Cook Islands tropical moist forests: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Terrestrial ecoregion in the Cook Islands}} |
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{{Infobox ecoregion |
{{Infobox ecoregion |
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| name = Cook Islands tropical moist forests |
| name = Cook Islands tropical moist forests |
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| image = Atiu Forest.jpg |
| image = Atiu Forest.jpg |
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| image_size = 225 |
| image_size = 225 |
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| image_alt = |
| image_alt = |
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| image_caption = makatea (coralline limestone) forest on [[Atiu]] |
| image_caption = makatea (coralline limestone) forest on [[Atiu]] |
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| map = Cook Islands (New Zealand) map.png |
| map = Cook Islands (New Zealand) map.png |
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| map_size = 225 |
| map_size = 225 |
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| map_alt = |
| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = Map of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands tropical moist forests occupy the Southern Cook Islands. The Northern Cook Islands are part of the [[Central Polynesian tropical moist forests]] ecoregion. |
| map_caption = Map of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands tropical moist forests occupy the Southern Cook Islands. The Northern Cook Islands are part of the [[Central Polynesian tropical moist forests]] ecoregion. |
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| biogeographic_realm = [[Oceanian realm|Oceanian]] |
| biogeographic_realm = [[Oceanian realm|Oceanian]] |
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| Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
| area = 127 |
| area = 127 |
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| country = [[Cook Islands]] |
| country = [[Cook Islands]] |
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| state = |
| state = |
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| region_type = |
| region_type = |
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| bird_species = |
| bird_species = |
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| mammal_species = |
| mammal_species = |
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| habitat_loss = |
| habitat_loss = |
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| habitat_loss_ref = |
| habitat_loss_ref = |
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| conservation = Critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Cook Islands tropical moist forests|id=oc0103}}</ref> |
| conservation = Critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Cook Islands tropical moist forests|id=oc0103}}</ref> |
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| global200 = South Pacific Islands forests |
| global200 = South Pacific Islands forests |
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|protected = 4 km |
| protected = 4 km<sup>2</sup> (3 |
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|protected_ref = )<ref name=dinerstein>{{cite journal | first1=Eric | last1=Dinerstein | first2=David | last2=Olson | display-authors=etal | year=2017 | title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm | journal=BioScience | volume=67 | issue=6 | date=June 2017 | pages=534–545 | doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014| doi-access=free }} Supplemental material 2 table S1b.</ref> |
| protected_ref = )<ref name=dinerstein>{{cite journal | first1=Eric | last1=Dinerstein | first2=David | last2=Olson | display-authors=etal | year=2017 | title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm | journal=BioScience | volume=67 | issue=6 | date=June 2017 | pages=534–545 | doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014| pmid=28608869 | pmc=5451287 | doi-access=free }} Supplemental material 2 table S1b.</ref> |
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|embedded = |
| embedded = |
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}} |
}} |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The Southern Cook Islands are a chain of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean. The principal islands are [[Aitutaki]], [[Atiu]], [[Mangaia]], [[Manuae (Cook Islands)|Manuae]], [[Mauke]], [[Mitiaro]], [[Palmerston Island|Palmerston]], [[Rarotonga]], and [[Takutea]]. The ecoregion covers an area of {{convert|127|km2}}. |
The Southern Cook Islands are a chain of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean. The principal islands are [[Aitutaki]], [[Atiu]], [[Mangaia]], [[Manuae (Cook Islands)|Manuae]], [[Mauke]], [[Mitiaro]], [[Palmerston Island|Palmerston]], [[Rarotonga]], and [[Takutea]]. The ecoregion covers an area of {{convert|127|km2}}.<ref name = wwf/> |
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The islands are volcanic in origin, although all the volcanoes are now extinct. Rarotonga is the highest of the islands, with the deeply-eroded, steep-sided volcanic cone [[Te Manga]] (652 metres elevation) at its center. |
The islands are volcanic in origin, although all the volcanoes are now extinct. Rarotonga is the highest of the islands, with the deeply-eroded, steep-sided volcanic cone [[Te Manga]] (652 metres elevation) at its center.<ref name = wwf/> |
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Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia went through a long geologic cycle of erosion, subsidence, and emergence followed by uplift in the Tertiary era. Each has central eroded volcanic hills, reaching an elevation of about 100 metres, surrounded by a belt of uplifted ancient coralline limestone, known as makatea, up to 2 |
Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia went through a long geologic cycle of erosion, subsidence, and emergence followed by uplift in the Tertiary era. Each has central eroded volcanic hills, reaching an elevation of about 100 metres, surrounded by a belt of uplifted ancient coralline limestone, known as makatea, up to 2 km wide.<ref name = wwf/> |
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Aitutake is a small central volcanic island surrounded by a lagoon and encircling barrier reef. Takutea is a small table reef. Palmerston and Manuae are [[atoll]]s.<ref name = wwf/> |
Aitutake is a small central volcanic island surrounded by a lagoon and encircling barrier reef. Takutea is a small table reef. Palmerston and Manuae are [[atoll]]s.<ref name = wwf/> |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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The climate of the islands is humid |
The climate of the islands is humid and tropical. They are in the southeast [[trade wind]] belt, and the windward southeast sides of the islands and the summits are wetter than the leeward northwestern sides. The wettest months are November and December.<ref name = wwf/> |
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==Flora== |
==Flora== |
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Rarotonga's lowland forests have mostly been converted to human use. The mountainous interior is home to some natural forests of three main types. |
Rarotonga's lowland forests have mostly been converted to human use. The mountainous interior is home to some natural forests of three main types.<ref name = wwf/> |
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''Homalium'' forest is found on lower mountain slopes, above 50 to 200 meters elevation. It is a closed-canopy forest dominated by the tree ''[[Homalium acuminatum]]'', with the trees ''[[ |
''Homalium'' forest is found on lower mountain slopes, above 50 to 200 meters elevation. It is a closed-canopy forest dominated by the endemic tree ''[[Homalium acuminatum]]'', with the trees ''[[Cyclophyllum barbatum]], [[Elaeocarpus floridanus]]'', and ''[[Ixora foetida]]'', and the giant [[liana]] ''[[Entada phaseoloides]]''.<ref name = wwf/> |
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''Fagraea-Fitchia'' forest is found at mid-elevations along knife-edge ridges. ''[[Fagraea berteroana]]'' and ''[[Fitchia speciosa]]'' are the predominant trees, and both have massive and extensive roots which provide support and stabilize the rocky slopes. Other common trees include species of ''[[Homalium]], [[Canthium]], [[Alyxia]], [[Coprosma]], [[Meryta]]'', and ''[[Metrosideros]]''.<ref name = wwf/> |
''Fagraea-Fitchia'' forest is found at mid-elevations along knife-edge ridges. ''[[Fagraea berteroana]]'' and the endemic ''[[Fitchia speciosa]]'' are the predominant trees, and both have massive and extensive roots which provide support and stabilize the rocky slopes. Other common trees include species of ''[[Homalium]], [[Canthium]], [[Alyxia]], [[Coprosma]], [[Meryta]]'', and ''[[Metrosideros]]''.<ref name = wwf/> |
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''Metrosideros'' [[cloud forest]] is found on cloud-shrouded peaks and ridges above 400 metres elevation, covering about 3% of Rarotonga's forest area. ''[[Metrosideros collina]]'' is the predominant tree, forming low-stature forests up to 8 metres high. In higher and wetter areas ''[[Ascarina diffusa]]'' is dominant or is co-dominant with ''M. collina''. Other trees are ''Elaeocarpus |
''Metrosideros'' [[cloud forest]] is found on cloud-shrouded peaks and ridges above 400 metres elevation, covering about 3% of Rarotonga's forest area. ''[[Metrosideros collina]]'' is the predominant tree, forming low-stature forests up to 8 metres high. In higher and wetter areas ''[[Ascarina diffusa]]'' is dominant or is co-dominant with ''M. collina''. Other trees are ''Elaeocarpus floridanus, [[Pterophylla samoensis]]'', and ''[[Pittosporum rarotongense]]''. The liana ''[[Freycinetia arborea]]'' climbs into the trees, and they are covered with abundant epiphytic mosses and ferns. The understorey is dominated by the shrub ''Fitchia speciosa''. Nine species of flowering plants are endemic to Rarotonga's cloud forests.<ref name = wwf/> |
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On Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia, the native vegetation of the central areas of volcanic soil have been almost completely replaced with introduced plants. The rough and difficult-to-cultivate makatea terrain harbors forests of ''Elaeocarpus tonganus'' and ''[[Hernandia moerenhoutiana]]'', scrub forests dominated by ''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'', and ''[[Barringtonia asiatica]]'' forest.<ref name = wwf/> |
On Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia, the native vegetation of the central areas of volcanic soil have been almost completely replaced with introduced plants. The rough and difficult-to-cultivate makatea terrain harbors forests of ''Elaeocarpus tonganus'' and ''[[Hernandia moerenhoutiana]]'', scrub forests dominated by ''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'', and ''[[Barringtonia asiatica]]'' forest.<ref name = wwf/> |
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On Palmerston and Manuae atolls, coastal strand vegetation includes ''[[Heliotropum anomalum]]'' along the beach, joined by species of ''[[Scaevola (plant)|Scaevola]], [[Suriana]]'', and ''[[Pemphis]]'' behind the beach. |
On Palmerston and Manuae atolls, coastal strand vegetation includes ''[[Heliotropum anomalum]]'' along the beach, joined by species of ''[[Scaevola (plant)|Scaevola]], [[Suriana]]'', and ''[[Pemphis]]'' behind the beach. Patches of forest occur inland, with species of ''[[Pisonia]], [[Guettarda]], and [[Pandanus]]'', and introduced [[coconut]] palms (''Cocos nucifera'').<ref name = wwf/> |
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==Fauna== |
==Fauna== |
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==Protected areas== |
==Protected areas== |
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A 2017 assessment found that 4 |
A 2017 assessment found that 4 km<sup>2</sup>, or 3%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name=dinerstein/> [[Te Manga Nature Reserve]] preserves most of Rarotonga's remaining cloud forest area above 400 metres elevation. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Cook Islands tropical moist forests|id=oc0103}} |
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Cook Islands tropical moist forests|id=oc0103}} |
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* [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/70103 Cook Islands tropical moist forests (DOPA)] |
* [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/70103 Cook Islands tropical moist forests (DOPA)] |
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* [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Cook_Islands_tropical_moist_forests Cook Islands tropical moist forests (EOE)] |
* [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Cook_Islands_tropical_moist_forests Cook Islands tropical moist forests (EOE)] |
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[[Category:Environment of the Cook Islands]] |
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[[Category:Geography of the Cook Islands]] |
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[[Category:Oceanian ecoregions]] |
[[Category:Oceanian ecoregions]] |
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[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] |
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] |
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[[Category:Endemic Bird Areas]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:01, 16 April 2024
| Cook Islands tropical moist forests | |
|---|---|
 makatea (coralline limestone) forest on Atiu | |
_map.png) Map of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands tropical moist forests occupy the Southern Cook Islands. The Northern Cook Islands are part of the Central Polynesian tropical moist forests ecoregion. | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Oceanian |
| Biome | tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests |
| Geography | |
| Area | 127 km2 (49 sq mi) |
| Country | Cook Islands |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered[1] |
| Global 200 | South Pacific Islands forests |
| Protected | 4 km2 (3%)[2] |
The Cook Islands tropical moist forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion that covers the Southern Cook Islands in the Cook Islands.
Geography
[edit]The Southern Cook Islands are a chain of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean. The principal islands are Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia, Manuae, Mauke, Mitiaro, Palmerston, Rarotonga, and Takutea. The ecoregion covers an area of 127 square kilometres (49 sq mi).[1]
The islands are volcanic in origin, although all the volcanoes are now extinct. Rarotonga is the highest of the islands, with the deeply-eroded, steep-sided volcanic cone Te Manga (652 metres elevation) at its center.[1]
Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia went through a long geologic cycle of erosion, subsidence, and emergence followed by uplift in the Tertiary era. Each has central eroded volcanic hills, reaching an elevation of about 100 metres, surrounded by a belt of uplifted ancient coralline limestone, known as makatea, up to 2 km wide.[1]
Aitutake is a small central volcanic island surrounded by a lagoon and encircling barrier reef. Takutea is a small table reef. Palmerston and Manuae are atolls.[1]
Rarotonga is home to nearly three-quarters of Cook Islanders. The town of Avarua is Cook Islands' capital and main commercial centre.
Climate
[edit]The climate of the islands is humid and tropical. They are in the southeast trade wind belt, and the windward southeast sides of the islands and the summits are wetter than the leeward northwestern sides. The wettest months are November and December.[1]
Flora
[edit]Rarotonga's lowland forests have mostly been converted to human use. The mountainous interior is home to some natural forests of three main types.[1]
Homalium forest is found on lower mountain slopes, above 50 to 200 meters elevation. It is a closed-canopy forest dominated by the endemic tree Homalium acuminatum, with the trees Cyclophyllum barbatum, Elaeocarpus floridanus, and Ixora foetida, and the giant liana Entada phaseoloides.[1]
Fagraea-Fitchia forest is found at mid-elevations along knife-edge ridges. Fagraea berteroana and the endemic Fitchia speciosa are the predominant trees, and both have massive and extensive roots which provide support and stabilize the rocky slopes. Other common trees include species of Homalium, Canthium, Alyxia, Coprosma, Meryta, and Metrosideros.[1]
Metrosideros cloud forest is found on cloud-shrouded peaks and ridges above 400 metres elevation, covering about 3% of Rarotonga's forest area. Metrosideros collina is the predominant tree, forming low-stature forests up to 8 metres high. In higher and wetter areas Ascarina diffusa is dominant or is co-dominant with M. collina. Other trees are Elaeocarpus floridanus, Pterophylla samoensis, and Pittosporum rarotongense. The liana Freycinetia arborea climbs into the trees, and they are covered with abundant epiphytic mosses and ferns. The understorey is dominated by the shrub Fitchia speciosa. Nine species of flowering plants are endemic to Rarotonga's cloud forests.[1]
On Mitiaro, Atiu, Mauke, and Mangaia, the native vegetation of the central areas of volcanic soil have been almost completely replaced with introduced plants. The rough and difficult-to-cultivate makatea terrain harbors forests of Elaeocarpus tonganus and Hernandia moerenhoutiana, scrub forests dominated by Pandanus tectorius, and Barringtonia asiatica forest.[1]
On Palmerston and Manuae atolls, coastal strand vegetation includes Heliotropum anomalum along the beach, joined by species of Scaevola, Suriana, and Pemphis behind the beach. Patches of forest occur inland, with species of Pisonia, Guettarda, and Pandanus, and introduced coconut palms (Cocos nucifera).[1]
Fauna
[edit]The Pacific flying fox (Pteropus tonganus) is the ecoregion's only native non-marine mammal.[1]
The ecoregion is home to six endemic bird species. The Cook reed warbler (Acrocephalus kerearako) lives on Mitiaro and Mangaia, the Lilac-crowned fruit dove (Ptilonopus rarotongensis) on Rarotonga and Atiu, the Mangaia kingfisher (Todiramphus ruficollaris) on Mangaia, the Atiu swiftlet (Collocalia sawtelli) on Atiu, and the Rarotonga starling (Aplonis cinerascens) on Rarotonga. The Rarotonga monarch (Pomarea dimidiata) is very rare, found in limited areas of mid-elevation montane forest on Rarotonga, particularly Takitumu Conservation Area.[1] In 2002 a second population was established on Atiu. Loss of habitat and predation by introduced rats has decimated the native species.
The cloud forests of Rarotonga are one of the few breeding areas for the herald petrel (Peterodroma arminjoniana).[1]
There are also ten native terrestrial reptiles. Most are widespread tropical Pacific species, and none are endemic.[1]
The islands were once home to 13 endemic species of endodontid snails and 11 species of charopid snails. Most are now extinct, and the remaining ones are threatened. Predation by the African ant Pheidole megacephala, introduced in the 1870s, has driven 11 of Rarotonga's 13 endemic land snail species to extinction. Rarotonga's cloud forests are the only home of the mist land snail (Tekoulina sp.), which is unique for being viviparous (bearing live young).[1]
Protected areas
[edit]A 2017 assessment found that 4 km2, or 3%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.[2] Te Manga Nature Reserve preserves most of Rarotonga's remaining cloud forest area above 400 metres elevation.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Cook Islands tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ a b Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (June 2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
External links
[edit]- "Cook Islands tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Cook Islands tropical moist forests (DOPA)
- Cook Islands tropical moist forests (EOE)