China–Kosovo relations: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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The [[Chinese government]] has had a geopolitical interest in Kosovo since the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]. The Chinese government saw the bombing as an example of US aggression in service of American goals, and worried that it could create a precedent for US military intervention in China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dreyer |first1=June Teufel |title=The PLA and the Kosovo Conflict |date=2000 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11799 |access-date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College}}</ref> |
The [[Chinese government]] has had a geopolitical interest in Kosovo since the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]. The Chinese government saw the bombing as an example of US aggression in service of American goals, and worried that it could create a precedent for US military intervention in China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dreyer |first1=June Teufel |title=The PLA and the Kosovo Conflict |date=2000 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11799 |access-date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College}}</ref> |
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Prior to Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, then [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Minister of Foreign Affairs of China]] [[Li Zhaoxing]], during his visit to [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2005, reiterated China's support to territorial integrity of Serbia and that the final resolution to Kosovo would have to take place under the auspices of the United Nations and parameters established by the [[United Nations Security Council]] resolutions.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42895871|title=China's Yugoslav Nightmare|first1=Christopher |last1=Marsh|first2=Nikolas K.|last2=Gvosdev|newspaper=JSTOR (The National Interest)|date=2006|issue=84 |pages=106|jstor=42895871 |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> |
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After [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]]'s [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence]] from [[Serbia]] was enacted on Sunday, 17 February 2008, by a unanimous vote of the [[Assembly of Kosovo]], all 11 representatives of the [[Serbia|Serb minority]] boycotted the proceedings.<ref>[http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/proc/trans_s_2008_02_17_al.pdf Transkript: Nga Seanca Plenare e Jashtëzakonshme Solemne e Kuvendit Të Kosovës Me Rastin e Shpalljes Së Pavarësisë, Të Mbajtur Më 17 Shkurt 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028212537/http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/proc/trans_s_2008_02_17_al.pdf|date=2008-10-28}}, Republic of Kosovo Assembly, 2008-02-17 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249034.stm Kosovo MPs proclaim independence], BBC, 2008-02-17</ref> International reaction was mixed, and the world community continues to be divided on the issue of the [[international recognition of Kosovo]]. In February 2008, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Ministry]] made a statement stressing that the PRC "expresses grave concern" over Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. The Minister added that: "The resolution of the Kosovo issue bares {{sic}} on peace and stability of the Balkan region, the fundamental norms governing international relations as well as the authority and role of the UNSC. China always believes that a plan acceptable to both Serbia and Kosovo through negotiations is the best way to resolve this issue. The unilateral move taken by Kosovo will lead to a series of consequences. China is deeply worried about its severe and negative impact on peace and stability of the Balkan region and the goal of establishing a multi-ethnic society in Kosovo. China calls upon Serbia and Kosovo to continue negotiations for a proper resolution within the framework of the international law and work together to safeguard peace and stability of the Balkan region. The international community should create favorable conditions for that".<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t408032.htm Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Remarks on Kosovo's Unilateral Declaration of Independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 2008-02 -18</ref> |
After [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]]'s [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declaration of independence]] from [[Serbia]] was enacted on Sunday, 17 February 2008, by a unanimous vote of the [[Assembly of Kosovo]], all 11 representatives of the [[Serbia|Serb minority]] boycotted the proceedings.<ref>[http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/proc/trans_s_2008_02_17_al.pdf Transkript: Nga Seanca Plenare e Jashtëzakonshme Solemne e Kuvendit Të Kosovës Me Rastin e Shpalljes Së Pavarësisë, Të Mbajtur Më 17 Shkurt 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028212537/http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/proc/trans_s_2008_02_17_al.pdf|date=2008-10-28}}, Republic of Kosovo Assembly, 2008-02-17 (in Albanian)</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249034.stm Kosovo MPs proclaim independence], BBC, 2008-02-17</ref> International reaction was mixed, and the world community continues to be divided on the issue of the [[international recognition of Kosovo]]. In February 2008, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Ministry]] made a statement stressing that the PRC "expresses grave concern" over Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. The Minister added that: "The resolution of the Kosovo issue bares {{sic}} on peace and stability of the Balkan region, the fundamental norms governing international relations as well as the authority and role of the UNSC. China always believes that a plan acceptable to both Serbia and Kosovo through negotiations is the best way to resolve this issue. The unilateral move taken by Kosovo will lead to a series of consequences. China is deeply worried about its severe and negative impact on peace and stability of the Balkan region and the goal of establishing a multi-ethnic society in Kosovo. China calls upon Serbia and Kosovo to continue negotiations for a proper resolution within the framework of the international law and work together to safeguard peace and stability of the Balkan region. The international community should create favorable conditions for that".<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t408032.htm Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Remarks on Kosovo's Unilateral Declaration of Independence], Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 2008-02 -18</ref> |
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According to analysis from the ''[[German Law Journal]]'', China's position on Kosovo's status is influenced both by China's principled commitment to non-interference as well as by China's interests with respect to separatist movements in [[Tibet]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence"/> |
According to analysis from the ''[[German Law Journal]]'', China's position on Kosovo's status is influenced both by China's principled commitment to non-interference as well as by China's interests with respect to separatist movements in [[Tibet]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence"/> The [[government of Taiwan]] recognized Kosovo as independent on 20 February 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan recognizes Kosovo in move likely to anger China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-kosovo-idUSTP33781020080220 |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=20 February 2008 |language=en}}</ref> |
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On 23 August 2009, the presidents of Serbia and China, [[Boris Tadić]] and [[Hu Jintao]], signed a joint declaration on the establishment of strategic partnerships. In point VI this document reconfirms that China respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia. It considers that the best way to resolve the Kosovo issue is to develop a plan that would be acceptable for both sides, through dialogue and negotiations between the Government of Serbia and Kosovo authorities, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and relevant resolutions of the UNSC, within international law. The declaration says that unilateral action will not contribute to resolving this issue, and that the international community should create favourable conditions for solving it.<ref>[http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=882494 Zajednička izjava Srbije i Kine], Vreme, 2009-08-20 (in Serbian)</ref> |
On 23 August 2009, the presidents of Serbia and China, [[Boris Tadić]] and [[Hu Jintao]], signed a joint declaration on the establishment of strategic partnerships. In point VI this document reconfirms that China respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia. It considers that the best way to resolve the Kosovo issue is to develop a plan that would be acceptable for both sides, through dialogue and negotiations between the Government of Serbia and Kosovo authorities, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and relevant resolutions of the UNSC, within international law. The declaration says that unilateral action will not contribute to resolving this issue, and that the international community should create favourable conditions for solving it.<ref>[http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=882494 Zajednička izjava Srbije i Kine], Vreme, 2009-08-20 (in Serbian)</ref> |
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In December 2009, for the first time in its history, China entered a process before the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ).<ref name="Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence">{{cite journal |last1=Jamar |first1=Hanna |last2=Vigness |first2=Mary Katherine |title=Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence |journal=German Law Journal |date=August 2010 |volume=11 |issue= |
In December 2009, for the first time in its history, China entered a process before the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ).<ref name="Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence">{{cite journal |last1=Jamar |first1=Hanna |last2=Vigness |first2=Mary Katherine |title=Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence |journal=German Law Journal |date=August 2010 |volume=11 |issue=7–8 |pages=913–928 |doi=10.1017/S2071832200018927 |s2cid=142427067 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/german-law-journal/article/applying-kosovo-looking-to-russia-china-spain-and-beyond-after-the-international-court-of-justice-opinion-on-unilateral-declarations-of-independence/8A9AAA20549A0A2A70611F43090CCB56 |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=en |issn=2071-8322}}</ref> China backed the position of Serbia saying that sovereign states have a right to prevent unilateral secessions and protect their integrity.<ref>[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=12&dd=07&nav_id=63568 China: Kosovo declaration violates intl. law] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410153504/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=12&dd=07&nav_id=63568|date=10 April 2010}}, B92, 2009-12-07</ref> |
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[[Kosovo at the 2022 Winter Olympics|Kosovo participated in the 2022 Winter Olympics]] in Beijing. The government of Kosovo announced in 2021 that it would participate in the US-led diplomatic boycott of Olympics, meaning that Kosovo's team would participate but the [[president of Kosovo]] would not participate as head of the delegation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kosova bojkoton Lojrat Olimpike në Pekin |url=https://alsat.mk/kosova-bojkoton-lojrat-olimpike-ne-pekin/ |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Alsat |date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=科索沃宣布抵制北京冬奧會 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20211209-%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B6%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%86%AC%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%83 |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=RFI - 法國國際廣播電台 |date=9 December 2021 |language=zh-Hant}}</ref> |
[[Kosovo at the 2022 Winter Olympics|Kosovo participated in the 2022 Winter Olympics]] in Beijing. The government of Kosovo announced in 2021 that it would participate in the US-led diplomatic boycott of Olympics, meaning that Kosovo's team would participate but the [[president of Kosovo]] would not participate as head of the delegation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kosova bojkoton Lojrat Olimpike në Pekin |url=https://alsat.mk/kosova-bojkoton-lojrat-olimpike-ne-pekin/ |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Alsat |date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=科索沃宣布抵制北京冬奧會 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20211209-%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B6%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%86%AC%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%83 |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=RFI - 法國國際廣播電台 |date=9 December 2021 |language=zh-Hant}}</ref> |
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On 30 May 2023, following the escalation of the [[2022–2023 North Kosovo crisis]], Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Mao Ning (diplomat)|Mao Ning]] stated that China supports "Serbia’s effort to safeguard sovereignty and territorial integrity, oppose unilateral actions by the temporary institutions in [[Pristina]] and call on it to perform its duty of establishing an association/community of Serb majority municipalities."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/fyrth/202305/t20230530_11086032.htm|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning's Regular Press Conference on May 30, 2023|newspaper=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Canada|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref> |
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== Economic ties == |
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Although China and Kosovo do not have formal relations, their trade ties have been increasing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kosovo |url=https://ecfr.eu/special/china-balkans/kosovo/ |website=ECFR |access-date=26 May 2023 |date=16 March 2022}}</ref> In an interview with Indian news outlet ''[[The Print]]'', former [[Prime Minister of Kosovo]] [[Ramush Haradinaj]] stated that despite the lack of formal ties, the Chinese are open to all economic exchanges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/modi-jaishankar-should-treat-us-as-partner-allow-trade-travel-says-kosovo-ex-pm-haradinaj/1263795/|title=Modi & Jaishankar should treat us as partner, allow trade & travel, says Kosovo ex-PM Haradinaj|newspaper=The Print|first=Pia|last=Krishnankutty|date=2022-12-14|access-date=2024-01-28}}</ref> Typically, Chinese companies operating in Kosovo do so from a base in [[Albania]] or, less commonly, in [[Serbia]].<ref name="Reactions to China clingendael">{{cite web |title=Reactions to China in the Western Balkans countries {{!}} China and the EU in the Western Balkans |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2020/china-and-the-eu-in-the-western-balkans/2-reactions-to-china-in-the-western-balkans-countries/ |website=www.clingendael.org |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> Chinese [[foreign direct investment]] in Kosovo is at a low level, though Chinese entities were involved in submitting an unsuccessful bid to construct [[Kosova e Re]].<ref name="Reactions to China clingendael"/> The Chinese telecommunications company [[Huawei]] also made an unsuccessful offer to build Kosovo's [[5G]] network.<ref name="Reactions to China clingendael"/> |
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Tourism and business travel between Kosovo and China have been increasing.<ref name="Reactions to China clingendael"/> |
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* [[China–Serbia relations]] |
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* [[China's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]] |
* [[China's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:43, 25 April 2024
 | This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (May 2023) |
 China |
 Kosovo |
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China and Kosovo do not have formal diplomatic relations as China does not recognize Kosovo as a sovereign state. However, China has a liaison office in Kosovo, and trade ties are increasing.[1]
China's liaison office in Pristina has five staff members. Kosovo does not maintain representation in China.[2]
History
[edit]The Chinese government has had a geopolitical interest in Kosovo since the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The Chinese government saw the bombing as an example of US aggression in service of American goals, and worried that it could create a precedent for US military intervention in China.[3]
Prior to Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, then Minister of Foreign Affairs of China Li Zhaoxing, during his visit to Serbia and Montenegro in 2005, reiterated China's support to territorial integrity of Serbia and that the final resolution to Kosovo would have to take place under the auspices of the United Nations and parameters established by the United Nations Security Council resolutions.[4]
After Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia was enacted on Sunday, 17 February 2008, by a unanimous vote of the Assembly of Kosovo, all 11 representatives of the Serb minority boycotted the proceedings.[5][6] International reaction was mixed, and the world community continues to be divided on the issue of the international recognition of Kosovo. In February 2008, the Chinese Foreign Ministry made a statement stressing that the PRC "expresses grave concern" over Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. The Minister added that: "The resolution of the Kosovo issue bares [sic] on peace and stability of the Balkan region, the fundamental norms governing international relations as well as the authority and role of the UNSC. China always believes that a plan acceptable to both Serbia and Kosovo through negotiations is the best way to resolve this issue. The unilateral move taken by Kosovo will lead to a series of consequences. China is deeply worried about its severe and negative impact on peace and stability of the Balkan region and the goal of establishing a multi-ethnic society in Kosovo. China calls upon Serbia and Kosovo to continue negotiations for a proper resolution within the framework of the international law and work together to safeguard peace and stability of the Balkan region. The international community should create favorable conditions for that".[7]
According to analysis from the German Law Journal, China's position on Kosovo's status is influenced both by China's principled commitment to non-interference as well as by China's interests with respect to separatist movements in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Taiwan.[8] The government of Taiwan recognized Kosovo as independent on 20 February 2008.[9]
On 23 August 2009, the presidents of Serbia and China, Boris Tadić and Hu Jintao, signed a joint declaration on the establishment of strategic partnerships. In point VI this document reconfirms that China respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia. It considers that the best way to resolve the Kosovo issue is to develop a plan that would be acceptable for both sides, through dialogue and negotiations between the Government of Serbia and Kosovo authorities, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and relevant resolutions of the UNSC, within international law. The declaration says that unilateral action will not contribute to resolving this issue, and that the international community should create favourable conditions for solving it.[10]
In December 2009, for the first time in its history, China entered a process before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).[8] China backed the position of Serbia saying that sovereign states have a right to prevent unilateral secessions and protect their integrity.[11]
Kosovo participated in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The government of Kosovo announced in 2021 that it would participate in the US-led diplomatic boycott of Olympics, meaning that Kosovo's team would participate but the president of Kosovo would not participate as head of the delegation.[12][13]
On 30 May 2023, following the escalation of the 2022–2023 North Kosovo crisis, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning stated that China supports "Serbia’s effort to safeguard sovereignty and territorial integrity, oppose unilateral actions by the temporary institutions in Pristina and call on it to perform its duty of establishing an association/community of Serb majority municipalities."[14]
Economic ties
[edit]Although China and Kosovo do not have formal relations, their trade ties have been increasing.[15] In an interview with Indian news outlet The Print, former Prime Minister of Kosovo Ramush Haradinaj stated that despite the lack of formal ties, the Chinese are open to all economic exchanges.[16] Typically, Chinese companies operating in Kosovo do so from a base in Albania or, less commonly, in Serbia.[17] Chinese foreign direct investment in Kosovo is at a low level, though Chinese entities were involved in submitting an unsuccessful bid to construct Kosova e Re.[17] The Chinese telecommunications company Huawei also made an unsuccessful offer to build Kosovo's 5G network.[17]
Tourism and business travel between Kosovo and China have been increasing.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Kosovo". ECFR. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "China and the EU in the Western Balkans" (PDF). Netherlands Institute of International Relations. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Dreyer, June Teufel (2000). The PLA and the Kosovo Conflict. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Marsh, Christopher; Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2006). "China's Yugoslav Nightmare". JSTOR (The National Interest) (84): 106. JSTOR 42895871. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Transkript: Nga Seanca Plenare e Jashtëzakonshme Solemne e Kuvendit Të Kosovës Me Rastin e Shpalljes Së Pavarësisë, Të Mbajtur Më 17 Shkurt 2008 Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, Republic of Kosovo Assembly, 2008-02-17 (in Albanian)
- ^ Kosovo MPs proclaim independence, BBC, 2008-02-17
- ^ Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Remarks on Kosovo's Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 2008-02 -18
- ^ a b Jamar, Hanna; Vigness, Mary Katherine (August 2010). "Applying Kosovo: Looking to Russia, China, Spain and Beyond After the International Court of Justice Opinion on Unilateral Declarations of Independence". German Law Journal. 11 (7–8): 913–928. doi:10.1017/S2071832200018927. ISSN 2071-8322. S2CID 142427067. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "Taiwan recognizes Kosovo in move likely to anger China". Reuters. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Zajednička izjava Srbije i Kine, Vreme, 2009-08-20 (in Serbian)
- ^ China: Kosovo declaration violates intl. law Archived 10 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, B92, 2009-12-07
- ^ "Kosova bojkoton Lojrat Olimpike në Pekin". Alsat. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "科索沃宣布抵制北京冬奧會". RFI - 法國國際廣播電台 (in Traditional Chinese). 9 December 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning's Regular Press Conference on May 30, 2023". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Canada. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- ^ "Kosovo". ECFR. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Krishnankutty, Pia (2022-12-14). "Modi & Jaishankar should treat us as partner, allow trade & travel, says Kosovo ex-PM Haradinaj". The Print. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ^ a b c d "Reactions to China in the Western Balkans countries | China and the EU in the Western Balkans". www.clingendael.org. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
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