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| succession = [[List of Imerina monarchs|Queen of Madagascar]]
| succession = [[List of Imerina monarchs|Queen of Madagascar]]
| image = Ranavalona II, photograph.png
| image = Ranavalona II, photograph.png
| image_size = 280px
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Queen Ranavalona II
| caption =
| reign = 2 April 1868 – 13 July 1883
| reign = 2 April 1868 – 13 July 1883
| coronation = 3 September 1868
| coronation = 3 September 1868
| full name = Ranavalona II (Ranavalo-Manjaka II) Ramoma
| full name = Ranavalona II (Ranavalo-Manjaka II)<br>Ramoma
| predecessor = [[Rasoherina]]
| predecessor = [[Rasoherina]]
| successor = [[Ranavalona III]]
| successor = [[Ranavalona III]]
| regent = [[Rainilaiarivony]]
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]]}}
| succession1 = Queen consort of Madagascar
| reign1 = 1861–1863
| reign-type1 = Tenure
| predecessor1 =[[Rasoherina]]
| pre-type1 = Co-consort
| spouse =
| spouse =
{{plainlist |
{{plainlist |
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| place of burial = [[Rova of Antananarivo|Tomb of the Queens, Rovan' Antananarivo]]
| place of burial = [[Rova of Antananarivo|Tomb of the Queens, Rovan' Antananarivo]]
| signature = Ranavalo Manjaka 1874 signature.svg
| signature = Ranavalo Manjaka 1874 signature.svg
| dynasty = [[Hova dynasty]]
}}
}}


'''Ranavalona II''' (1829 – 13 July 1883) was Queen of [[Madagascar]] from 1868 to 1883, succeeding Queen [[Rasoherina of Madagascar|Rasoherina]].<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar2.htm Royal Ark]</ref> She is best remembered for [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christianizing the royal court]] during her reign.
'''Ranavalona II''' (1829 – 13 July 1883) was Queen of [[Madagascar]] from 1868 to 1883, succeeding Queen [[Rasoherina]], her first cousin.{{cn|date=August 2020}} She is best remembered for [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christianizing the royal court]] during her reign.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==


Ranavalona II was born Princess Ramoma in 1829 at Ambatomanoina, near [[Antananarivo]] in the [[Imerina|central highlands]] to Prince Razakaratrimo and his wife Princess Rafarasoa Ramasindrazana. As a young woman she, like her cousin [[Rasoherina]], was married to King [[Radama II]] and was widowed upon his [[Radama II#Assassination|assassination]] in the nobles' coup of 1863. The prime minister at the time, [[Rainivoninahitriniony]], played a major role in the assassination plot and public condemnation of the action forced him from his post. The position of Prime Minister was then filled by his younger brother [[Rainilaiarivony]], who married Queen Rasoherina and then, upon her death, helped to designate Ranavalona II the next monarch of Madagascar and consequently married her to retain his position.
Ranavalona II was born Princess Ramoma in 1829 at Ambatomanoina, near [[Antananarivo]] in the [[Imerina|central highlands]] to Prince Razakaratrimo and his wife Princess Rafarasoa Ramasindrazana. As a young woman she, like her cousin [[Rasoherina]], was married to King [[Radama II]] and was widowed upon his [[Radama II#Assassination|assassination]] in the nobles' coup of 1863. The prime minister at the time, [[Rainivoninahitriniony]], played a major role in the assassination plot and public condemnation of the action forced him from his post. The position of prime minister was then filled by his younger brother [[Rainilaiarivony]], who married Queen Rasoherina and then, upon her death, helped to designate Ranavalona II the next monarch of Madagascar and consequently married her to retain his position.


During her years at court, young Ramoma was tutored by Protestant missionaries who greatly influenced her religious and political views. She became increasingly favorable toward the beliefs of the Christian religion.<ref name="Cousins 1895" />
During her years at court, young Ramoma was tutored by Protestant missionaries who greatly influenced her religious and political views. She became increasingly favorable toward the beliefs of the Christian religion.<ref name="Cousins 1895" />
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== Reign ==
== Reign ==
[[File:Ranavalona II.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Ranavalona II, which once hung at the [[Rova of Antananarivo]].]]
[[File:Ranavalona II.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Ranavalona II, which once hung at the [[Rova of Antananarivo]].]]
Ranavalona II succeeded to the throne upon the death of Queen Rasoherina on April 1, 1868. On 21 February 1869, she entered into a political marriage with her Prime Minister, [[Rainilaiarivony]], in a public ceremony at Andohalo wherein the court officially underwent conversion to [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christianity]].<ref name="Cousins 1895" /> This conversion was effected to bring the increasingly powerful Protestant faction under the influence of the royal court. Declaring Madagascar a Christian nation, Ranavalona had the traditional royal talismans (''[[sampy]]'') burned in a bonfire in September 1869 and replaced their authority with that of the Bible.<ref name="Drapeyron 1896" />
Ranavalona II succeeded to the throne upon the death of Queen Rasoherina on 1 April 1868. On 21 February 1869, she entered into a political marriage with her prime minister, [[Rainilaiarivony]], in a public ceremony at Andohalo wherein the court officially underwent conversion to [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christianity]].<ref name="Cousins 1895" /> This conversion was effected to bring the increasingly powerful Protestant faction under the influence of the royal court. Declaring Madagascar a Christian nation, Ranavalona had the traditional royal talismans (''[[sampy]]'') burned in a bonfire in September 1869 and replaced their authority with that of the Bible.<ref name="Drapeyron 1896" />


Under her rule the problem of deforestation was considered. The queen authorized construction using brick and other durable materials within the walls of [[Antananarivo]] (previously forbidden by King Andrianampoinimerina<ref name="Acquier 1997" />). She also banned the traditional practice of ''tavy'' (swidden, slash-and-burn agriculture), charcoal making and construction of houses within forests.<ref name="Gade 1996" />
Under her rule the problem of deforestation was considered. The queen authorized construction using brick and other durable materials within the walls of [[Antananarivo]] (previously forbidden by King [[Andrianampoinimerina]]<ref name="Acquier 1997" />). She also banned the traditional practice of ''tavy'' (swidden, [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture), charcoal making and construction of houses within forests.<ref name="Gade 1996" />


A British visitor to the court of Ranavalona II in 1873 described the queen in the following terms: "I should think the queen was about 45 years of age, with a dark olive complexion, and a face full of kindness and benevolence. She was very queenly, and dressed in a gray shot-silk dress, and a silk [[Lamba (garment)|lamba]] fell negligently from her shoulders. Her hair was black, and beautifully arranged; 'crown she did not wear', but from the hair at the top of her head there depended the long fine gold chain ending in a gold tassel, which only the queen can wear."<ref name="Chiswell 1893 pp459-466" />
A European visitor to the court of Ranavalona II in 1873 described the queen in the following terms: "I should think the queen was about 45 years of age, with a dark [[olive skin|olive complexion]], and a face full of kindness and benevolence. She was very queenly, and dressed in a gray shot-silk dress, and a silk [[Lamba (garment)|lamba]] fell negligently from her shoulders. Her hair was black, and beautifully arranged; 'crown she did not wear', but from the hair at the top of her head there depended the long fine gold chain ending in a gold tassel, which only the queen can wear."<ref name="Chiswell 1893 pp459-466" />


== Death and succession ==
== Death and succession ==


Ranavalona II died in 1883 and was buried in [[Ambohimanga]].<ref name="Cousins 1895" /> In a bid to desacralize the holy city, in 1897 the French colonial authority disinterred her remains along with those of other monarchs buried in Ambohimanga and transferred them to the tombs on the compound of the [[Rova of Antananarivo]], where her bones were interred in the tomb of Queen Rasoherina.<ref name="Frémigacci 1999 p427" /> She was succeeded by Queen [[Ranavalona III of Madagascar|Ranavalona III]], the last monarch of the kingdom.
Ranavalona II died in 1883 and was buried in [[Ambohimanga]].<ref name="Cousins 1895" /> In a bid to desacralize the holy city, in 1897 the French colonial authority disinterred her remains along with those of other monarchs buried in Ambohimanga and transferred them to the tombs on the compound of the [[Rova of Antananarivo]], where her bones were interred in the tomb of Queen Rasoherina.<ref name="Frémigacci 1999 p427" /> She was succeeded by Queen [[Ranavalona III of Madagascar|Ranavalona III]], the last monarch of the kingdom.

==Honours==

===National honours===
* [[File:The Order of the Royal Hawk (about 1862).gif|50px]] Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of the Royal Hawk (02/04/1868).<ref name="Royal Ark">[http://www.royalark.net/Madagascar/madaga-orders.htm Royal Ark]</ref>
* [[File:The Order of Radama II (1863-1897).gif|50px]] Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Radama II (02/04/1868).<ref name="Royal Ark"/>
* [[File:Order of Merit (Madagascar, 1861).gif|50px]] Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Merit (02/04/1868).<ref name="Royal Ark"/>
* [[File:The Order of Military Merit (Kingdom of Madagascar, 1867).gif|50px]] Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit (02/04/1868).<ref name="Royal Ark"/>

== Ancestry ==
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|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Ranavalona II'''
|2= 2. Prince Razakaratrimo
|3= 3. Princess Rafarasoa Ramasindrazana
|4= 4. Andriantokanady Andriamarotafika
|5=
|6= 6. Prince Andriantsalamanjaka
|7= 7. Princess Rabodonandriantompo
|8=
|9=
|10=
|11=
|12= 12. Prince Andriantsimitovizafinitrimo
|13= 13. Rabodomanjaka
|14= 14. Andriandamboranto
|15= 15. Princess Ramboakovelo
|16=
|17=
|18=
|19=
|20=
|21=
|22=
|23=
|24= 24. King Andriambelomasina of Avaradrano and Imerinatsimo
|25= 25.
|26= 26. Andrianampianarivo
|27= 27. Ratomponivololona Ravololonandriantsimitovy
|28= 28.
|29= 29.
|30= 30. Andriankirahinimerina
|31=
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{{ahnentafel bottom}}


== References ==
== References ==
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<ref name="Gade 1996">
<ref name="Gade 1996">
{{cite journal| doi = 10.2307/3674005| last = Gade| first = Daniel W.| title = Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar| journal = Mountain Research and Development| volume = 16| issue = 2| year = 1996| pages = 101–116| ref = harv| jstor = 3674005}}
{{cite journal| doi = 10.2307/3674005| last = Gade| first = Daniel W.| title = Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar| journal = Mountain Research and Development| volume = 16| issue = 2| year = 1996| pages = 101–116| jstor = 3674005}}
</ref>
</ref>


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| title = The Newberry house magazine, Volume 2
| title = The Newberry house magazine, Volume 2
| publisher = Elsevier
| publisher = Elsevier
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ev9JAAAAMAAJ&dq=antananarivo%20eagle%20rova&pg=PA459#v=onepage&q=a%20visit%20to%20the%20queen&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ev9JAAAAMAAJ&q=a+visit+to+the+queen&pg=PA459
| accessdate = 19 December 2010
| access-date = 19 December 2010
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
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| publisher = Editions Karthala
| publisher = Editions Karthala
| location = Paris
| location = Paris
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EwjjGtHsaZsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EwjjGtHsaZsC
| accessdate = 19 December 2010
| access-date = 19 December 2010
| isbn = 978-2-86537-904-0
| isbn = 978-2-86537-904-0
}}
}}
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}}
}}


{{Merina monarchy}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rasoherina]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Imerina monarchs|Queen of Madagascar]]|years=2 April 1868 – 13 July 1883}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ranavalona III]]}}
{{s-end}}


{{Merina monarchy}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Ranavalona 02 Of Madagascar
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Queen of Madagascar
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1829
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Rovan' Ambatomanoina, Fokontany of Masombahiny
| DATE OF DEATH = 13 July 1883
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranavalona 02}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranavalona 02}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
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[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Queens regnant of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Queens regnant of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Malagasy women in politics]]
[[Category:Remarried queens consort]]
[[Category:Malagasy Protestants]]
[[Category:Malagasy Protestants]]
[[Category:Malagasy people of the Madagascar expeditions]]
[[Category:Malagasy people of the Madagascar expeditions]]
[[Category:19th-century female rulers]]
[[Category:19th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Africa]]

Latest revision as of 19:48, 21 April 2024

Ranavalona II
Queen of Madagascar
Reign2 April 1868 – 13 July 1883
Coronation3 September 1868
PredecessorRasoherina
SuccessorRanavalona III
Prime MinisterRainilaiarivony
Queen consort of Madagascar
Tenure1861–1863
Co-consortRasoherina
Born1829
Rovan' Ambatomanoina, Fokontany of Masombahiny
Died13 July 1883 (aged 53–54)
Burial1897
Spouse
Names
Ranavalona II (Ranavalo-Manjaka II)
Ramoma
HouseMerina
DynastyHova dynasty
FatherPrince Razakaratrimo
MotherPrincess Rafarasoa Ramasindrazana
SignatureRanavalona II's signature

Ranavalona II (1829 – 13 July 1883) was Queen of Madagascar from 1868 to 1883, succeeding Queen Rasoherina, her first cousin.[citation needed] She is best remembered for Christianizing the royal court during her reign.

Early life

[edit]

Ranavalona II was born Princess Ramoma in 1829 at Ambatomanoina, near Antananarivo in the central highlands to Prince Razakaratrimo and his wife Princess Rafarasoa Ramasindrazana. As a young woman she, like her cousin Rasoherina, was married to King Radama II and was widowed upon his assassination in the nobles' coup of 1863. The prime minister at the time, Rainivoninahitriniony, played a major role in the assassination plot and public condemnation of the action forced him from his post. The position of prime minister was then filled by his younger brother Rainilaiarivony, who married Queen Rasoherina and then, upon her death, helped to designate Ranavalona II the next monarch of Madagascar and consequently married her to retain his position.

During her years at court, young Ramoma was tutored by Protestant missionaries who greatly influenced her religious and political views. She became increasingly favorable toward the beliefs of the Christian religion.[1]

Reign

[edit]
Portrait of Ranavalona II, which once hung at the Rova of Antananarivo.

Ranavalona II succeeded to the throne upon the death of Queen Rasoherina on 1 April 1868. On 21 February 1869, she entered into a political marriage with her prime minister, Rainilaiarivony, in a public ceremony at Andohalo wherein the court officially underwent conversion to Christianity.[1] This conversion was effected to bring the increasingly powerful Protestant faction under the influence of the royal court. Declaring Madagascar a Christian nation, Ranavalona had the traditional royal talismans (sampy) burned in a bonfire in September 1869 and replaced their authority with that of the Bible.[2]

Under her rule the problem of deforestation was considered. The queen authorized construction using brick and other durable materials within the walls of Antananarivo (previously forbidden by King Andrianampoinimerina[3]). She also banned the traditional practice of tavy (swidden, slash-and-burn agriculture), charcoal making and construction of houses within forests.[4]

A European visitor to the court of Ranavalona II in 1873 described the queen in the following terms: "I should think the queen was about 45 years of age, with a dark olive complexion, and a face full of kindness and benevolence. She was very queenly, and dressed in a gray shot-silk dress, and a silk lamba fell negligently from her shoulders. Her hair was black, and beautifully arranged; 'crown she did not wear', but from the hair at the top of her head there depended the long fine gold chain ending in a gold tassel, which only the queen can wear."[5]

Death and succession

[edit]

Ranavalona II died in 1883 and was buried in Ambohimanga.[1] In a bid to desacralize the holy city, in 1897 the French colonial authority disinterred her remains along with those of other monarchs buried in Ambohimanga and transferred them to the tombs on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo, where her bones were interred in the tomb of Queen Rasoherina.[6] She was succeeded by Queen Ranavalona III, the last monarch of the kingdom.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Cousins, William Edward. Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past. The Religious Tract Society, 1895.
  2. ^ Drapeyron, L. Revue de géographie, Volumes 38–39. C. Delagrave, 1896.
  3. ^ Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997). Architectures de Madagascar (in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault. ISBN 978-2-7003-1169-3.
  4. ^ Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar". Mountain Research and Development. 16 (2): 101–116. doi:10.2307/3674005. JSTOR 3674005.
  5. ^ Chiswell, Alfred (1893). "A visit to the Queen, Madagascar". The Newberry house magazine, Volume 2. Elsevier. pp. 459–466. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  6. ^ Frémigacci, Jean (1999). "Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?". In Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (ed.). Histoire d'Afrique (in French). Paris: Editions Karthala. p. 427. ISBN 978-2-86537-904-0. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of Madagascar
2 April 1868 – 13 July 1883
Succeeded by