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{{Short description|Greek minuscule manuscript}}
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form = Minuscule
| form = Minuscule
| number = '''1424'''
| number = '''1424'''
| image =
| image = Minuscule 1424 folio 317 recto.jpg
| isize =
| isize =
| caption=
| caption= Folio 317 recto of the codex
| name =
| name =
| sign =
| sign =
Line 10: Line 11:
| script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| date = 9/10th century
| date = 9/10th century
| found = 1912-1913, in Kosinitza
| found = 1912-1913, in Ikosifinissa
| now at = [[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago]]
| now at = [[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago]]
| cite = Kenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago 1937, pp. 90-106.
| cite = Kenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago 1937, pp. 90-106.
Line 18: Line 19:
| hand =
| hand =
| note = belongs to the Family 1424
| note = belongs to the Family 1424
}}
}}


'''Minuscule 1424''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering), δ 30 ([[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]])<ref name = Soden>{{Cite book|last=Soden, von|first=Hermann|authorlink=Hermann, Freiherr von Soden|title=Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte|volume=1|year=1902|publisher=Verlag von Alexander Duncker|location=Berlin|page=104}}</ref> is a Greek [[Lower case|minuscule]] [[manuscript]] of the [[New Testament]], written on 337 parchment leaves (28 by 18 cm). It has been dated [[Paleography|paleographically]] to the 9th or 10th century).<ref name = Junack>K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''[[Walter de Gruyter]]'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 130. </ref>
'''Minuscule 1424''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering of [[New Testament]] manuscripts), δ 30 (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]] numbering of New Testament manuscripts)<ref name="soden">{{Cite book | first=Hermann | last=von Soden | author-link=Hermann, Freiherr von Soden | title=Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte | volume=1 | page=104 | year=1902 | publisher=Verlag von Alexander Duncker | location=Berlin | url=https://archive.org/details/VonSoden1-1/page/104/mode/2up}}</ref> is a Greek [[Lower case|minuscule]] [[manuscript]] of the New Testament, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles ([[palaeography]]), it has been dated to the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="Junack">{{Cite book | author1=K. Aland | author2=M. Welte | author3=B. Köster | author4=K. Junack | title=Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments | page=130 | year=1994 | publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] | location=Berlin; New York}}</ref> It is a catena manuscript, with the main New Testament text in the middle and a commentary surrounding it. The commentary was added several centuries later, likely in the 12th century.<ref name="ppp">{{Cite book | first=Hugh A. G. | last=Houghton | editor-first1=Daniel B. | editor-last1=Wallace | editor-first2=David | editor-last2=Flood | editor-first3=Elijah | editor-last3=Hixson | editor-first4=Denis | editor-last4=Salgado | contribution=Catena Manuscripts in the ''Editio Critica Maior'' of the Greek New Testament | title=Pen, Print & Pixels: Advances in Textual Criticism in the Digital Era | page=6 | year=2023 | publisher=Hendrickson Publishing Group | location=Massachusetts | isbn=978-1-4964-8592-2}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The codex contains the entire New Testament with only one [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacuna]] ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 1:23-2:16). The books follow in this rather strange order: [[Gospel]]s, [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Catholic epistles]], [[Book of Revelation|Revelation of John]], [[Pauline epistles]]. The text is written in one column per page, 29-33 lines per page.<ref name = Junack/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php|title=Liste Handschriften|publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research|accessdate=8 February 2011|location=Münster}}</ref>
The manuscript is a [[codex]] (precursor to the modern [[book]]), containing the entire New Testament with only one [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|gap]] (this being [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 1:23-2:16) on 337 parchment leaves (sized 28 by 18&nbsp;cm). The books follow in this order: [[Gospel]]s, [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Catholic epistles]], [[Book of Revelation|Revelation of John]], [[Pauline epistles]]. The text is written in one column per page, 29-33 lines per page.{{r|Junack}}<ref name="INTF">{{Cite web | title=Liste Handschriften | url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | location=Münster | access-date=8 February 2011}}</ref>


The tables of the κεφαλαια (''tables of contents'') are placed before each book, the Eusebian Canon tables, numbers of the {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} (''chapters'') at the margin, the τιτλοι at the top of the pages, a division according to the Ammonian Sections, with a references to the [[Eusebian Canons]], and the [[Euthalian Apparatus]].<ref name = Gregory>{{Cite book
The tables of contents (known as {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} / ''kephalaia'') are placed before each book, with the Eusebian Canon tables, numbers of the chapters (also known as {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}}) in the margin, and their titles (known as {{lang|grc|τιτλοι}} / ''titloi'') at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, with a references to the [[Eusebian Canons]] (an early division of the gospel books into sections), and the [[Euthalian Apparatus]].<ref name="Gregory">{{Cite book | first=Caspar René | last=Gregory | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Textkritik des Neuen Testaments | volume=3 | page=1145 | year=1909 | publisher=J. C. Hinrichs | location=Leipzig | url=https://archive.org/details/TextkritikDesNeuenTestaments3/page/1144}}</ref> The [[Eusebian Canons]] are present but likely added by a different, probably later, hand.{{r|Gregory}}
| last = Gregory
| first = Caspar René
| authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments, Vol. 3
| publisher = Hinrichs
| year = 1909
| location = Leipzig
| page = 1145
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}</ref>


The manuscript is known as a [[Catena (biblical commentary)|catena]] manuscript,{{r|soden|ppp|Gregory}} where the main text of the New Testament is written with a commentary from one or more of the [[Church Fathers|early church fathers]] inscribed around or between the main text. The manuscript marginal comments are from the early church father [[John Chrysostom]], however these are only present in the Gospels, Acts and the Epistles, with the book of Revelation lacking any commentary.{{r|soden|Gregory}}
There are marginal commentaries on the Gospels ([[John Chrysostom|Chrystostomos]]), Acts and Epistles; only the Book of Revelation lacks commentaries. The manuscript also contains [[The Shepherd of Hermas]]. The [[Eusebian Canons]] presented, added by a different, probably later, hand.<ref name = Gregory/>


== Text ==
== Text ==
The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the [[Byzantine text-type]] with alien readings. [[Burnett Hillman Streeter|Streeter]] remarked some relations between the codex and the various "[[Caesarean text-type|Caesarean]]" witnesses, especially in the [[Gospel of Mark]], but conceded it is only a tertiary witness to the type. But there are more of the [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] readings than Caesarean. The manuscript together with [[Codex Campianus|M (021)]], [[Minuscule 7|7]], [[Minuscule 27|27]], [[Minuscule 71|71]], [[Minuscule 115|115]], [[Minuscule 160|160]], [[Minuscule 179|179]], [[Minuscule 185|185]], [[Minuscule 267|267]], [[Minuscule 349|349]], [[Minuscule 517|517]], [[Minuscule 659|659]], [[Minuscule 692|692]], [[Minuscule 827 (Gregory-Aland)|827]], 945, 954, 990, 1010, 1082, 1188, 1194, 1207, 1223, 1391, 1402, 1606, 1675, 2191 and other manuscripts belongs to the Family 1424 ([[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden|von Soden's]] I <sup>φ</sup> group). The whole [[Family 1424]] deserves a more textual study than it received.<ref name = Aland>{{Cite book
The Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the [[Byzantine text-type]], though with many non-Byzantine readings. Biblical scholar [[Burnett Hillman Streeter]] remarked some relationship between the codex and the supposed "[[Caesarean text-type|Caesarean]]" witnesses, especially in the [[Gospel of Mark]], but conceded it is only a tertiary witness to the type. However these variant readings are considered to be more in line with the [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] readings than the Caesarean. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]], [[Western text-type|Western]], and [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]].{{r|metz-ehrman|p=205-230}} The Caesarean text-type however (initially identified by Streeter) has been contested by several text-critics, such as [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]].{{r|Aland|p=55–56}} According to biblical scholars [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]], in the Gospel of Mark it agrees 88 times against the original text, 23 times supports the original text against the Byzantine, and 63 times it agrees with both. It also has 35 independent or distinctive readings.{{r|Aland}} Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category III|Category III]] for the Gospel of Mark, and in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts|Category V]] for the rest of the books in his New Testament manuscript classification system.{{r|Aland}} Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified."{{r|Aland|p=335}} Category V manuscripts are described as "manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."{{r|Aland|p=336}} It is one of only two catena manuscripts which are cited for variants in the gospel text in the Nestle-Aland critical edition of the New Testament (the other being [[Codex Zacynthius]]).{{r|ppp}}
| last = Aland
| first = Kurt
| authorlink = Kurt Aland
| coauthors = [[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
| title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
| year = 1995
| location = Grand Rapids
| page = 135
| url =
| isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
According to [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]] in Gospel of Mark it agrees 88 times against the original text, 23 times supports the original text against the Byzantine, and 63 times it agrees with both. It has also 35 independent or distinctive readings. Alands placed the text of the codex in Category III for the Gospel of Mark, and in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts|Category V]] for the rest of books.<ref name = Aland/>


The manuscript belongs to Family 1424 together with [[Codex Campianus|M (021)]], [[Minuscule 7|7]], [[Minuscule 27|27]], [[Minuscule 71|71]], [[Minuscule 115|115]], [[Minuscule 160|160]], [[Minuscule 179|179]], [[Minuscule 185|185]], [[Minuscule 267|267]], [[Minuscule 349|349]], [[Minuscule 517|517]], [[Minuscule 659|659]], [[Minuscule 692|692]], [[Minuscule 827 (Gregory-Aland)|827]], 945, 954, 990, 1010, 1082, 1188, 1194, 1207, 1223, 1391, 1402, 1606, 1675, 2191 and other manuscripts (which comprise [[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden|von Soden's]] I {{sup|φ}} group).{{r|Aland}} The whole [[Family 1424]] is currently thought to deserve more textual study than it has received.<ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | first=Kurt | last=Aland | author-link=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | page=135 | year=1995 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
According to the [[Claremont Profile Method]] it represents textual cluster 1675 in LUke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20, as a diverging member.<ref>{{Cite book

| last = Wisse
According to the [[Claremont Profile Method]] it represents textual cluster 1675 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20, as a diverging member.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Frederik | last=Wisse | title=The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke | page=77 | year=1982 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=0-8028-1918-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/77 | url-access=registration}}</ref>
| first = Frederik
| authorlink =
| title = The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke
| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
| year = 1982
| location = Grand Rapids
| page = 77
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-8028-1918-4}}</ref>


; Textual variants
; Textual variants
: Matthew 11:2
The word before the bracket is of UBS edition
: Matthew 11:2 – Χριστου ] Ιησου (supported by [[Codex Bezae]], [[Uncial 0233|0233]], [[Lectionary 241]] and other mss);<ref>NA26, p. 27 </ref>
:: Ιησου (''of Jesus'') - '''1424''' [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Uncial 0233|0233]] [[Lectionary 241|'''ℓ'''241]]<ref>NA26, p. 27</ref>
: John 12:5
: John 12:5 – τριακοσιων ] διακοσιων;<ref>UBS3, p. 290.</ref>
:: διακοσιων (''two hundred'') - '''1424''' [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 579|579]] ''pc''<ref>NA27, p. 290.</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Currently it is dated by the [[INTF]] to the 9th or 10th century.{{r|Aland|INTF}}
⚫
The codex was written by a monk named Sabas. Formerly it was held in the monastery Drama in [[Kosinitza]]. (formerly [[Turkey]], today [[Greece]]).<ref name = Gregory/> The codex was taken after the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912-1913 from Kosinitza to western Europe.<ref>Like minuscules [[Minuscule 1423|1423]], [[Minuscule 1780|1780]].</ref> It was brought by [[Franklin Gruber]] to [[Chicago]].<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", ''[[Oxford University Press]]'' (New York - Oxford, 2005), p. 90-91. </ref> [[Kirsopp Lake|Lake]] photographed the codex in 1902.<ref name = Gregory/>

⚫
The codex was written by a monk named Sabas. It was formerly held in the monastery Ikosifinissa in [[Drama (regional unit)|Drama]].[[Greece]]).{{r|Gregory}} The codex was taken after the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912-1913 from Ikosifinissa to western Europe.<ref>Like minuscules [[Minuscule 1423|1423]], [[Minuscule 1780|1780]].</ref> It was brought by [[Franklin Gruber]] to [[Chicago]].<ref name="metz-ehrman">{{Cite book | first1=Bruce Manning | last1=Metzger | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | pages=90–91 | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-516667-1}}</ref> Biblical scholar [[Kirsopp Lake]] photographed the codex in 1902.{{r|Gregory}}


Currently the codex is located in the [[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago]], as a part of the [[Gruber Collection]] (Gruber Ms. 152).<ref name = Aland/>
Until 2016 the codex was located in the [[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago]], as a part of the [[Gruber Collection]] (Gruber Ms. 152).{{r|Aland|INTF}} In 2016, the LSTC decided to return and reinstate it at the monastery from which it originally came.<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-hyde-park-ancient-manuscript-met-20161114-story.html ''Hyde Park seminary to return 9th century New Testament to Greek Orthodox Church''], [[Chicago Tribune]], November 15, 2016</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 86: Line 57:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* [[Burnett H. Streeter]], "The Four Gospels" (London, 1924), p. 84.
* [[Burnett H. Streeter]], "The Four Gospels" (London, 1924), p.&nbsp;84.
* Kenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago: ''[[The University of Chicago Press]]'', 1937, pp. 104-106.
* Kenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago: ''[[The University of Chicago Press]]'', 1937, pp.&nbsp;104–106.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Minuscule 1424 (GA)}}
⚫
* [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/Manuscripts1001-1500.html#m1424 Minuscule 1424] At the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
* [http://www.csntm.org/Manuscript/View/GA_1424 Manuscript GA 1424] at the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.
* [http://collections.lstc.edu/gruber/nt_manuscripts/greek.php Klein, Ralph W., Annotation to Gruber Rare Book Collection.]
⚫
* [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/Manuscripts1001-1500.html#m1424 Minuscule 1424] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''


{{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 1424}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 1424}}

Latest revision as of 18:38, 16 April 2024

Minuscule 1424
New Testament manuscript
Folio 317 recto of the codex
Folio 317 recto of the codex
TextNew Testament
Date9/10th century
ScriptGreek
Found1912-1913, in Ikosifinissa
Now atLutheran School of Theology at Chicago
CiteKenneth W. Clark, "A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in North America". Chicago 1937, pp. 90-106.
Size28 by 18 cm
TypeCaesarean, Byzantine
CategoryIII, V
Notebelongs to the Family 1424

Minuscule 1424 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 30 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts)[1] is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 9th or 10th century.[2] It is a catena manuscript, with the main New Testament text in the middle and a commentary surrounding it. The commentary was added several centuries later, likely in the 12th century.[3]

Description

[edit]

The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the entire New Testament with only one gap (this being Matthew 1:23-2:16) on 337 parchment leaves (sized 28 by 18 cm). The books follow in this order: Gospels, Acts, Catholic epistles, Revelation of John, Pauline epistles. The text is written in one column per page, 29-33 lines per page.[2][4]

The tables of contents (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) are placed before each book, with the Eusebian Canon tables, numbers of the chapters (also known as κεφαλαια) in the margin, and their titles (known as τιτλοι / titloi) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, with a references to the Eusebian Canons (an early division of the gospel books into sections), and the Euthalian Apparatus.[5] The Eusebian Canons are present but likely added by a different, probably later, hand.[5]

The manuscript is known as a catena manuscript,[1][3][5] where the main text of the New Testament is written with a commentary from one or more of the early church fathers inscribed around or between the main text. The manuscript marginal comments are from the early church father John Chrysostom, however these are only present in the Gospels, Acts and the Epistles, with the book of Revelation lacking any commentary.[1][5]

Text

[edit]

The Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the Byzantine text-type, though with many non-Byzantine readings. Biblical scholar Burnett Hillman Streeter remarked some relationship between the codex and the supposed "Caesarean" witnesses, especially in the Gospel of Mark, but conceded it is only a tertiary witness to the type. However these variant readings are considered to be more in line with the Alexandrian readings than the Caesarean. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[6]: 205-230  The Caesarean text-type however (initially identified by Streeter) has been contested by several text-critics, such as Kurt and Barbara Aland.[7]: 55–56  According to biblical scholars Kurt and Barbara Aland, in the Gospel of Mark it agrees 88 times against the original text, 23 times supports the original text against the Byzantine, and 63 times it agrees with both. It also has 35 independent or distinctive readings.[7] Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in Category III for the Gospel of Mark, and in Category V for the rest of the books in his New Testament manuscript classification system.[7] Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified."[7]: 335  Category V manuscripts are described as "manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."[7]: 336  It is one of only two catena manuscripts which are cited for variants in the gospel text in the Nestle-Aland critical edition of the New Testament (the other being Codex Zacynthius).[3]

The manuscript belongs to Family 1424 together with M (021), 7, 27, 71, 115, 160, 179, 185, 267, 349, 517, 659, 692, 827, 945, 954, 990, 1010, 1082, 1188, 1194, 1207, 1223, 1391, 1402, 1606, 1675, 2191 and other manuscripts (which comprise von Soden's I φ group).[7] The whole Family 1424 is currently thought to deserve more textual study than it has received.[7]

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual cluster 1675 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20, as a diverging member.[8]

Textual variants
Matthew 11:2
Ιησου (of Jesus) - 1424 D 0233 ℓ241[9]
John 12:5
διακοσιων (two hundred) - 1424 ƒ13 579 pc[10]

History

[edit]

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 9th or 10th century.[7][4]

The codex was written by a monk named Sabas. It was formerly held in the monastery Ikosifinissa in Drama.Greece).[5] The codex was taken after the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 from Ikosifinissa to western Europe.[11] It was brought by Franklin Gruber to Chicago.[6] Biblical scholar Kirsopp Lake photographed the codex in 1902.[5]

Until 2016 the codex was located in the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, as a part of the Gruber Collection (Gruber Ms. 152).[7][4] In 2016, the LSTC decided to return and reinstate it at the monastery from which it originally came.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c von Soden, Hermann (1902). Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. Vol. 1. Berlin: Verlag von Alexander Duncker. p. 104.
  2. ^ a b K. Aland; M. Welte; B. Köster; K. Junack (1994). Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 130.
  3. ^ a b c Houghton, Hugh A. G. (2023). "Catena Manuscripts in the Editio Critica Maior of the Greek New Testament". In Wallace, Daniel B.; Flood, David; Hixson, Elijah; Salgado, Denis (eds.). Pen, Print & Pixels: Advances in Textual Criticism in the Digital Era. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishing Group. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4964-8592-2.
  4. ^ a b c "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Gregory, Caspar René (1909). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 3. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. p. 1145.
  6. ^ a b Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
  8. ^ Wisse, Frederik (1982). The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 77. ISBN 0-8028-1918-4.
  9. ^ NA26, p. 27
  10. ^ NA27, p. 290.
  11. ^ Like minuscules 1423, 1780.
  12. ^ Hyde Park seminary to return 9th century New Testament to Greek Orthodox Church, Chicago Tribune, November 15, 2016

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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