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{{short description|Indian Jain nun}}
{{short description|Indian Jain nun}}

{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=April 2016}}
{{weasel|date=April 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Ganini Pramukha [[Aryika]] Shri
| honorific-prefix = Ganini Pramukha [[Aryika]] Shri
| image = Gyanmati Mata.jpg
| image = Gyanmati.Mataji.jpg
| alt = Gyanmati Mataji
| alt = Gyanmati Mataji
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| birth_name = Kumari Maina Devi Ji
| birth_name = Maina
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|10|22}}{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2011|p=182}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|10|22}}{{sfn|Hans Bakker|1990|p=182}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_place = [[Barabanki district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| father = Sh. Chotteylal Ji
| father = Chotteylal
| mother = Smt. Mohini Devi Ji
| mother = Mohini Devi
| initiator = [[Acharya Deshbhushan]]
| initiator = [[Acharya Deshbhushan]]
| initiation_place = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| initiation_place = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| initiation_date = 2 October 1952 ([[Sharad Purnima]])
| initiation_date = 2 October 1952 ([[Sharad Purnima]])
|initiation_rank=Brahamcharini
| initiation_rank = Brahamcharini
|initiation_date2=1953 (Chait Krishna ekam)
| initiation_date2 = 1953 (Chait Krishna ekam)
|initiation_rank2=Chullika
| initiation_rank2 = Chullika
|disciples=Aryika Chandanamti
| disciples = Aryika Chandanamti
|website = http://jambudweep.org/|free_label=Initiation as [[Aryika]]|free_text=1956 ([[Baisakh]] Krishan dooj)}}
| website = http://jambudweep.org/
| free_label = Initiation as [[Aryika]]
| free_text = 1956 ([[Baisakh]] Krishan dooj)
}}
{{Jainism}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Gyanmati''' ({{IAST|Jñānamati}}) is a [[Jainism|Jain]] ''[[Aryika]]'' (nun) from India. Pujya Ganini Pramukh Shri Gyanmati Mata Ji is like the brilliant sun on the wide-spread sky of Jain tradition in the presentcentury. All the efforts to enclose her glorious personality in words will surely remain incomplete, however with the sincere wish of paying homage to her long ascetic life<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqbbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |title=Yoga in Jainism, Ed Christopher Key Chapple, Routledge, 2015, p. 246}}</ref> She is known for the construction of several [[Jain temple]]s including the Jambudweep temple complex at [[Hastinapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[tallest jain idol]] at Mangitungi Maharashtra.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KSsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83 |title=Asian Religions, Technology and Science, Ed. István Keul, Routledge, 2015, p. 83 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature }}</ref>
'''Gyanmati Mataji''' ({{IAST|Jñānamati}}) is an Indian [[Jainism|Jain]] religious guru ''[[Aryika]]'' (nun) from India.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqbbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |title=Yoga in Jainism, Ed Christopher Key Chapple, Routledge, 2015, p. 246|isbn=9781317572183|last1=Chapple|first1=Christopher Key|date=14 October 2015|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> She is known for being a prolific author and the construction of several [[Jain temple]]s including the Jambudweep temple complex at [[Hastinapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Ayodya Jain]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KSsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Asian Religions, Technology and Science, Ed. István Keul, Routledge, 2015, p. 83 |isbn=9781317674481 |last1=Keul |first1=István |date=27 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature |isbn=9004093184 |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |year=1990 |publisher=BRILL }}</ref> and the [[Statue of Ahimsa]] at [[Mangi Tungi]] in Maharashtra.


==Early life==
==Early life==
⚫
Gyanmati was born as Maina on 22 October 1934 in [[Tikait Nagar]] in [[Barabanki district]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="google.com">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XubfClGnIAUC |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism |isbn=9780810850514 |last1=Wiley |first1=Kristi L. |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press }}</ref> in a Jain family of Mohini Devi and Chotelal. She was influenced by ''Padmanandi Panchvinshatika,'' an ancient Jain scripture gifted by her grandparents on the marriage of her mother. On 2 October 1952, on the day of [[Sharad Purnima]], she was initiated as a Brahmacharini at [[Barabanki district]] by the [[Digambara]] [[Acharya (Jainism)|Jain acharya]] [[Deshbhushan]].
[[File:Mataji adressing the media.jpg|thumb|Mataji addressing the media]]
⚫
She worn born on 22 October 1934 in [[Tikait Nagar]] in [[Barabanki district]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="google.com">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XubfClGnIAUC |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism }}</ref> in a Jain family of Mohini Devi and Chotteylal Ji. She was named Maina. She was influenced by ''Padmanandi Panchvinshatika,'' an ancient Jain scripture gifted by her grandparents on the marriage of her mother. At the tender age of 18 years, Maina took the vows of lifelong Celibacy, Seven Pratimas (Vows for householders) and the renounce-ment of home from Acharyaratna Shri Deshbhushan Ji Maharaj in1952 on the very day of Sharad Poornima.Later in 1953 the first Brahmacharini of the 20th centuryKm. Maina took Kshullika Deeksha (Primary stage of initiation)from Acharya Shri Deshbhushan Ji on Chaitra Krishna Ekam at Mahavir ji Atishaya Kshetra (Rajasthan) to become ‘KshullikaVeermati’. In 1955 Veermati Ji stayed in the holy feet of
CharitraChakravarti Acharya Shri Shantisagar Ji Maharaj for one monthat the time of his Samadhi at Kunthalgiri and as per his order, She took Aryika Deeksha (Highest stage of initiation for females) from Acharya Shri Veersagar Ji Maharaj, the first disciple Pattacharya of Acharya Shri Shantisagar Ji, on Vaishakh Krishna Dooj of 1956at Madhorajpura (Jaipur-Rajasthan) to become ARYIKA GYANMATI


==Education==
==Studies & Teaching==
Since her early childhood, Gyanmati started learning [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] with Katantra style of linguistics or lipi generally referred as [[Aindra School of Grammar]]. She continued to research and explore with some of the Jain literature like Gommatsar, Ashtasahasri, Tattvartha Vartika (Rajvartika), Moolachar, Triloksar, [[Samayasāra]] etc. and soon expertise in [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit language|Prakrit]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] etc. Deeply into research and learning she frequently consulted senior most Acharyas, Scholars and Jain monks.<ref name="google.com1">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature |isbn=9004093184 |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |year=1990 |publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
Since the beginning Mata Gyanmati Ji was having keen desire for acquiring knowledge. The best means for the same was chosen by her in the form of teaching Munis (Digambar saints), Aryikas (female saints) and other disciples of the Sangh (group). She started with ‘Katantra Roopmala’ (the Sanskrit Grammer) to continue with various ancient Jain scriptures as Gommatsar, Parikshamukh, Nyaydeepika, Prameyakamalmartand, Ashtasahasri, Tattvartharajvartik, Sarvarthasiddhi, Anagardharmamrit, Moolachar, Triloksar etc. She gained a lot of knowledge in a very less time and she also became an expert of various languages as Hindi, Sankrit, Prakrit, Kannad, Marathi etc.


==Author==
==Author==
Gyanmati practiced her skills with writing 1008 Mantras of "Sahastranam" which improved her ability.{{how|date=September 2018}} She is considered as the first Kshullika or a Jain Sadhvi in history to translate and author several Jain literature, scriptures and manuscripts.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPmlL55RNAQC&pg=PA125 |title=Religion and Women |isbn=9780791416907 |last1=Sharma |first1=Arvind |date=January 1994 |publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref>{{page}} translated Nyaya-Ashtasahasri a renowned Sanskrit scripture, into Hindi in the year 1969 . Since then, she had written and composed more than 450 different publications ranging from auspicious quotes and thoughts to books and volumes. She has written and published 200 major books including the first two{{which|date=September 2018}} available in both Hindi and Sanskrit translations.<ref name="google.com1"/> She has also composed the Sanskrit Teeka (commentary) of the Sutras in form of sixteen books of Shatkhandagam Grantha.<ref>{{citation |url=http://jinaagamsaar.com/aariyka/gyanmati.php |title=Jinaagam Saar |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093525/http://jinaagamsaar.com/aariyka/gyanmati.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jambudweep.org/online/read-online-books |title=Read Online Books |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234107/http://jambudweep.org/online/read-online-books |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has composed a modern{{what|date=September 2018}} ''Rite for the Five Merus''.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=98}}
Infact there was no example of writing scriptures by Jain Sadhvis (female saints) in the history of 2500 years after Lord Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankar (Jain Lord) but Kshullika Veermati Ji created the landmark when she started writing with 1008 Mantras (holy verses) of Sahastranam. These mantras proved to be like the boon of Mata Saraswati (Goddess of Knowledge) for her. Since then Pujya Mataji did-not look behind and till date Teekas (explanatory notes or commentary) & original texts in Sanskrit & Hindi written by her, have crossed the number of 250. In 1969-70 she translated the highest scripture of Nyaya (Jain-logic)-Ashtasahasri into Hindi for the surprise of the world of scholars. Afterwards explanatory notes in Sanskrit & Hindi on Samaysar, Niyamsar etc.; Scriptures for Swadhyaya as-Jain Bharti, Gyanamrit, Trilok-Bhaskar, Pravachan Nirdeshika etc.; Novels like Pratigya, Sanskar, Bhakti, Adibramha, Atae Ka Murga, Jeevandan etc.; Hindi translation of Dravya Sangrah, Ratnakarandshravakachar, Katantra Vyakaran etc.; Balvikas, Balbharati, Nari Alok etc. and a number of other scriptures show the highly talented calibre of Pujya Mataji as a versatile writer. She has not only written on Adhyatma (spirituality), Vyakaran (grammer), Nyaya (logic), Siddhant (formulae), children literature, Novels etc. but also devotional poetic worshipping hymns i.e. Vidhans. Indradhwaj, Kalpadrum, Sarvatobhadra, Teenlok, Siddhachakra, Vishwashanti Mahavir Vidhan etc. have immersed the people into the devotion of Lord Jinendra throughout the country. The specific characteristic of the writing of Pujya Mataji is that it is in full accordance with the ancient Jain Agam (scriptures). She has also composed the Sanskrit Teeka (commentary) of the Sutras in form of sixteen books of Shatkhandagam Grantha.<ref>{{citation |url=http://jinaagamsaar.com/aariyka/gyanmati.php |title=Jinaagam Saar }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jambudweep.org/online/read-online-books |title=Read Online Books }}</ref> As 1000 years before, Acharya Shri Nemichandra Siddhantchakravarti wrote Dravya Sangrah, Gommatsar, Labdhisar etc. similarly Pujya Mataji is also writing on Shatkhandagam after a deep life-long practice of Jain Agam to be truely called as Siddhant Chakreshwari (well versed in Jain philosophical formulae). After the writing of Dhavla Teeka by Acharya Shri Veersen Swami 1000 years before, for the first time the simple teeka of this great scripture is being written.

==National-International Seminars==
In 1985 an International Seminar on ‘Jain Mathematics & Cosmology’ was organized at Jambudweep-Hastinapur followed by a number of other seminars in later years. In 1998 the Vice-Chancellors of various Indian Universities gathered at Hastinapur to attend ‘Lord Rishabhdev National Vice-Chancellors’ Conference’, in which the participants were introduced with the first Tirthankar Lord Rishabhdev as the propagator of human culture of the present age. Through the seminar on ‘Antiquity of Jainism’ at Jambudweep-Hastinapur on 11th June 2000, the message to correct the misconceptions about Jainism in the textbooks of History was also conveyed to NCERT. Many other seminars have also been organized at different times.


* She was awarded honorary degree of [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) by Avadh University, Faizabad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmlau.ac.in/|title=Welcome To Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University}}</ref> on 5 February 1995 for her outstanding contributions in the field of [[Literature]].
==Awarded Degrees==
* Organised International Vice-Chancellors Conference to present and share the facts and findings{{what|date=September 2018}} and basis of Jainism and its studies at [[Hastinapur]] on 8 October 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/nation.htm#4|title=tribuneindia...}}</ref>
She was awarded honorary degree of [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) by Avadh University, Faizabad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmlau.ac.in/|title=Welcome To Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University}}</ref> on 5 February 1995 for her outstanding contributions in the field of [[Literature]]. Pujya Mataji became the first among the Digambar Sadhu tradition to get this degree. <br/> In the same way various Acharyas and social institutions have presented various titles (ranks) to her at different times such as-Nyaya Prabhakar, Aryikaratna, Aryikashiromani, Ganini Pramukh, Vatsalyamoorti, Teerthoddharika, Yugpravartika, Charitrachandrika, Rashtragaurav, Vagdevi etc. but remaining aloof from all these honours, she always remains engrossed in penance for self purification.


==Initiation as Aryika==
==Initiation as Aryika==
Line 50: Line 44:


==Construction activities==
==Construction activities==
[[File:StatueOfAhimsa.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Ahimsa]], [[Mangi-Tungi]], [[Maharashtra]]]]
[[File:Jambudweep Rachna.jpg|thumb|[[Jambudweep]], [[Hastinapur]] ]]
[[File:Jambudweep_Rachna.tif|thumb|[[Jambudweep]], [[Hastinapur]] ]]
* She founded the Digambar Jain Institute of Cosmographic Research in 1972 with an aim of constructing a monumental model of [[Jambudvipa]] to have better understanding of [[Jain cosmology]]. It was inaugurated in 1982 and was named Jambudweep Gyan Jyoti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/uttar-pradesh/hastinapur/877-jambudweep-complex|title=Jambudweep Complex|work=Jain Heritage Centres - Celebrating Jain Heritage.....Globally!|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207032338/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/uttar-pradesh/hastinapur/877-jambudweep-complex|archive-date=7 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2018}}
* She founded the Digambar Jain Institute of Cosmographic Research in 1972 with an aim of constructing a monumental model of [[Jambudvipa]] to have better understanding of [[Jain cosmology]]. It was inaugurated in 1982 and was named Jambudweep Gyan Jyoti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/uttar-pradesh/hastinapur/877-jambudweep-complex|title=Jambudweep Complex|work=Jain Heritage Centres - Celebrating Jain Heritage.....Globally!|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207032338/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism-in-india/uttar-pradesh/hastinapur/877-jambudweep-complex|archive-date=7 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2018}}
* Bhagwan Rishabhdev Samavsaran Shrivihar was consecrated after the tour of the whole India in April 1998 at Kevalgyan Kalyanak temple of Deeksha Tirth-Prayag at Delhi.
* Bhagwan Rishabhdev Samavsaran Shrivihar was consecrated after the tour of the whole India in April 1998 at Kevalgyan Kalyanak temple of Deeksha Tirth-Prayag at Delhi.
Line 64: Line 57:
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-tallest-idol-of-jain-teerthankar-lord-rishabhdeva-to-be-sanctified-2176519
* http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-tallest-idol-of-jain-teerthankar-lord-rishabhdeva-to-be-sanctified-2176519
*http://m.timesofindia.com/city/nashik/CM-takes-aerial-view-of-108-ft-idol/articleshow/51020562.cms
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/CM-takes-aerial-view-of-108-ft-idol/articleshow/51020562.cms ]
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Jainism topics}}
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Jain religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Jain religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain nuns]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jain nuns]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain nuns]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian nuns]]
[[Category:Indian Jain nuns]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian nuns]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain nuns]]

Latest revision as of 17:25, 21 April 2024

Ganini Pramukha Aryika Shri
Gyanmati
Gyanmati Mataji
Personal
Born
Maina

(1934-10-22) 22 October 1934 (age 90)[1]
Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh
ReligionJainism
Parents
  • Chotteylal (father)
  • Mohini Devi (mother)
SectDigambara
Religious career
Disciples
  • Aryika Chandanamti
Initiation as Brahamcharini2 October 1952 (Sharad Purnima)
Barabanki
by Acharya Deshbhushan
Initiation as Chullika1953 (Chait Krishna ekam)
Websitehttp://jambudweep.org/
Initiation as Aryika1956 (Baisakh Krishan dooj)
Part of a series on
Jainism
Philosophy
Ethics
Ethics of Jainism
Mahavratas (major vows)
Anuvratas (further vows)
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Jain literature
Festivals
Pilgrimages
Tirth
Other

Gyanmati Mataji (Jñānamati) is an Indian Jain religious guru Aryika (nun) from India.[2] She is known for being a prolific author and the construction of several Jain temples including the Jambudweep temple complex at Hastinapur, Uttar Pradesh, Ayodya Jain[3][4] and the Statue of Ahimsa at Mangi Tungi in Maharashtra.

Early life

[edit]

Gyanmati was born as Maina on 22 October 1934 in Tikait Nagar in Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh,[5] in a Jain family of Mohini Devi and Chotelal. She was influenced by Padmanandi Panchvinshatika, an ancient Jain scripture gifted by her grandparents on the marriage of her mother. On 2 October 1952, on the day of Sharad Purnima, she was initiated as a Brahmacharini at Barabanki district by the Digambara Jain acharya Deshbhushan.

Education

[edit]

Since her early childhood, Gyanmati started learning Sanskrit with Katantra style of linguistics or lipi generally referred as Aindra School of Grammar. She continued to research and explore with some of the Jain literature like Gommatsar, Ashtasahasri, Tattvartha Vartika (Rajvartika), Moolachar, Triloksar, Samayasāra etc. and soon expertise in Hindi, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati etc. Deeply into research and learning she frequently consulted senior most Acharyas, Scholars and Jain monks.[6]

Author

[edit]

Gyanmati practiced her skills with writing 1008 Mantras of "Sahastranam" which improved her ability.[how?] She is considered as the first Kshullika or a Jain Sadhvi in history to translate and author several Jain literature, scriptures and manuscripts.[7]Gyanmati translated Nyaya-Ashtasahasri a renowned Sanskrit scripture, into Hindi in the year 1969 . Since then, she had written and composed more than 450 different publications ranging from auspicious quotes and thoughts to books and volumes. She has written and published 200 major books including the first two[which?] available in both Hindi and Sanskrit translations.[6] She has also composed the Sanskrit Teeka (commentary) of the Sutras in form of sixteen books of Shatkhandagam Grantha.[8][9] She has composed a modern[clarification needed] Rite for the Five Merus.[10]

  • She was awarded honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) by Avadh University, Faizabad[11] on 5 February 1995 for her outstanding contributions in the field of Literature.
  • Organised International Vice-Chancellors Conference to present and share the facts and findings[clarification needed] and basis of Jainism and its studies at Hastinapur on 8 October 1998.[12]

Initiation as Aryika

[edit]

On the instructions of Shantisagar, she was elevated as to the rank of Aryika by Veersagar on Vaishakh Krishna Dooj of 1956 at Madhorajpura in Rajasthan.[5]

Construction activities

[edit]
Jambudweep, Hastinapur
  • She founded the Digambar Jain Institute of Cosmographic Research in 1972 with an aim of constructing a monumental model of Jambudvipa to have better understanding of Jain cosmology. It was inaugurated in 1982 and was named Jambudweep Gyan Jyoti.[13][better source needed]
  • Bhagwan Rishabhdev Samavsaran Shrivihar was consecrated after the tour of the whole India in April 1998 at Kevalgyan Kalyanak temple of Deeksha Tirth-Prayag at Delhi.
  • The 31 ft Statue of Vasupujya at Champapur, Bhagalpur was built under her guidance. It was consecrated in February–March 2014.
  • She was an inspiration behind the 108 ft statue of Rishabhanatha at Mangi-Tungi, the tallest Jain statue in the world. This statue holds the Guinness World Record for the tallest Jain idol. The certificate was awarded to Gyanmati, Chandnamati and Ravindrakirti on 6 March 2016.[14] The Panch Kalyanak Mahotsav was held from 11–17 February 2016.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hans Bakker 1990, p. 182.
  2. ^ Chapple, Christopher Key (14 October 2015), Yoga in Jainism, Ed Christopher Key Chapple, Routledge, 2015, p. 246, Routledge, ISBN 9781317572183
  3. ^ Keul, István (27 March 2015), Asian Religions, Technology and Science, Ed. István Keul, Routledge, 2015, p. 83, Routledge, ISBN 9781317674481
  4. ^ Bakker, Hans (1990), The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature, BRILL, ISBN 9004093184
  5. ^ a b Wiley, Kristi L. (2004), Historical Dictionary of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810850514
  6. ^ a b Bakker, Hans (1990), The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature, BRILL, ISBN 9004093184
  7. ^ Sharma, Arvind (January 1994), Religion and Women, SUNY Press, ISBN 9780791416907
  8. ^ Jinaagam Saar, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 1 January 2016
  9. ^ Read Online Books, archived from the original on 18 September 2016, retrieved 1 January 2016
  10. ^ Cort 2010, p. 98.
  11. ^ "Welcome To Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University".
  12. ^ "tribuneindia..."
  13. ^ "Jambudweep Complex". Jain Heritage Centres - Celebrating Jain Heritage.....Globally!. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  14. ^ "108-Ft Tall Jain Teerthankar Idol Enters 'Guinness Records'", NDTV, 7 March 2016

References

[edit]
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