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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Early medieval petty kingdom in south-east Wales}} |
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{{use |
{{use British English|date=August 2019}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = |
| native_name = {{native name|owl|Teyrnas Glywysing}} |
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|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Glywysing |
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Glywysing |
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|common_name = Glywysing |
| common_name = Glywysing |
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| era = [[Middle Ages]] |
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| government_type = [[Monarchy]] |
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| life_span = 5th century–{{circa|1055}}<br />(intermittently in union with Gwent/in Morgannwg) |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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| event_start = Formed after Roman withdrawal from Britain |
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| |
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| year_start = Late 5th century |
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|life_span = 5th century–c. 1055 <br />(intermittently in union with Gwent/in Morgannwg) |
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| event1 = Various unions with Gwent |
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|event_start = Formed after Roman withdrawal from Britain |
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| date_event1 = 6th century–{{circa|745}} |
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|year_start = Late 5th century |
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| event2 = Union in Morgannwg<br />(under [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]]) |
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|event1 = Various unions with Gwent |
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| date_event2 = 942–974 |
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|date_event1 = 6th century–c. 745 |
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| event3 = Union as part of Wales <br />(under [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], [[King of Wales]]) |
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| date_event3 = 1055–1063 |
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|date_event2 = 942–974 |
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| event4 = Union in Morgannwg |
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|event3 = Union as part of Wales <br />(under [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], [[King of Wales]]) |
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| date_event4 = 1063–1074 |
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|date_event3 = 1055–1063 |
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| event_end = Becomes Morgannwg <br />(under [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]]) |
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| year_end = 1075 |
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|date_event4 = 1063–1074 |
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| p1 = Roman Britain |
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|event_end = Becomes Morgannwg <br />(under [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]]) |
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| p2 = Kingdom of Morgannwg |
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|year_end = 1075 |
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| s1 = Kingdom of Morgannwg |
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| image_map = Medieval_Wales.JPG |
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|flag_p1 = Roman SPQR banner.svg |
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| image_map_caption = Medieval kingdoms of Wales, showing Glywysing in the south |
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|p2 = Morgannwg |
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| capital = [[Cardiff]] |
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| common_languages = [[Old Welsh]] |
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|flag_s1 = |
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| religion = [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christianity]] |
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|image_coat = |
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| leader1 = |
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|symbol_type = |
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| year_leader1 = |
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|image_map = Medieval_Wales.JPG |
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| leader2 = |
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|image_map_caption = Medieval kingdoms of Wales, showing Glywysing in the south |
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| year_leader2 = |
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| leader3 = |
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| year_leader3 = |
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|common_languages = [[Old Welsh|Old Welsh]] |
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| leader4 = |
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|religion = [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christianity]] |
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| year_leader4 = |
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| footnotes = |
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|year_leader1 = |
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|leader2 = |
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|year_leader2 = |
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|leader3 = |
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|year_leader3 = |
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|leader4 = |
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|year_leader4 = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = ''Teyrnas Morgannwg'' |
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|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Morgannwg |
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|common_name = Glamorgan |
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| |
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|era = Middle Ages |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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| |
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|life_span = c. 7th/8th century-c. 745<br>942–974<br>1055/1063–1091 |
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|event_start = Morgannwyg formed from Gwent and Glywysing <br />(under [[Morgan the Generous]]) |
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|year_start = c. 7th/8th century |
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|event1 = Union disestablished |
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|date_event1 = c. 745 |
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|event2 = Reunited <br />(under [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]]) |
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|date_event2 = 942 |
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|event3 = Union disestablished |
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|date_event3 = 974 |
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|event4 = Reunited in Wales <br />(under [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], [[King of Wales]]) |
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|date_event4 = 1055 |
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|event5 = Independent <br /> |
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|date_event5 = 1063 |
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|event_end = Conquered <br />(by the Norman lord, Robert Fitzhamon) |
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|year_end = 1091 |
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|date_end = |
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|p1 = Kingdom of Gwent |
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|p2 = Kingdom of Glywysing |
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|s1 = Kingdom of Gwent |
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|s2 = Kingdom of Glywysing |
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|s3 = Lord of Glamorgan |
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|s4 = Welsh Marches |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_coat = |
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|symbol_type = |
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|capital = Various<ref>The three cantrefs composing Glywysing were based at [[Allt Wynllyw]] on [[Stow Hill]] (modern [[Newport, Wales|Newport]]); [[Nant Pawl]]; and [[Llaniltud Fawr]]. These were sometimes independent and sometimes controlled one another. Cf. ''The History Files'': "Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles: [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruGlywyssing.htm Cernyw / Glywyssing]" (Accessed 14 Feb 2013).</ref> |
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|common_languages = Welsh |
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|leader1 = [[Morgan the Generous]] |
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|leader2 = [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]] |
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|year_leader2 = 942–974 |
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|leader3 = [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] |
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|year_leader3 = 1063–1074 |
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|leader4 = [[Caradog ap Gruffyd]] |
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|year_leader4 = 1075–1081 |
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|leader5 = [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]] |
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|year_leader5 = 1081–1091 |
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| footnotes = {{Note|1}} |
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}} |
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==Name and early history== |
==Name and early history== |
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{{anchor|etymology}} |
{{anchor|etymology}} |
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Glywysing is said to be named after [[Glywys]], |
Glywysing is said in medieval Welsh tradition to be named after [[Glywys]], supposedly an early king of the region. In reality, the name probably comes from ''[[Glevum]]'', the Roman name for what is now [[Gloucester]], via a Latin name *''Glevenses'' ('people of Glevum') or *''Glevensis'' ('person from Glevum'). Thus the name suggests that the kingdom was named after invaders or migrants, or a particular ruler, from Glevum.<ref>Koch, John T. ''Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia'' ABC-CLIO Ltd (15 March 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-85109-440-0}} p. 1312.</ref><ref>Patrick Sims-Williams, ''Religion and Literature in Western England 600-800'', Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 24.</ref> |
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According to 12th-century sources, after the death of Glywys, the kingdom was divided into three [[cantref]]s named for his sons:<ref>Carver, Martin ''The cross goes north: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300–1300'' Boydell Press; New edition (26 Jan 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-84383-125-9}} p. 125</ref> [[Penychen]], [[Gwynllwg]], and [[Gorfynydd]]. These were typically ruled together by the head of the family and sometimes treated as [[appenage]] subkingdoms. |
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==Location== |
==Location== |
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The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the [[Afon Llwyd]] and either the [[River |
The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the [[Afon Llwyd]] and either the [[River Loughor]], or the [[River Neath]]. At times they expanded eastwards in union with both [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Ergyng]]. The Gower had either returned or was inherited from Dyfed to Glywysing by 928 prior to the reign of King [[Morgan the Old]].<ref name="caerwent">Ashley, Mike (1998) ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens '' (Carol & Graf)</ref> |
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Today the area of Glywysing is known as [[Glamorgan]]. |
Today the area of Glywysing is known as [[Glamorgan]]. |
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==Morgannwg== |
==Morgannwg== |
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{{Main|Kingdom of Morgannwg}} |
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First under King [[Morgan the Generous]] (fl. {{circa|lk=no|630-730}}) until the end of the reign of his descendant [[Ithel]] (d. c. 745), and later again under King [[Morgan the Old]] (r. 942-74), the kingdom merged with [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of the Morgan Kings.<ref name="caerwent"/><ref>Lloyd, John E. ''A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest'', Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft#page/274/mode/2up p. 274]. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.</ref> During such unions Glywysing and Gwent seem to have been together or occasional sub-kingdoms or principalities of the Kingdom of Morgannwg.<ref name="caerwent"/> |
First under King [[Morgan the Generous]] (fl. {{circa|lk=no|630-730}}) until the end of the reign of his descendant [[Ithel]] (d. c. 745), and later again under King [[Morgan the Old]] (r. 942-74), the kingdom merged with [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of the Morgan Kings.<ref name="caerwent"/><ref>Lloyd, John E. ''A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest'', Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft#page/274/mode/2up p. 274]. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.</ref> During such unions Glywysing and Gwent seem to have been together or occasional sub-kingdoms or principalities of the Kingdom of Morgannwg.<ref name="caerwent"/> |
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With Gwent increasingly overrun by the [[Norman conquest of Wales]], the last native King of Morgannwyg and Glywysing was [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]] (1081–1090), who was subsequently deposed by [[Robert Fitzhamon]]. Iestyn's sons became Lords of [[River Afan|Afan]], while Owain ap Caradog ap Gruffudd contented himself with [[Gwynllwg]] and founded the line of the Lords of [[Caerleon]].<ref name="caerwent"/> |
With Gwent increasingly overrun by the [[Norman conquest of Wales]], the last native King of Morgannwyg and Glywysing was [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]] (1081–1090), who was subsequently deposed by [[Robert Fitzhamon]]. Iestyn's sons became Lords of [[River Afan|Afan]], while Owain ap Caradog ap Gruffudd contented himself with [[Gwynllwg]] and founded the line of the Lords of [[Caerleon]].<ref name="caerwent"/> |
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The name ''Morgannwg'' is still used in Wales for the former [[Marcher Lord]]ship and county of [[Glamorgan]] (itself a corruption of the term ''Gwlad Morgan'') and its successor counties |
The name ''Morgannwg'' is still used in Wales for the former [[Marcher Lord]]ship and county of [[Glamorgan]] (itself a corruption of the term ''Gwlad Morgan'') and its successor counties |
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==List of rulers== |
== List of rulers == |
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{{ |
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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The kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. Over time, in a few instances, the kingdoms were separate and independent. |
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[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_morgannwg.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, ruler of Morgannwg]] |
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=== Glywysing === |
=== Glywysing === |
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{{anchor|Glywyssing}} |
{{anchor|Glywyssing}} |
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* [[Owain Finddu|Eugenius]], son of [[Magnus Maximus]] (c.383 - c.440)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=P. L. |title=Kingdoms of Cymru Celts - Cernyw / Glywyssing |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruGlywyssing.htm |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The History Files |language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Owain Finddu|Eugenius]], son of [[Magnus Maximus]] |
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* [[Mor (Welsh king)|Marius]], son of Eugenius (c.440 - c.450s)<ref name=":0" /> |
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* Congar, son of Marius (c. 450s)<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[Mor (Welsh king)|Marius]], son of Eugenius |
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* [[Solar (Welsh king)|Solar]], son of Marius (fl c.470)<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[Glywys]], son of Solar (c. 470–c. 480), who gave his name to the kingdom<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[Solar (Welsh king)|Solar]], son of Marius |
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** [[Gwynllyw]], son of Glywys, ruler of [[Gwynllwg]] (c. 480–523), cantref of Glywysing<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[ |
** [[Pawl (Welsh king)|Pawl]], son of Glywys, ruler of [[Penychen]] (c. 480–540), cantref of Glywysing<ref name=":0" /> |
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** [[Mechwyn]], son of Glywys, ruler of [[Gorfynydd]] (c. 480–c.500), cantref of Glywysing<ref name=":0" /> |
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** |
** Edelig, son of Glywys, King of Edeligion, (fl c.480 - 500?)<ref name=":0" /> |
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** [[Pawl (Welsh king)|Pawl]], son of Glywys, ruler of [[Penychen]] (c. 480–540), cantref of Glywysing |
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** [[Mechwyn]], son of Glywys, ruler of [[Gorfynydd]] (c. 480–c.500), cantref of Glywysing |
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* [[Cadoc]], son of Gwynllyw, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) and Penychen (540–580), died without heirs |
* [[Cadoc]], son of Gwynllyw, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) and Penychen (540–580), died without heirs |
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* [[Rhys ap Ithel]]/[[Rhys ab Idwal]], son of the Kings of Gwent (c. 755–785), with brothers, [[Rhodri ab Idwal (Glywysing)|Rhodri]] and [[Meurig ab Ithel|Meurig]] |
* [[Rhys ap Ithel]]/[[Rhys ab Idwal]], son of the Kings of Gwent (c. 755–785), with brothers, [[Rhodri ab Idwal (Glywysing)|Rhodri]] and [[Meurig ab Ithel|Meurig]] |
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* [[Arthfael Hen ap Rhys]] (Arthfael the Old) (785–c. 825) with [[Brochfael ap Rhys]] |
* [[Arthfael Hen ap Rhys]] (Arthfael the Old) (785–c. 825) with [[Brochfael ap Rhys]] |
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* [[Rhys ap Arthfael]], (c. 830–c. 840) |
* [[Rhys ap Arthfael]], (c. 830–c. 840) |
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* [[Hywel ap Rhys (Glywysing)|Hywel ap Rhys]], (c. 840–886) |
* [[Hywel ap Rhys (Glywysing)|Hywel ap Rhys]], (c. 840–886) |
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* [[Owain ap Hywel (Gwent)|Owain ap Hywel]] (886–{{circa|930|lk=no}}) |
* [[Owain ap Hywel (Gwent)|Owain ap Hywel]] (886–{{circa|930|lk=no}}) |
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** [[Gruffydd ab Owain]] ({{circa|930|lk=no}}–934) King of Gower |
** [[Gruffydd ab Owain]] ({{circa|930|lk=no}}–934) King of Gower |
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** [[Cadwgan ab Owain]] ({{circa|930|lk=no}}–950) King of West Glywysing |
** [[Cadwgan ab Owain]] ({{circa|930|lk=no}}–950) King of West Glywysing |
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* Morgan the Old ([[Morgan Hen ab Owain|Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain]] or Moragn Hen Fawr) (930–974) ''united the former kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and Glywysing in 942 under the name of Morgannwg, but they were broken up again immediately after his death, remaining separate until about 1055'' |
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* Morgan the Old ([[Morgan Hen ab Owain|Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain]] or Moragn Hen Fawr) (930–974) ''united the former kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Glywysing]] in 942 under the name of Morgannwg, but they were broken up again immediately after his death, remaining separate until about 1055'' |
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* Morgan the Old's son, Owain ap Morgan (974–c. 983) |
* Morgan the Old's son, Owain ap Morgan (974–c. 983) |
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* brothers of Owain ap Morgan (Idwallon, Hywel and Cadell) (dates unknown) |
* brothers of Owain ap Morgan (Idwallon, Hywel and Cadell) (dates unknown) |
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* his son, Rhys ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1000) ''who ruled Glywysing jointly with his brothers'' |
* his son, Rhys ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1000) ''who ruled Glywysing jointly with his brothers'' |
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* Ithel the Black, son Idwallon (990) |
* Ithel the Black, son Idwallon (990) |
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** [[Hywel ab Owain]] (c. 990–c. 1043) ''and'' |
** [[Hywel ab Owain]] (c. 990–c. 1043) ''and'' |
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** Iestyn ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1015) |
** Iestyn ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1015) |
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* his son, [[Rhydderch ap Iestyn]] (c. 1015–1033) |
* his son, [[Rhydderch ap Iestyn]] (c. 1015–1033) |
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* his son, [[Gruffydd ap Rhydderch]] (1033–1055) |
* his son, [[Gruffydd ap Rhydderch]] (1033–1055) |
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* Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black (1033 - 1070) |
* Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black (1033 - 1070) |
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* [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) |
* [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) |
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* Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]] (1063–1081) ''who was a subject of the King of Gwent and King of Morgannwg [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] before he deposed him and took the kingdom for himself'' |
* Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]] (1063–1081) ''who was a subject of the King of Gwent and King of Morgannwg [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] before he deposed him and took the kingdom for himself'' |
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* [[Iestyn ap Gwrgant|Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t)]] (1081–1091) |
* [[Iestyn ap Gwrgant|Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t)]] (1081–1091) |
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''Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the [[Norman dynasty|Normans]] and became the lordship of [[Glamorgan]]'' |
''Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the [[Norman dynasty|Normans]] and became the lordship of [[Glamorgan]]'' |
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=== Gwent === |
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* [[Anwn Ddu]] (the same person as ruled Dyfed at this time). Welsh legend claims he was appointed by [[Magnus Maximus]], who later became Roman Emperor (and hence referred to in Welsh as ''Macsen Wledig'' - ''Maximus the Emperor''). Some genealogies claim him to be Magnus' son. His realm was divided upon his death between his sons Edynfed and Tudwal. |
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; in Caer-Went |
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* Edynfed ap Anwn - also ruler of Dyfed |
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* {{ill|Ynyr ap Dyfnwal|cy|Ynyr Gwent}} ap Ednyfed, and his wife - St [[Madrun]] ferch [[Vortimer|Gwerthefyr]] (Welsh rendering of ''Honorius'') |
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* Iddon ap Ynyr (480 - 490) |
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* [[Caradoc|Caradog (Strongarm)]] |
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* Meurig ap Caradog and his wife - Dyfwn ferch [[Glywys]] |
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* Erbic ap Meurig ? |
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; in Caer-Leon |
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* Tudwal ap Anwn |
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* Teithrin ap Tudwal |
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* Teithfallt ap Teithrin (Welsh rendering of ''Theudebald'') |
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* [[Tewdrig]], son of Teithfallt (490 – 493/517) (Welsh rendering of ''Theodoric''). Traditionally, Tewdrig had a daughter - Marchell verch Tewdrig - for whom he carved out [[Brycheiniog]] as a dowry. |
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* [[Meurig ap Tewdrig]] King of Gwent (493/517 – 530–540) |
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* [[Athrwys ap Meurig]] King of Gwent (530–540 - 573) |
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* Frioc ap Meurig, with Idnerth ap Meurig ? |
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* Ithel ap Athrwys |
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* Morgan the Great ? |
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* Morgan the Courteous and Benefactor ? (-654) |
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* Anthres ap Morcant ? (654-663) |
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* [[Morgan ab Athrwys|Morgan the Generous]] (-730) |
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* [[Ithel ap Morgan]] (710/715 - 735/740/745/755) |
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* [[Ffernfael ab Idwal]] (-774/777) |
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* [[Athrwys ap Ffernfael]] (774-810) |
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* [[Idwallon ap Gwrgant]] (810-842) |
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* [[Ithel ap Hywel]] or ap Athrwys ?(842-848) |
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* [[Meurig ap Hywel]] or ap Ithel ? (848-849) |
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* [[Meurig ap Arthfael Hen]] (849-874) |
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* [[Ffernfael ap Meurig]] (874-880) |
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* [[Brochfael ap Meurig]] (880-920) |
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* [[Arthfael ap Hywel]] (-916/927) |
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* [[Owain ap Hywel (Glywysing)|Owain ap Hywel]] (920-930) |
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* [[Cadell ap Arthfael]] (930-940/943) |
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* [[Morgan Hen ab Owain|Morgan the Old]], Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Morgan Hen Fawr (940/943–955) ''united the former kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Glywysing]] in 942 under the name of Morgannwg but they were broken up again immediately after his death and remained separate until about 1055'' |
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** [[Nowy ap Gwriad]] ap Brochfael ap Rhodri ap Arthfael Hen ''ruled Gwent'' (c. 950–c. 970) ''while Glywysing was ruled jointly by brothers of Owain ap Morgan (dates unknown), probably under Morgan the Old'' |
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* his son, [[Arthfael ap Nowy]] (about 970–983) |
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* his cousin, [[Rhodri ap Elisedd]] (983–c. 1015) ''who ruled jointly with his brother,'' |
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* [[Gruffydd ap Elisedd]] (983–c. 1015) |
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* his cousin (?) [[Edwyn ap Gwriad]] (1015–1045) |
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* Hywel ab Owain's son, Meurig ap Hywel (1045–1055) ''who ruled jointly with'' |
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* his son, [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] (1045–1055) |
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* [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) |
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* [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] (1063–1074) ''who was also King of Morgannwg, ruling Glywysing through'' |
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* Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]] (1075–1081) ''who seized Gwent and the Kingdom of Morgannwg'' |
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* [[Iestyn ap Gwrgant|Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t)]] (1081–1091) |
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''Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the [[Norman dynasty|Normans]] and became the lordship of [[Glamorgan]]'' |
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* Owain ap Caradog (1081-1113/1116) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Glywysing| ]] |
[[Category:Glywysing| ]] |
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[[Category:Kingdoms of Wales]] |
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[[Category:1091 disestablishments]] |
[[Category:1091 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in the 940s]] |
[[Category:States and territories established in the 940s]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:55, 22 April 2024
Kingdom of Glywysing Teyrnas Glywysing (Old Welsh) | |||||||||||
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| 5th century–c. 1055 (intermittently in union with Gwent/in Morgannwg) | |||||||||||
 Medieval kingdoms of Wales, showing Glywysing in the south | |||||||||||
| Capital | Cardiff | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Welsh | ||||||||||
| Religion | Celtic Christianity | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• Formed after Roman withdrawal from Britain | Late 5th century | ||||||||||
• Various unions with Gwent | 6th century–c. 745 | ||||||||||
• Union in Morgannwg (under Morgan Hen ab Owain) | 942–974 | ||||||||||
| 1055–1063 | |||||||||||
• Union in Morgannwg | 1063–1074 | ||||||||||
• Becomes Morgannwg (under Caradog ap Gruffydd) | 1075 | ||||||||||
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Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.
Name and early history
[edit]Glywysing is said in medieval Welsh tradition to be named after Glywys, supposedly an early king of the region. In reality, the name probably comes from Glevum, the Roman name for what is now Gloucester, via a Latin name *Glevenses ('people of Glevum') or *Glevensis ('person from Glevum'). Thus the name suggests that the kingdom was named after invaders or migrants, or a particular ruler, from Glevum.[1][2]
According to 12th-century sources, after the death of Glywys, the kingdom was divided into three cantrefs named for his sons:[3] Penychen, Gwynllwg, and Gorfynydd. These were typically ruled together by the head of the family and sometimes treated as appenage subkingdoms.
Location
[edit]The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the Afon Llwyd and either the River Loughor, or the River Neath. At times they expanded eastwards in union with both Gwent and Ergyng. The Gower had either returned or was inherited from Dyfed to Glywysing by 928 prior to the reign of King Morgan the Old.[4] Today the area of Glywysing is known as Glamorgan.
Morgannwg
[edit]First under King Morgan the Generous (fl. c. 630-730) until the end of the reign of his descendant Ithel (d. c. 745), and later again under King Morgan the Old (r. 942-74), the kingdom merged with Gwent and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of the Morgan Kings.[4][5] During such unions Glywysing and Gwent seem to have been together or occasional sub-kingdoms or principalities of the Kingdom of Morgannwg.[4]
After the death of Morgan the Old, Gwent and Glywysing were separated again from 974 to 1055, but Glywysing alone was often referred to as Morgannwg. Both areas were conquered by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in about 1055, subsequently King of Wales, but on Gruffydd's death in 1063, Glywysing was regained by the native lineage under Caradog ap Gruffudd.[4] Morgannwg, the union between Gwent and Glywysing, was reconstituted. How this occurred is unclear; possibly the Kings of Glywysing were also Kings of Morgannwg and the Kings of Gwent were semi-independent under-Kings, or vice versa.[4]
Norman conquest
[edit]With Gwent increasingly overrun by the Norman conquest of Wales, the last native King of Morgannwyg and Glywysing was Iestyn ap Gwrgan (1081–1090), who was subsequently deposed by Robert Fitzhamon. Iestyn's sons became Lords of Afan, while Owain ap Caradog ap Gruffudd contented himself with Gwynllwg and founded the line of the Lords of Caerleon.[4]
The name Morgannwg is still used in Wales for the former Marcher Lordship and county of Glamorgan (itself a corruption of the term Gwlad Morgan) and its successor counties
List of rulers
[edit] |
Glywysing
[edit]
- Eugenius, son of Magnus Maximus (c.383 - c.440)[6]
- Marius, son of Eugenius (c.440 - c.450s)[6]
- Congar, son of Marius (c. 450s)[6]
- Solar, son of Marius (fl c.470)[6]
- Glywys, son of Solar (c. 470–c. 480), who gave his name to the kingdom[6]
- Gwynllyw, son of Glywys, ruler of Gwynllwg (c. 480–523), cantref of Glywysing[6]
- Pawl, son of Glywys, ruler of Penychen (c. 480–540), cantref of Glywysing[6]
- Mechwyn, son of Glywys, ruler of Gorfynydd (c. 480–c.500), cantref of Glywysing[6]
- Edelig, son of Glywys, King of Edeligion, (fl c.480 - 500?)[6]
- Cadoc, son of Gwynllyw, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) and Penychen (540–580), died without heirs
Glywysing is ruled by the Kings of Gwent until Rhys ap Ithel
- Rhys ap Ithel/Rhys ab Idwal, son of the Kings of Gwent (c. 755–785), with brothers, Rhodri and Meurig
- Arthfael Hen ap Rhys (Arthfael the Old) (785–c. 825) with Brochfael ap Rhys
- Rhys ap Arthfael, (c. 830–c. 840)
- Hywel ap Rhys, (c. 840–886)
- Owain ap Hywel (886–c. 930)
- Gruffydd ab Owain (c. 930–934) King of Gower
- Cadwgan ab Owain (c. 930–950) King of West Glywysing
- Morgan the Old (Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Moragn Hen Fawr) (930–974) united the former kingdoms of Gwent and Glywysing in 942 under the name of Morgannwg, but they were broken up again immediately after his death, remaining separate until about 1055
- Morgan the Old's son, Owain ap Morgan (974–c. 983)
- brothers of Owain ap Morgan (Idwallon, Hywel and Cadell) (dates unknown)
- his son, Rhys ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1000) who ruled Glywysing jointly with his brothers
- Ithel the Black, son Idwallon (990)
- Hywel ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1043) and
- Iestyn ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1015)
- his son, Rhydderch ap Iestyn (c. 1015–1033)
- his son, Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (1033–1055)
- Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black (1033 - 1070)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063)
- Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, Caradog ap Gruffydd (1063–1081) who was a subject of the King of Gwent and King of Morgannwg Cadwgan ap Meurig before he deposed him and took the kingdom for himself
- Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t) (1081–1091)
Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the Normans and became the lordship of Glamorgan
References
[edit]- ^ Koch, John T. Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia ABC-CLIO Ltd (15 March 2006) ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0 p. 1312.
- ^ Patrick Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature in Western England 600-800, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 24.
- ^ Carver, Martin The cross goes north: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300–1300 Boydell Press; New edition (26 Jan 2006) ISBN 978-1-84383-125-9 p. 125
- ^ a b c d e f Ashley, Mike (1998) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (Carol & Graf)
- ^ Lloyd, John E. A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, Vol. 1, p. 274. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kessler, P. L. "Kingdoms of Cymru Celts - Cernyw / Glywyssing". The History Files. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
Medieval Welsh kingdoms | |
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