. He was born in (Marienburg, [[Royal Prussia]]), [[Malbork]] [[Poland]]. He was admitted into the [[Jesuit]] order in [[1765]]. |
|||
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}} |
|||
{{Infobox Christian leader |
|||
| type = priest |
|||
| honorific-prefix = [[The Very Reverend]] <br> |
|||
| name = Tadeusz Brzozowski |
|||
| honorific-suffix = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] |
|||
| title = twentieth [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] |
|||
| image = T.Brzozowski.jpg |
|||
| image_size = 220px |
|||
| alt = |
|||
| caption = Very Rev. Tadeusz Brzozowski |
|||
| elected = <!-- or | appointed = --> |
|||
| term_start = 1805, Papal confirmation 1814<ref>{{cite book|title=Pre-suppression Jesuit Activity in the British Isles and Ireland| |
|||
author= Thomas M. McCoog, SJ|publisher= Brill|date= 2019|page=93|isbn= 978-9-0043-9529-9}}</ref> |
|||
| quashed = |
|||
| term_end = 5 February 1820 |
|||
| predecessor = vacat |
|||
| successor = [[Luigi Fortis]] |
|||
| opposed = |
|||
| other_post = <!---------- Orders ----------> |
|||
| ordination = 1775 |
|||
| ordained_by = |
|||
| consecration = |
|||
| consecrated_by = |
|||
| cardinal = |
|||
| rank = <!---------- Personal details ----------> |
|||
| created_cardinal_by = |
|||
| birth_name = Tadeusz Brzozowski |
|||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1749|10|21|df=y}} |
|||
| birth_place = [[Koenigsberg in Preussen|Koenigsberg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] |
|||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1820|02|05|1749|10|21|df=y}} |
|||
| death_place = [[Polotsk]], [[Russian Empire]] |
|||
| buried = Polotsk, Belarus |
|||
| nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] |
|||
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
|||
| residence = |
|||
| parents = |
|||
| spouse = <!-- or | partner = --> |
|||
| children = |
|||
| occupation = |
|||
| profession = <!-- or | previous_post = --> |
|||
| alma_mater = [[Slutsk]], [[Nieswiez]], [[Vilnius University]] |
|||
| signature = |
|||
| coat_of_arms = [[Korab coat of arms|Korab]] |
|||
| motto = |
|||
| resting_place_coordinates = |
|||
| education = |
|||
| signature_alt = |
|||
| coat_of_arms_alt = <!---------- Sainthood ----------> |
|||
| feast_day = |
|||
| venerated = |
|||
| saint_title = |
|||
| beatified_date = |
|||
| beatified_place = |
|||
| beatified_by = |
|||
| canonized_date = |
|||
| canonized_place = |
|||
| canonized_by = |
|||
| attributes = |
|||
| patronage = |
|||
| shrine = |
|||
| suppressed_date = <!---------- Other ----------> |
|||
| other = |
|||
| module = |
|||
| honorific_prefix = The Very Reverend |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Jesuit}} |
|||
'''Tadeusz Brzozowski''', SJ (October 21, 1749{{snd}}February 5, 1820) was a Polish scholar, teacher, administrator and a [[Jesuit]] priest. Having secured its continuity during the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppression of the Society]] until its restoration, he was elected twentieth [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] and was its first world-wide general.<ref>{{cite book|title= Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions|editor1=Robert Aleksander Maryks |editor2=Jonathan Wright|edition=revised reprint|publisher=Brill|date= 2014|page=393|isbn=978-9-0042-8387-9}}</ref> |
|||
==Background== |
|||
Father Brzozowski was ordained in [[Vilnius]], and was teaching in [[Minsk]] when [[Pope Clement XIV]] [[Suppression of the Jesuits|suppressed]] the Jesuits on [[July 21]], [[1773]], through the [[brief]] ''Dominus ac redemptor''. Upon its execution three weeks later, the Jesuits of all wholly [[Suppression of the Jesuits|Roman Catholic]] nations and colonies had been expelled. The leaders of the order in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] nations where the Papal suppression order was not enforced became known as temporary [[Vicar general|Vicars General]]. Father Brzozowski fled east, and became a Jesuit in [[Russia]] on [[February 2]], [[1784]]. He became a successful and well known preacher and was named [[vicar]] by a [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]], Father [[Franciszek Kareu]], in [[1797]]. In [[1799]], Father Kareu became temporary Vicar General. On [[March 7]], [[1801]], [[Pope Pius VII]] issued the brief ''Catholicae fidei'', giving approval to the existence of the Society in Russia and allowed the surviving Jesuits the power to elect a Superior General for Russia. Father Brzozowski became the third man elected to this position on [[September 2]], [[1805]]. |
|||
Brzozowski was born in [[Königsberg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], on October 21, 1749, into a [[Polish people|Polish]] family. He entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in 1765, and studied Rhetoric, Greek, French and classical literature in [[Slutsk]] (Belarus) (1767–70), followed by Philosophy and Mathematics in [[Nesvizh|Nieśwież]] (1770–73). After the Suppression of the Order in the rest of the world on 21 July 1773 (owing to [[Catherine the Great]], patron of "her" Jesuits, it did not apply in the Russian Empire), he continued his theological studies in [[Vilnius]], where he was ordained priest in 1775. In effect he was no longer formally a member of the Society.<ref>{{cite book | title = [[Polski Słownik Biograficzny]] | volume = 3 | publisher = [[Polska Akademia Umiejętności]] – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethner i Wolff | place = [[Kraków]] | date = 1937 | series = Brożek Jan – Chwalczewski Franciszek | chapter = Brzozowski Tadeusz | author = Bednarski, Stanisław | page = 68|language=pl}} Reprint: [[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]], Kraków 1989, {{ISBN|83-04-03291-0}}</ref> However, as the [[Partitions of Poland|partitions of Poland-Lithuania]] progressed over the next 20 years, paradoxically the range of the Jesuits expanded temporarily along with the borders of the Russian |
|||
Empire. |
|||
=== Return to the Society in Russia === |
|||
By then it was clear that the suppression would eventually be undone. Yet no thought could be given to reconstruction of any kind while the [[Napoleonic Wars]] raged on, absorbing the energies of every country and leaving Europe devastated. In the [[New World]] however, the Society struggled to reemerge. In October [[1806]], Father General Brzozowski allowed an [[United States|American]] [[novitiate]] with ten novices to be opened at [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]]. Later that year, [[Bishop]] [[Joseph-Octave Plessis]] of [[Québec]] wrote to Pius VII and to Brzozowski, begging that Jesuits be sent from [[Great Britain]] not only for [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] but to work among the [[Aboriginal peoples in Quebec|aboriginal people]] in [[Upper Canada]] as well. Brzozowski sent four men—two from Russia and two from England—but the war in Europe and the dangers of travel made their mission impossible. |
|||
In 1782 Brzozowski left for [[Polotsk]], [[Belarus]] in the [[Russian Empire]], in order to be able to rejoin the Society, which was allowed to continue there. A gifted linguist (fluent in Latin, French, German, Russian) he translated theological works into his native [[Polish language|Polish]], such as, ''Dykcjonarz filozoficzny religii'' (a Philosophical Dictionary of Religion) by C. F. Nonnotte, Wilno 1782 and ''O naśladowaniu Najświętszej Maryi Panny'' (The Imitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary) by A. de Rouville, Połock 1800. He was also a successful and well known preacher. In 1797 he was named Secretary of the Society and worked closely with [[Gabriel Lenkiewicz]], [[Franciszek Kareu]] and [[Gabriel Gruber]], the successive Vicars General of the Society in Russia. On their behalf he corresponded with the many ex-jesuits abroad who wished to rejoin the Society. At the Regional Congregation of 1802 he was made Assistant of the newly elected Superior of the Jesuits of the Russian Province, Gabriel Gruber. He had an especial devotion to the Jesuit martyr, [[Andrew Bobola]] and in 1808 he exhumed his remains from [[Pinsk]] and brought them for reburial in Polotsk. He expanded missionary activity in [[Mozdok]], in the [[Caucasus]] (1806), [[Irkutsk]] (1810) and in [[Tomsk]] (1814). He also planned to send missionaries to [[China]]. In 1806-1810 he despatched eight Belarusian Jesuits to [[Boston]] to help foster the Society's revival there. |
|||
=== Superior General === |
|||
Ongoing European tension saw Pius VII excommunicate [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], and in retaliation, the Pope was forced once again into exile from [[Rome]] and imprisoned for two years at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]]. Pius VII returned to Rome in 1814 after the fall of Napoleon, and one of his first acts on arrival was to restore the Society throughout the universal Church. On [[August 7]], [[1814]], almost exactly forty-one years to the day since Clement XIV suppressed the Society, Pius VII celebrated mass in the [[Gesu|Gesú]], and formally promulgated the [[Papal bull|bull]] of restoration, ''Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum''. The newly reconstituted Jesuits deemed a general congregation unnecessary—Father Brzozowski retained the title and became Father General for the whole Society. He was the link which bound the two parts of the Society together. |
|||
Following the death of Gruber, in 1805, the Regional (Polish) Fourth Congregation met at Polotsk, again part of Lithuania and elected Tadeusz Brzozowski as Superior General of the Society which was still functioning in the territory of Russia. The newly elected General immediately sent a message to [[Pope Pius VII]] thanking him for having restored the Society in [[Sicily]]. By then a steady stream of young men was coming to Russia to join the Society. Between 1803 and 1805, 103 candidates entered the novitiate of Polotsk, 23 of them already ordained priests. The total number of Jesuits grew to 333, mostly engaged in educational activities, in 7 high schools in Russia, but also moving into pastoral work in [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]. |
|||
It became clear that the suppression of the Society would eventually be lifted. in 1812 the college in Polotsk was upgraded by [[Alexander I of Russia]] into a university academy, thus allowing affiliation of all the Jesuit schools and affording them protection from undue local political interference. |
|||
With the fall of Napoleon, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], [[Tsar]] of Russia, had become the most powerful sovereign in Europe. A monstrous intrigue was suspected for the alliance of the eastern [[Autocracy|autocrat]] with the [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobinism]] of all Europe, which would have issued in the substitution of an all-powerful Russia for an all-powerful [[France]]. Alarmed at the new growth of the Jesuits, Alexander published an edict on [[December 20]], [[1815]] expelling them from [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. Brzozowski was detained and forbidden to return to Rome, despite his ailing health and his protests to the contrary. Father Brzozowski died on February 5, 1820 and was buried in [[Płock]], [[Congress Poland|Russian Poland]]. |
|||
In October 1806, the "ex-Jesuits" of [[Maryland]] in [[United States|America]] were fully incorporated into the Society and Brzozowski allowed an [[United States|American]] [[novitiate]] to be opened with ten novices at [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences|editor1= Burson, Jeffrey D. |editor2=Wright, Jonathan|publisher =Cambridge University Press|date= 2015|pages=205–238|isbn=978-1-1070-3058-9}}</ref> Later that year, [[Bishop]] [[Joseph-Octave Plessis]] of [[Québec]] wrote to exiled [[Pope Pius VII]] and to Brzozowski, begging for Jesuits to be sent from [[Great Britain]] both to [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] [[Nova Scotia]] and also to work among the [[Aboriginal peoples in Quebec|aboriginal people]] in [[Upper Canada]]. Brzozowski sent four men as requested, two from Russia and two from England, but the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Europe and the dangers of travel made their mission impossible. |
|||
{{start box}} |
|||
{{succession box | before=[[Gabriel Gruber]] | title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus#Notes|Father General of the Society in Russia]] | after=''restoration'' | years=[[1805]] – [[1814]]}} |
|||
{{succession box | before=''suppression'' | title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] | after=[[Luigi Fortis]] | years=1814 – [[1820]]}} |
|||
{{end box}} |
|||
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brzozowski, Thaddeus}} |
|||
Internal tensions grew in the Society as non-Russian or Polish Jesuits, not being conversant with the political situation of the Russian empire, criticized Brzozowski for certain decisions he took which, in their estimation, were too liberal, such as allowing the [[Orthodox Church of Russia|Orthodox faith]] to be taught in Jesuit schools. |
|||
{{catholic}} |
|||
== External Link == |
|||
*[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=topicdetails&subject=492209&subject_disp=Germany%2C+Preu%C3%9Fen%2C+Westpreu%C3%9Fen%2C+Marienburg+%2D+Church+records&columns=*,0,0 Kirchenbuch (church books) Vital Statistics for inhabitants of town of Marienburg] |
|||
=== Restoration of the Society === |
|||
Brzozowski worked tirelessly to obtain the general restoration of the Society, both personally and through his delegate in Rome, Father [[Luigi Fortis]] SJ. On his return from Napoleonic exile to Rome, Pope Pius VII lifted the suppression of the Society on August 7, 1814.<ref>{{cite book|title= Jesuits|author = Malachi Martin|publisher = Simon and Schuster|date = 2013| page = 217|isbn = 978-1476-75188-7}}</ref> Forty-one years after Clement XIV suppressed the Society, Pius VII celebrated mass in the [[Church of the Gesú]], and formally promulgated the [[Papal bull]] of restoration, ''Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum''. The newly reconstituted Society of Jesus deemed a general congregation unnecessary: Brzozowski retained his role and became formally [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]]. However, Tsar Alexander prohibited Brzozowski from leaving Russia. Brzozowski therefore appointed Luigi Fortis, as his representative in Rome from 1814 until his death in 1820. Brzozowski had managed to secure the continuity of the Society from his exile in Russia. |
|||
[[Category:1749 births|Brzozowski, Tadeusz]] |
|||
[[Category:1820 deaths|Brzozowski, Tadeusz]] |
|||
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholic priests|Brzozowski, Tadeusz]] |
|||
=== Political complications === |
|||
[[de:Tadeusz Brzozowski]] |
|||
The Society's restoration coincided with Russia becoming more nationalistic and strengthening its native [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. The Jesuits were seen as an obstacle to those developments. Opposed to the expansion and influence of the Society, Alexander published an edict on December 20, 1815, expelling the Jesuits from [[Saint Petersburg]] and taking over their high school on the grounds that they were converting Russian nobles to Catholicism. Despite his ailing health and protests, Brzozowski was detained and forbidden to return to Rome. Sensing that the days of the Society in Russia were numbered, Brzozowski sent several Jesuits to Western Europe to speed up the reestablishment of the order. |
|||
[[pl:Tadeusz Brzozowski (generał jezuitów)]] |
|||
==Death== |
|||
Brzozowski died on February 5, 1820, and was buried in Polotsk. He had taken the precaution to nominate an Italian, Mariano Petrucci, as his Vicar General, to ensure that the Congregation to elect his successor would meet in Rome. On 13 March 1820 the Society of Jesus was expelled from the Russian Empire. |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
==Bibliography== |
|||
{{EB1911 poster|Brzozowski, Thaddeus}} |
|||
* Worcester SJ, T. (Ed.), (2017). Brzozowski, Tadeusz, SJ (1749–1820) in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits (p. 124). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139032780.002 |
|||
* Inglot, M., ''La Compagnia di Gesù nell'impero Russo (1772–1820)'', Rome, 1997. |
|||
* Rouet de Journel, M.-J., ''La Compagnie de Jésus en Russie; un collège jésuite à Saint Petersbourg (1800–1816)'', Paris, 1922. |
|||
* Zalenski, S., ''Les Jésuites de la Russie blanche'' (2 vol.), Paris, 1886. |
|||
{{s-start}} |
|||
{{succession box | before=[[Gabriel Gruber]] | title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus#Notes|Superior General of the Society of Jesus In Exile (Russia)]] | after=''restoration'' | years=1805–1814}} |
|||
{{succession box | before=''suppression'' | title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] | after=[[Luigi Fortis]] | years=1814–1820}} |
|||
{{s-end}} |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brzozowski, Tadeusz}} |
|||
[[Category:1749 births]] |
|||
[[Category:1820 deaths]] |
|||
[[Category:Clergy from Königsberg]] |
|||
[[Category:18th-century Polish Jesuits]] |
|||
[[Category:18th-century Polish nobility]] |
|||
[[Category:Superiors General of the Society of Jesus]] |
|||
[[Category:19th-century Polish Jesuits]] |
|||
[[Category:19th-century Polish nobility]] |
|||
[[tg:Тадеусз Брзозовски]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 04:17, 15 April 2024
The Very Reverend Tadeusz Brzozowski | |
|---|---|
| twentieth Superior General of the Society of Jesus | |
 Very Rev. Tadeusz Brzozowski | |
| Installed | 1805, Papal confirmation 1814[1] |
| Term ended | 5 February 1820 |
| Predecessor | vacat |
| Successor | Luigi Fortis |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1775 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tadeusz Brzozowski 21 October 1749 |
| Died | 5 February 1820 (aged 70) Polotsk, Russian Empire |
| Buried | Polotsk, Belarus |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Alma mater | Slutsk, Nieswiez, Vilnius University |
| Coat of arms | Korab |
| Part of a series on the |
| Society of Jesus |
|---|
 |
| History |
| Hierarchy |
| Spirituality |
| Works |
| Notable Jesuits |
 Catholicism portal |
Tadeusz Brzozowski, SJ (October 21, 1749 – February 5, 1820) was a Polish scholar, teacher, administrator and a Jesuit priest. Having secured its continuity during the suppression of the Society until its restoration, he was elected twentieth Superior General of the Society of Jesus and was its first world-wide general.[2]
Background
[edit]Brzozowski was born in Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia, on October 21, 1749, into a Polish family. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1765, and studied Rhetoric, Greek, French and classical literature in Slutsk (Belarus) (1767–70), followed by Philosophy and Mathematics in Nieśwież (1770–73). After the Suppression of the Order in the rest of the world on 21 July 1773 (owing to Catherine the Great, patron of "her" Jesuits, it did not apply in the Russian Empire), he continued his theological studies in Vilnius, where he was ordained priest in 1775. In effect he was no longer formally a member of the Society.[3] However, as the partitions of Poland-Lithuania progressed over the next 20 years, paradoxically the range of the Jesuits expanded temporarily along with the borders of the Russian Empire.
Return to the Society in Russia
[edit]In 1782 Brzozowski left for Polotsk, Belarus in the Russian Empire, in order to be able to rejoin the Society, which was allowed to continue there. A gifted linguist (fluent in Latin, French, German, Russian) he translated theological works into his native Polish, such as, Dykcjonarz filozoficzny religii (a Philosophical Dictionary of Religion) by C. F. Nonnotte, Wilno 1782 and O naśladowaniu Najświętszej Maryi Panny (The Imitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary) by A. de Rouville, Połock 1800. He was also a successful and well known preacher. In 1797 he was named Secretary of the Society and worked closely with Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Franciszek Kareu and Gabriel Gruber, the successive Vicars General of the Society in Russia. On their behalf he corresponded with the many ex-jesuits abroad who wished to rejoin the Society. At the Regional Congregation of 1802 he was made Assistant of the newly elected Superior of the Jesuits of the Russian Province, Gabriel Gruber. He had an especial devotion to the Jesuit martyr, Andrew Bobola and in 1808 he exhumed his remains from Pinsk and brought them for reburial in Polotsk. He expanded missionary activity in Mozdok, in the Caucasus (1806), Irkutsk (1810) and in Tomsk (1814). He also planned to send missionaries to China. In 1806-1810 he despatched eight Belarusian Jesuits to Boston to help foster the Society's revival there.
Superior General
[edit]Following the death of Gruber, in 1805, the Regional (Polish) Fourth Congregation met at Polotsk, again part of Lithuania and elected Tadeusz Brzozowski as Superior General of the Society which was still functioning in the territory of Russia. The newly elected General immediately sent a message to Pope Pius VII thanking him for having restored the Society in Sicily. By then a steady stream of young men was coming to Russia to join the Society. Between 1803 and 1805, 103 candidates entered the novitiate of Polotsk, 23 of them already ordained priests. The total number of Jesuits grew to 333, mostly engaged in educational activities, in 7 high schools in Russia, but also moving into pastoral work in Latvia and Lithuania.
It became clear that the suppression of the Society would eventually be lifted. in 1812 the college in Polotsk was upgraded by Alexander I of Russia into a university academy, thus allowing affiliation of all the Jesuit schools and affording them protection from undue local political interference.
In October 1806, the "ex-Jesuits" of Maryland in America were fully incorporated into the Society and Brzozowski allowed an American novitiate to be opened with ten novices at Georgetown.[4] Later that year, Bishop Joseph-Octave Plessis of Québec wrote to exiled Pope Pius VII and to Brzozowski, begging for Jesuits to be sent from Great Britain both to Halifax Nova Scotia and also to work among the aboriginal people in Upper Canada. Brzozowski sent four men as requested, two from Russia and two from England, but the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the dangers of travel made their mission impossible.
Internal tensions grew in the Society as non-Russian or Polish Jesuits, not being conversant with the political situation of the Russian empire, criticized Brzozowski for certain decisions he took which, in their estimation, were too liberal, such as allowing the Orthodox faith to be taught in Jesuit schools.
Restoration of the Society
[edit]Brzozowski worked tirelessly to obtain the general restoration of the Society, both personally and through his delegate in Rome, Father Luigi Fortis SJ. On his return from Napoleonic exile to Rome, Pope Pius VII lifted the suppression of the Society on August 7, 1814.[5] Forty-one years after Clement XIV suppressed the Society, Pius VII celebrated mass in the Church of the Gesú, and formally promulgated the Papal bull of restoration, Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum. The newly reconstituted Society of Jesus deemed a general congregation unnecessary: Brzozowski retained his role and became formally Superior General of the Society of Jesus. However, Tsar Alexander prohibited Brzozowski from leaving Russia. Brzozowski therefore appointed Luigi Fortis, as his representative in Rome from 1814 until his death in 1820. Brzozowski had managed to secure the continuity of the Society from his exile in Russia.
Political complications
[edit]The Society's restoration coincided with Russia becoming more nationalistic and strengthening its native Eastern Orthodox Church. The Jesuits were seen as an obstacle to those developments. Opposed to the expansion and influence of the Society, Alexander published an edict on December 20, 1815, expelling the Jesuits from Saint Petersburg and taking over their high school on the grounds that they were converting Russian nobles to Catholicism. Despite his ailing health and protests, Brzozowski was detained and forbidden to return to Rome. Sensing that the days of the Society in Russia were numbered, Brzozowski sent several Jesuits to Western Europe to speed up the reestablishment of the order.
Death
[edit]Brzozowski died on February 5, 1820, and was buried in Polotsk. He had taken the precaution to nominate an Italian, Mariano Petrucci, as his Vicar General, to ensure that the Congregation to elect his successor would meet in Rome. On 13 March 1820 the Society of Jesus was expelled from the Russian Empire.
References
[edit]- ^ Thomas M. McCoog, SJ (2019). Pre-suppression Jesuit Activity in the British Isles and Ireland. Brill. p. 93. ISBN 978-9-0043-9529-9.
- ^ Robert Aleksander Maryks; Jonathan Wright, eds. (2014). Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions (revised reprint ed.). Brill. p. 393. ISBN 978-9-0042-8387-9.
- ^ Bednarski, Stanisław (1937). "Brzozowski Tadeusz". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Brożek Jan – Chwalczewski Franciszek (in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethner i Wolff. p. 68. Reprint: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Kraków 1989, ISBN 83-04-03291-0
- ^ Burson, Jeffrey D.; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015). The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–238. ISBN 978-1-1070-3058-9.
- ^ Malachi Martin (2013). Jesuits. Simon and Schuster. p. 217. ISBN 978-1476-75188-7.
Bibliography
[edit]
- Worcester SJ, T. (Ed.), (2017). Brzozowski, Tadeusz, SJ (1749–1820) in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits (p. 124). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139032780.002
- Inglot, M., La Compagnia di Gesù nell'impero Russo (1772–1820), Rome, 1997.
- Rouet de Journel, M.-J., La Compagnie de Jésus en Russie; un collège jésuite à Saint Petersbourg (1800–1816), Paris, 1922.
- Zalenski, S., Les Jésuites de la Russie blanche (2 vol.), Paris, 1886.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
