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{{Short description|Legal term in common law jurisdictions}} |
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[[File:Sketch of an overview of the courtroom that includes the judges bench and the defense table. 24.jpg|thumb|300px|right|upright|At [[common law]], an attorney not licensed to practice in a particular jurisdiction may be permitted to appear ''pro hac vice'']] |
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''''' |
In the legal field in the United States, '''''pro hac vice''''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|p|r|oʊ|_|h|æ|k|_|'|v|i:|tʃ|ei}})<ref>{{smallcaps|Black's Law Dictionary}} (8th Ed.)</ref> is a practice in [[common law]] jurisdictions whereby a [[lawyer]] who has not been admitted to practice in a certain [[jurisdiction]] is allowed to participate in a particular case in that jurisdiction.<ref>Scott J. Goldstein, [http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2513&context=mlr/ ''Constitutional Law: Attorney Not Entitled to Hearing upon Denial of Admission Pro Hac Vice''], 44 {{smallcaps|Mo. L. Rev.}} 772, 773 (1979) (discussing common law origins of doctrine).</ref> Although ''pro hac vice'' admission is available in every American jurisdiction,<ref name = LII>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/pro_hac_vice/ {{smallcaps|Legal Information Institute}}, Cornell University Law School] (Accessed July 13, 2015) (discussing existence of pro hac vice statutes in all fifty states)</ref> [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions generally have much stricter rules for multi-jurisdictional practice.<ref>See, e.g., Ruggero J. Aldisert, ''Rambling Through Continental Legal Systems'', 43 {{smallcaps|U. Pitt. L. Rev.}} 935, 945 (1982) (observing that in Germany, "simultaneous admission to the Amtsgericht (Justice of the Peace) and to the Landgericht (trial court of general jurisdiction) is permitted, but simultaneous admission to two Landgerichte is possible only in exceptional cases.")</ref> |
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The term has a different meaning when used by the Catholic Church or under [[maritime law]]. |
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==Origins== |
==Origins== |
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''Pro hac vice'' is Latin "for this occasion" or "for this event" (literally, "for this turn"). |
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The origins of the doctrine of admission ''pro hac vice'' have been traced as far back as 1629 in the [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|English Court of Common Pleas]].<ref>Scott J. Goldstein, [http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2513&context=mlr/ ''Constitutional Law: Attorney Not Entitled to Hearing upon Denial of Admission Pro Hac Vice''], 44 {{smallcaps|Mo. L. Rev.}} 772, 773 (1979); see also ''Cooper v. Hutchinson'', 184 F.2d 119, 124 (3d Cir. 1950) (citing ''Thursby v. Warren'', 4 Car. 1 79 Eng.Rep. 738 (C.P. 1629))</ref> The doctrine appeared in America as early as 1735 in the [[New York (state)|New York]] [[John Peter Zenger#Libel case|trial of John Peter Zenger]] for [[libel]], when the [[Philadelphia]] attorney [[Andrew Hamilton (lawyer)|Andrew Hamilton]] was permitted to appear on Zenger's behalf.<ref name = LII/> By 1876, the custom had become "general and uniform" in the United States.<ref>''Cooper v. Hutchinson'', 184 F.2d 119, 122 (3d Cir. 1950) (internal citations omitted)</ref> |
The origins of the doctrine of admission ''pro hac vice'' have been traced as far back as 1629 in the [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|English Court of Common Pleas]].<ref>Scott J. Goldstein, [http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2513&context=mlr/ ''Constitutional Law: Attorney Not Entitled to Hearing upon Denial of Admission Pro Hac Vice''], 44 {{smallcaps|Mo. L. Rev.}} 772, 773 (1979); see also ''Cooper v. Hutchinson'', 184 F.2d 119, 124 (3d Cir. 1950) (citing ''Thursby v. Warren'', 4 Car. 1 79 Eng.Rep. 738 (C.P. 1629))</ref> The doctrine appeared in America as early as 1735 in the [[New York (state)|New York]] [[John Peter Zenger#Libel case|trial of John Peter Zenger]] for [[libel]], when the [[Philadelphia]] attorney [[Andrew Hamilton (lawyer)|Andrew Hamilton]] was permitted to appear on Zenger's behalf.<ref name = LII/> By 1876, the custom had become "general and uniform" in the United States.<ref>''Cooper v. Hutchinson'', 184 F.2d 119, 122 (3d Cir. 1950) (internal citations omitted)</ref> |
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==Modern application in common law jurisdictions== |
==Modern application in common law jurisdictions== |
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The right to appear {{lang|la|pro hac vice}} is not guaranteed, and 50-state surveys have shown that "most jurisdictions intend for pro hac vice admission to be used on a sparing and occasional basis."<ref name = LII/> Generally, the attorney who requests authorization to practice in a jurisdiction within which they are not licensed must specifically request permission from the court to be able to appear as an attorney of record.<ref name = LII/> Depending on the local rules and procedures, this may be accomplished with a [[Motion (legal)|motion]] to appear {{lang|la|pro hac vice}}, in which an attorney who is licensed in the jurisdiction requests that the non‐licensed attorney be admitted to practice in a particular case.<ref name = LII/> In most jurisdictions, an attorney appearing ''pro hac vice'' must continue to associate with a locally licensed attorney (referred to as "local counsel"), though the degree to which the local counsel is required or expected to participate in the matter varies widely; some courts may require local counsel to sign documents and appear in court,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/resources/alexandriahints.html|title=Eastern District Court of Virginia - |
The right to appear {{lang|la|pro hac vice}} is not guaranteed, and 50-state surveys have shown that "most jurisdictions intend for pro hac vice admission to be used on a sparing and occasional basis."<ref name = LII/> Generally, the attorney who requests authorization to practice in a jurisdiction within which they are not licensed must specifically request permission from the court to be able to appear as an attorney of record.<ref name = LII/> Depending on the local rules and procedures, this may be accomplished with a [[Motion (legal)|motion]] to appear {{lang|la|pro hac vice}}, in which an attorney who is licensed in the jurisdiction requests that the non‐licensed attorney be admitted to practice in a particular case.<ref name = LII/> In most jurisdictions, an attorney appearing ''pro hac vice'' must continue to associate with a locally licensed attorney (referred to as "local counsel"), though the degree to which the local counsel is required or expected to participate in the matter varies widely; some courts may require local counsel to sign documents and appear in court,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/resources/alexandriahints.html|title=Eastern District Court of Virginia - Clerk's Office General Filing Tips - Alexandria Division|website=www.vaed.uscourts.gov|access-date=2018-11-20|quote=Attorneys who are admitted pro hac vice may endorse pleadings, however, our Local Rules require the endorsement of local (admitted) counsel on all pleadings. Attorneys who are admitted pro hac vice are not permitted to file electronically. It is the responsibility of local counsel to electronically file documents.}}</ref> while others may grant the ''pro hac vice'' counsel more independence.<ref name="LII" /> |
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In addition to the motion, the out-of-jurisdiction attorney is typically required to provide the court with a statement from |
In addition to the motion, the out-of-jurisdiction attorney is typically required to provide the court with a statement from their local [[bar association]] indicating that he or she is a member in good standing and also pay a small fee to the court or its local bar association. For example, there is a $25 annual fee in the [[United States District Court for the District of Delaware]],<ref>[http://www.ded.uscourts.gov/pro-hac-vice {{smallcaps|United States District Court for the District of Delaware}}, Pro Hac Vice] (Accessed July 13, 2015).</ref> and the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] charges a $200 fee to file a motion for admission ''pro hac vice''.<ref>[http://nysd.uscourts.gov/fees.php {{smallcaps|United States District Court for the Southern District of New York}}, District Court Fee Schedule and Related Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109224454/http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/fees.php |date=2019-01-09 }} (Accessed July 13, 2015)</ref> |
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==Catholic Church use== |
==Catholic Church use== |
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The expression is also used in the [[Catholic Church]] when a [[titular diocese]] becomes the title of an archbishop rather than of a bishop. Similarly, when a Cardinal-Deacon is promoted to Cardinal-Priest he usually retains his titular deaconry. This deaconry is then said to be elevated ''pro hac vice'' to the rank of a titular church. When referring to a titular diocese or titular deaconry which once was elevated ''pro hac vice'' but by now has reverted to its original rank the term ''pro illa vice'' is used in church documents. |
The expression is also used in the [[Catholic Church]] when a [[titular diocese]] becomes the title of an archbishop rather than of a bishop. Similarly, when a Cardinal-Deacon is promoted to Cardinal-Priest he usually retains his titular deaconry. This deaconry is then said to be elevated ''pro hac vice'' to the rank of a titular church. When referring to a titular diocese or titular deaconry which once was elevated ''pro hac vice'' but by now has reverted to its original rank the term ''pro illa vice'' is used in church documents.{{cn|date=April 2023}} |
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==Other uses== |
==Other uses== |
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In [[maritime law]], a [[Bareboat charter|demise charterer]] is considered the owner ''pro hac vice'' for limited liability purposes, whereas time or voyage charterers are not.<ref>Roman T. Keenan, [http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2917&context=mulr/ ''Charter Parties and Bills of Lading''], 42 {{smallcaps|Marquette L. Rev.}} 346 (1959)</ref> |
In [[maritime law]], a [[Bareboat charter|demise charterer]] is considered the owner ''pro hac vice'' for limited liability purposes, whereas time or voyage charterers are not.<ref>Roman T. Keenan, [http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2917&context=mulr/ ''Charter Parties and Bills of Lading''], 42 {{smallcaps|Marquette L. Rev.}} 346 (1959)</ref> |
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==Notable |
==Notable examples== |
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Although neither [[William Jennings Bryan]] nor [[Clarence Darrow]] was licensed to practice law in [[Tennessee]], both were permitted to appear in the [[Scopes Trial]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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* Although neither [[William Jennings Bryan]] nor [[Clarence Darrow]] were licensed to practice law in [[Tennessee]], both were permitted to appear in the [[Scopes trial]].<ref>''Leis v. Flynt'', [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 439|439]] [[United States Reports|U.S.]] [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/439/438/ 438] (1979).</ref><ref>Pamela A. McManus, [https://www.westlaw.com/Document/Icc9819e036f111db8382aef8d8e33c97/View/FullText.html?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&VR=3.0&RS=cblt1.0|''Have Law License; Will Travel''], 15 {{smallcaps|Geo. J. Legal Ethics}} 527, 543 (2002).</ref> |
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* In the film ''[[Marshall (film)|Marshall]]'', [[Thurgood Marshall|Thurgood Marshall's]] ''pro hac vice'' motion is depicted being denied by racist officials, forcing a local attorney to serve as lead counsel for the [[Trial of Joseph Spell|remainder of the trial]].<ref>[https://silverscreenanalysis.com/marshall-movie-review/|"Marshall | Movie Review"]. ''The SilverScreen Analysis''. October 13, 2017.</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 02:42, 25 April 2024
In the legal field in the United States, pro hac vice (English: /proʊ hæk ˈviːtʃeɪ/)[1] is a practice in common law jurisdictions whereby a lawyer who has not been admitted to practice in a certain jurisdiction is allowed to participate in a particular case in that jurisdiction.[2] Although pro hac vice admission is available in every American jurisdiction,[3] civil law jurisdictions generally have much stricter rules for multi-jurisdictional practice.[4]
The term has a different meaning when used by the Catholic Church or under maritime law.
Origins
[edit]Pro hac vice is Latin "for this occasion" or "for this event" (literally, "for this turn"). The origins of the doctrine of admission pro hac vice have been traced as far back as 1629 in the English Court of Common Pleas.[5] The doctrine appeared in America as early as 1735 in the New York trial of John Peter Zenger for libel, when the Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton was permitted to appear on Zenger's behalf.[3] By 1876, the custom had become "general and uniform" in the United States.[6]
Modern application in common law jurisdictions
[edit]The right to appear pro hac vice is not guaranteed, and 50-state surveys have shown that "most jurisdictions intend for pro hac vice admission to be used on a sparing and occasional basis."[3] Generally, the attorney who requests authorization to practice in a jurisdiction within which they are not licensed must specifically request permission from the court to be able to appear as an attorney of record.[3] Depending on the local rules and procedures, this may be accomplished with a motion to appear pro hac vice, in which an attorney who is licensed in the jurisdiction requests that the non‐licensed attorney be admitted to practice in a particular case.[3] In most jurisdictions, an attorney appearing pro hac vice must continue to associate with a locally licensed attorney (referred to as "local counsel"), though the degree to which the local counsel is required or expected to participate in the matter varies widely; some courts may require local counsel to sign documents and appear in court,[7] while others may grant the pro hac vice counsel more independence.[3]
In addition to the motion, the out-of-jurisdiction attorney is typically required to provide the court with a statement from their local bar association indicating that he or she is a member in good standing and also pay a small fee to the court or its local bar association. For example, there is a $25 annual fee in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware,[8] and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York charges a $200 fee to file a motion for admission pro hac vice.[9]
Catholic Church use
[edit]The expression is also used in the Catholic Church when a titular diocese becomes the title of an archbishop rather than of a bishop. Similarly, when a Cardinal-Deacon is promoted to Cardinal-Priest he usually retains his titular deaconry. This deaconry is then said to be elevated pro hac vice to the rank of a titular church. When referring to a titular diocese or titular deaconry which once was elevated pro hac vice but by now has reverted to its original rank the term pro illa vice is used in church documents.[citation needed]
Other uses
[edit]In maritime law, a demise charterer is considered the owner pro hac vice for limited liability purposes, whereas time or voyage charterers are not.[10]
Notable examples
[edit]- Although neither William Jennings Bryan nor Clarence Darrow were licensed to practice law in Tennessee, both were permitted to appear in the Scopes trial.[11][12]
- In the film Marshall, Thurgood Marshall's pro hac vice motion is depicted being denied by racist officials, forcing a local attorney to serve as lead counsel for the remainder of the trial.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ Black's Law Dictionary (8th Ed.)
- ^ Scott J. Goldstein, Constitutional Law: Attorney Not Entitled to Hearing upon Denial of Admission Pro Hac Vice, 44 Mo. L. Rev. 772, 773 (1979) (discussing common law origins of doctrine).
- ^ a b c d e f Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School (Accessed July 13, 2015) (discussing existence of pro hac vice statutes in all fifty states)
- ^ See, e.g., Ruggero J. Aldisert, Rambling Through Continental Legal Systems, 43 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 935, 945 (1982) (observing that in Germany, "simultaneous admission to the Amtsgericht (Justice of the Peace) and to the Landgericht (trial court of general jurisdiction) is permitted, but simultaneous admission to two Landgerichte is possible only in exceptional cases.")
- ^ Scott J. Goldstein, Constitutional Law: Attorney Not Entitled to Hearing upon Denial of Admission Pro Hac Vice, 44 Mo. L. Rev. 772, 773 (1979); see also Cooper v. Hutchinson, 184 F.2d 119, 124 (3d Cir. 1950) (citing Thursby v. Warren, 4 Car. 1 79 Eng.Rep. 738 (C.P. 1629))
- ^ Cooper v. Hutchinson, 184 F.2d 119, 122 (3d Cir. 1950) (internal citations omitted)
- ^ "Eastern District Court of Virginia - Clerk's Office General Filing Tips - Alexandria Division". www.vaed.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
Attorneys who are admitted pro hac vice may endorse pleadings, however, our Local Rules require the endorsement of local (admitted) counsel on all pleadings. Attorneys who are admitted pro hac vice are not permitted to file electronically. It is the responsibility of local counsel to electronically file documents.
- ^ United States District Court for the District of Delaware, Pro Hac Vice (Accessed July 13, 2015).
- ^ United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, District Court Fee Schedule and Related Information Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed July 13, 2015)
- ^ Roman T. Keenan, Charter Parties and Bills of Lading, 42 Marquette L. Rev. 346 (1959)
- ^ Leis v. Flynt, 439 U.S. 438 (1979).
- ^ Pamela A. McManus, Have Law License; Will Travel, 15 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 527, 543 (2002).
- ^ "Marshall | Movie Review". The SilverScreen Analysis. October 13, 2017.