Second Battle of Çatalca: Difference between revisions
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|combatant2={{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]] |
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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|commander1={{flagicon|Bulgaria|1878}} [[Radko Dimitriev]] |
|commander1={{flagicon|Bulgaria|1878}} [[Radko Dimitriev]] |
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|commander2={{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[ |
|commander2={{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Nazim Pasha]] |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The [[Bulgaria]]n advance at the beginning of the First Balkan War stalled at the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortifications at Çatalca in November 1912 at the [[First Battle of Çatalca]]. A two-month [[ceasefire]] (armistice) was agreed to on 3 December [O.S. 20 November] 1912 to allow for peace talks to proceed in [[London]]. The talks there stalled when on 23 January [O.S. 10 January] 1913 an Ottoman [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|coup d'état]] returned [[Committee of Union and Progress|Unionists]] to power, with their non-negotiable stance on retaining [[Edirne]].<ref name="Zurcher">{{Cite book|last=Zurcher |first=Erik Jan |year=2004 |title=Turkey: A Modern History |edition=3rd|location=London |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8qL3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113 113–114] |isbn=978-1-86064-958-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Feroz Ahmad|author-link=Feroz Ahmad|year=2014 |title=Turkey: The Quest for Identity |edition=second |location=London |publisher=Oneworld |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMRpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 44] |isbn=978-1-78074-301-1}}</ref> Hostilities resumed upon expiration of the armistice, on 3 February [O.S. 21 January] 1913, and the Second Battle of Çatalca began.<ref name="Zurcher" /> |
The [[Bulgaria]]n advance at the beginning of the [[First Balkan War]] stalled at the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortifications at [[Çatalca]] in November 1912 at the [[First Battle of Çatalca]]. A two-month [[ceasefire]] (armistice) was agreed to on 3 December [O.S. 20 November] 1912 to allow for peace talks to proceed in [[London]]. The talks there stalled when on 23 January [O.S. 10 January] 1913 an Ottoman [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|coup d'état]] returned [[Committee of Union and Progress|Unionists]] to power, with their non-negotiable stance on retaining [[Edirne]].<ref name="Zurcher">{{Cite book|last=Zurcher |first=Erik Jan |year=2004 |title=Turkey: A Modern History |edition=3rd|location=London |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8qL3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113 113–114] |isbn=978-1-86064-958-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Feroz Ahmad|author-link=Feroz Ahmad|year=2014 |title=Turkey: The Quest for Identity |edition=second |location=London |publisher=Oneworld |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMRpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 44] |isbn=978-1-78074-301-1}}</ref> Hostilities resumed upon expiration of the armistice, on 3 February [O.S. 21 January] 1913, and the Second Battle of Çatalca began.<ref name="Zurcher" /> |
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==Battle== |
==Battle== |
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The battle consisted of a series of thrusts and counter-thrusts by both the Ottomans and the [[Bulgarians]].<ref name="Erickson">{{Cite book|last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |year=2003|title=Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3fYuy5iUi_sC&pg=PA285 285 ff.]|isbn=978-0-275-97888-4}}</ref> On 20 February the Ottomans, in coordination with a separate attack from [[Gallipoli]], charged the Bulgarian positions. Although the Bulgarians repulsed the initial attack, they were weakened enough that they withdrew over fifteen kilometers to the south and twenty kilometers to the west to secondary defensive positions; but eventually the lines returned to essentially the originals. The Bulgarians then moved a section of their army south threatening [[Çanakkale]]. The separate [[Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)|siege of Edirne]] resulted in its loss to the [[Bulgarians]] on 26 March, sapping Ottoman morale; and with heavy Bulgarian losses to both fighting and [[cholera]], the battle dwindled down and ceased by 3 April 1913.<ref name="Erickson" /> On 16 April a second ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to, ending the last fighting in the war.<ref name="Zurcher" /> |
The battle consisted of a series of thrusts and counter-thrusts by both the Ottomans and the [[Bulgarians]].<ref name="Erickson">{{Cite book|last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |year=2003|title=Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3fYuy5iUi_sC&pg=PA285 285 ff.]|isbn=978-0-275-97888-4}}</ref> On 20 February the Ottomans, in coordination with a separate attack from [[Gallipoli]], charged the Bulgarian positions. Although the Bulgarians repulsed the initial attack with support from the [[Greek Navy]] in the [[Thracian Sea]], they were weakened enough that they withdrew over fifteen kilometers to the south and twenty kilometers to the west to secondary defensive positions; but eventually the lines returned to essentially the originals. The Bulgarians then moved a section of their army south threatening [[Çanakkale]]. The separate [[Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)|siege of Edirne]] resulted in its loss to the [[Bulgarians]] on 26 March, sapping Ottoman morale; and with heavy Bulgarian losses to both fighting and [[cholera]], the battle dwindled down and ceased by 3 April 1913.<ref name="Erickson" /> On 16 April a second ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to, ending the last fighting in the war.<ref name="Zurcher" /> |
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==Results== |
==Results== |
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Latest revision as of 16:37, 25 April 2024
| Second Battle of Çatalca | |||||||
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| Part of First Balkan War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Bulgaria |
 Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Radko Dimitriev |
Nazim Pasha | ||||||
The Second Battle of Çatalca fought between 3 February 1913 and 3 April 1913 was a major "continuous skirmish" of the First Balkan War.
Background
[edit]The Bulgarian advance at the beginning of the First Balkan War stalled at the Ottoman fortifications at Çatalca in November 1912 at the First Battle of Çatalca. A two-month ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to on 3 December [O.S. 20 November] 1912 to allow for peace talks to proceed in London. The talks there stalled when on 23 January [O.S. 10 January] 1913 an Ottoman coup d'état returned Unionists to power, with their non-negotiable stance on retaining Edirne.[1][2] Hostilities resumed upon expiration of the armistice, on 3 February [O.S. 21 January] 1913, and the Second Battle of Çatalca began.[1]
Battle
[edit]The battle consisted of a series of thrusts and counter-thrusts by both the Ottomans and the Bulgarians.[3] On 20 February the Ottomans, in coordination with a separate attack from Gallipoli, charged the Bulgarian positions. Although the Bulgarians repulsed the initial attack with support from the Greek Navy in the Thracian Sea, they were weakened enough that they withdrew over fifteen kilometers to the south and twenty kilometers to the west to secondary defensive positions; but eventually the lines returned to essentially the originals. The Bulgarians then moved a section of their army south threatening Çanakkale. The separate siege of Edirne resulted in its loss to the Bulgarians on 26 March, sapping Ottoman morale; and with heavy Bulgarian losses to both fighting and cholera, the battle dwindled down and ceased by 3 April 1913.[3] On 16 April a second ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to, ending the last fighting in the war.[1]
Results
[edit]The Ottomans held the "Çatalca Line", but failed to advance. The loss of Edirne ended the major Ottoman objection to peace and the Treaty of London on 10 June 1913 codified the Ottoman loss of territory.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Zurcher, Erik Jan (2004). Turkey: A Modern History (3rd ed.). London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-86064-958-5.
- ^ Feroz Ahmad (2014). Turkey: The Quest for Identity (second ed.). London: Oneworld. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-78074-301-1.
- ^ a b Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 285 ff. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.