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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox school
{{Infobox school
| name = Detroit Waldorf School
| name = Detroit Waldorf School
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| caption = Entrance to Detroit Waldorf (east side), 2015
| caption = Entrance to Detroit Waldorf (east side), 2015
| motto =
| motto =
| location = 2555 Burns, [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
| address = 2555 Burns Avenue
| country = {{USA}}
| city = [[Detroit]]
⚫
| state = [[Michigan]]
| zipcode = 48214
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|42.3645|-82.9975|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|42.3645|-82.9975|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Michigan#USA
| established = 1965
| established = 1965
| founders = Rudolf and Amelia Wilhelm<ref name = "cbs"/>
| founders = Rudolf and Amelia Wilhelm<ref name = "cbs"/>
⚫
| opened = 1966
| closed =
| closed =
| type = [[Waldorf education|Waldorf school]]
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[Waldorf education|Waldorf school]]
| district =
| district =
| grades = PreK - 8th
| grades = [[Pre-kindergarten|Pre-K]] - [[Eighth grade|8th]]
| enrollment = 240
| enrollment = 253
| staff = 68
| faculty =
| faculty =
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|4|acre|m2}}
| campus_size = {{convert|4|acre|m2}}
| tuition = $7,200 - $13,850
| team_name =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| newspaper =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed = yes
| embed = yes
| name = [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]]
| name = [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]]
| nrhp_type = cp | nocat = yes
| nrhp_type = cp
| nocat = yes
| area =
| area =
| built = 1913
| built = 1913
| architect= [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]]
| architect = [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]]
| architecture= [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]], [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]]
| architecture = [[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]], [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]]
| added = March 24, 1972
| added = March 24, 1972
| governing_body = Local
| refnum=72000667<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| refnum = 72000667<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| designated_other1 = Michigan State Historic Site
| designated_other1 = Michigan State Historic Site
| designated_other1_date = September 24, 2016<ref name = "dn2016"/>
| designated_other1_date = September 24, 2016<ref name = "dn2016"/>
| designated_other1_number = 2281
| designated_other1_number = 2281
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
}}
}}
}}
}}


The '''Detroit Waldorf School''' is a private PreK-8 [[Waldorf education|Waldorf school]] located at 2555 Burns, [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] in an [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]]-designed school in the historic [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]] neighborhood. In 2016, the building was designated a [[List of Michigan State Historic Sites|Michigan State Historic Site]].<ref name = "dn2016"/> The school is the only remaining private independent school in Detroit,<ref>{{cite newspaper | title = Friends School in Detroit to close because of money woes | author = Ann Zaniewski | newspaper = Detroit Free Press | date = August 28, 2015 | url = http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/08/27/friends-school-detroit-closing/71275888/}}</ref> and is one of the city's highest-rated schools, receiving five stars on GreatSchools.org.<ref name = "cbs">{{cite web | title = Rare, Independent Detroit School Celebrates 46 Years | date = October 18, 2012 | publisher = CBS Detroit | url = http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/10/18/rare-independent-detroit-school-celebrates-46-years/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref> As of 2016, 240 students were enrolled in the school.<ref name = "wdet"/>
The '''Detroit Waldorf School''' is a private PreK-8 [[Waldorf education|Waldorf school]] located at 2555 Burns, [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], United States, in an [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]]-designed school in the historic [[Indian Village, Detroit|Indian Village]] neighborhood. In 2016, the building was designated a [[List of Michigan State Historic Sites|Michigan State Historic Site]].<ref name = "dn2016"/> The school is the only remaining private independent school in Detroit,<ref>{{cite news | title = Friends School in Detroit to close because of money woes | author = Ann Zaniewski | newspaper = Detroit Free Press | date = August 28, 2015 | url = http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/08/27/friends-school-detroit-closing/71275888/}}</ref> and is one of the city's highest-rated schools, receiving five stars on GreatSchools.org.<ref name = "cbs">{{cite web | title = Rare, Independent Detroit School Celebrates 46 Years | date = October 18, 2012 | publisher = CBS Detroit | url = http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/10/18/rare-independent-detroit-school-celebrates-46-years/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref> As of 2016, 240 students were enrolled in the school.<ref name = "wdet"/>


==Building History==
==Building history==
[[File:Eastern Liggett.jpg|thumb|left|Eastern Liggett School c. 1916, showing the original 1913 building]]
[[File:Eastern Liggett.jpg|thumb|left|Eastern Liggett School c. 1916, showing the original 1913 building]]
In 1878, Rev. James D. Liggett settled in Detroit and established a small, independent school for girls, originally known as The Detroit Home and Day School, and later as The Liggett School.<ref name = "ligg">{{cite web| title = Our History | publisher = University Liggett School | url = http://www.uls.org/Page/About-Us/Our-History | accessdate = September 17, 2015}}</ref> The school was originally located at Grand River and Broadway in Detroit, but in 1888 moved to a new location at Cass and Stimson.<ref name = "burton">{{citation | title = The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922, Volume 1 | editor1 = Clarence Monroe Burton | editor2 = William Stocking | editor3 = Gordon K. Miller | publisher = S. J. Clarke publishing Company | year = 1922 | page = 778 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TUUzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA778#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The school grew steadily, and by 1907 had annexed an adjacent house.
In 1878, Rev. James D. Liggett settled in Detroit and established a small, independent school for girls, originally known as The Detroit Home and Day School, and later as The Liggett School.<ref name = "ligg">{{cite web | title = Our History | publisher = University Liggett School | url = http://www.uls.org/Page/About-Us/Our-History | accessdate = September 17, 2015 | archive-date = December 22, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171925/http://www.uls.org/Page/About-Us/Our-History | url-status = dead }}</ref> The school was originally located at Grand River and Broadway in Detroit, and quickly established itself with many of Detroit's most prominent families. The school incorporated in 1881, with a board of directors that included [[Dexter M. Ferry]], Jacob S. Farrand, and David Whitney, Jr. By 1883, the school had grown from 57 students to 194, and had outgrown its first home. The school moved to a new location at Cass and Stimson.<ref name = "hhh">{{citation | title = Century: The History of the Detroit Liggett School | author = Anne Getz Wormer | publisher = University Liggett School | date = 1981}}</ref> The school continued to grow steadily, and by 1897 had annexed an adjacent house.<ref name = "burton">{{citation | title = The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922, Volume 1 | editor1 = Clarence Monroe Burton | editor2 = William Stocking | editor3 = Gordon K. Miller | publisher = S. J. Clarke publishing Company | year = 1922 | page = 778 | isbn = 9785877163737 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TUUzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA778}}</ref> The next year, the school contracted [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] to design a gymnasium and other additions to the school, one of Kahn's first professional jobs.<ref name = "hhh"/>


In 1913, the school contracted [[Albert Kahn (architect)|Albert Kahn]] to design the original portion of this building along Charlevoix as a branch campus to serve students on the city's east side.<ref name = "burton"/><ref name = "iv">{{citation | title = Historic Indian Village House and Garden Tour | author = Indian Village Association Indian Village Garden Club | publisher = Indian Village Association and Indian Village Garden Club | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=76fhAAAAMAAJ | pages = 17, 18}}</ref> The building is one of only two schools designed by Kahn, and the only one still extant.<ref name = "green">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School Honored as one of the nation’s 100 "Places that Matter" | publisher = Greening of Detroit | date = June 7, 2011 | url = http://www.greeningdetroit.com/2011/06/07/detroit-waldorf-school-honored-as-one-of-the-nation%E2%80%99s-100-%E2%80%9Cplaces-that-matter%E2%80%9D/ | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> Kahn's design for the school drew from then-popular English influences,<ref name = "aia">{{citation | title = AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture | author1 = Eric J. Hill | author2 = John Gallagher | author3 = American Institute of Architects, Detroit Chapter | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year = 2003 | ISBN = 9780814331200 | page = 270 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sZGskamYzjUC&pg=PA270#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> and was a radical departure from previous school designs, both in his extravagant use of windows and use of stucco rather than brick.<ref name = "iv"/> The building opened the following year as the "Eastern Liggett" branch.<ref name = "burton"/> In 1916, landscape architect [[Ossian Cole Simonds|O. C. Simonds]] designed a landscape plan for the school.<ref name = "dis">{{cite web | title = Dispatch from the Archives: Documenting Liggett | author = Leslie S. Edwards | date = February 2, 2014 | publisher = note information is from University Liggett School Archives | url = https://cranbrookkitchensink.wordpress.com/2014/02/25/dispatch-from-the-archives-documenting-liggett/#more-995 | accessdate = September 21, 2015 }}</ref>
In 1913, the school decided to develop an eastern branch campus to serve students on the city's east side.<ref name = "hhh"/> This site in Indian Village along Charlevoix was chosen, and the school again contracted Albert Kahn to design a new building.<ref name = "burton"/><ref name = "iv">{{citation | title = Historic Indian Village House and Garden Tour | author = Indian Village Association Indian Village Garden Club | publisher = Indian Village Association and Indian Village Garden Club | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=76fhAAAAMAAJ | pages = 17, 18}}</ref> The building is one of only three schools designed by Kahn, and the only one still extant.<ref name = "green">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School Honored as one of the nation's 100 "Places that Matter" | publisher = Greening of Detroit | date = June 7, 2011 | url = http://www.greeningdetroit.com/2011/06/07/detroit-waldorf-school-honored-as-one-of-the-nation%E2%80%99s-100-%E2%80%9Cplaces-that-matter%E2%80%9D/ | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> Kahn's design for the school drew from then-popular English influences,<ref name = "aia">{{citation | title = AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture | author1 = Eric J. Hill | author2 = John Gallagher | author3 = American Institute of Architects, Detroit Chapter | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780814331200 | page = 270 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sZGskamYzjUC&pg=PA270}}</ref> and was a radical departure from previous school designs, both in his extravagant use of windows and use of stucco rather than brick.<ref name = "iv"/> The building opened the following year as the "Eastern Liggett" branch.<ref name = "burton"/> In 1916, landscape architect [[Ossian Cole Simonds|O. C. Simonds]] designed a landscape plan for the school.<ref name = "dis">{{cite web | title = Dispatch from the Archives: Documenting Liggett | author = Leslie S. Edwards | date = February 2, 2014 | publisher = note information is from University Liggett School Archives | url = https://cranbrookkitchensink.wordpress.com/2014/02/25/dispatch-from-the-archives-documenting-liggett/#more-995 | accessdate = September 21, 2015 }}</ref>


An addition to the school, also designed by Kahn, was constructed in 1924, and houses an auditorium and additional classroom space.<ref name = "iv"/> The addition so closely follows the style of the original building that the difference is nearly imperceptible. After the original Liggett campus on Cass closed, the Liggett School occupied the building until 1964, when the school moved to [[Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan]]. In 1969, The Liggett School merged with Grosse Pointe University School to form what is now [[University Liggett School]].
Enrollment at the Eastern Liggett School was 88 in 1913, which rose to 200 by 1919. By the early 1920s, changes in the neighborhood around the Cass Avenue campus led to declining enrollment there. In 1923, the school decided to enlarge the Eastern Liggett building and close the original one.<ref name = "hhh"/> An addition to the school, also designed by Kahn, was constructed in 1924, and houses an auditorium and additional classroom space.<ref name = "iv"/> The addition so closely follows the style of the original building that the difference is nearly imperceptible. Enrollment rose to a high of around 300 students in 1929; although the [[Great Depression]] reduced enrollment, the Liggett School continued to occupy the building until the early 1960s, when the changing nature of Detroit caused the school to decide to move. In 1964, construction began on a new school, and in early 1965, Liggett moved from the Indian Village campus to [[Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan]]. In 1969, The Liggett School merged with Grosse Pointe University School to form what is now [[University Liggett School]].<ref name = "hhh"/>


==Detroit Waldorf History==
==Detroit Waldorf history==
[[File:Detroit Waldorf School 2.JPG|thumb|left|Detroit Waldorf School north side, 2015]]
[[File:Detroit Waldorf School 2.JPG|thumb|left|Detroit Waldorf School north side, 2015]]
The Detroit Waldorf School was founded in 1965 by Rudolf and Amelia Wilhelm,<ref name = "cbs"/> who wanted to provide Detroiters more choices in educating their children.<ref name = "yelp">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School | publisher = Yelp | url = http://www.yelp.com/biz/detroit-waldorf-school-detroit | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> Other private schools in the area at the time were not integrated, and the Wilhelms and their supporters sought to provide a diverse educational experience to children.<ref name = "wdet">{{citation| title = Detroit Waldorf School Celebrates 50th Anniversary | date = September 23, 2016 | publisher = WDET: Detroit Today with Stephen Henderson | url = http://wdet.org/posts/2016/09/23/83919-detroit-waldorf-school-celebrates-50th-anniversary/}}</ref> The school approached the board of the [[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)|Central United Methodist Church]] about allocating space to open a nursery school. An impassioned speech by African-American Junius Harris, where he reminded Board members that families of color had far fewer educational choices for their children, convinced the board to allow the Waldorf nursery school to open in their building.<ref name = "yelp"/> The school opened as a nursery school in the Central United Methodist Church in 1965, and was deliberatley integrated from its founding.<ref name = "dn2016"/> However, space in the church was limited, and later that year the school acquired the just-vacated Liggett campus.<ref name = "green"/> Classes for elementary students began at the present school building in September 1966.<ref name = "yelp"/> The Detroit Waldorf School was one of the first nine Waldorf schools in North America, and a founding member of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA).<ref name = "aws">{{citation | title = AWSNA Timeline, 1965-2010 | author = David Mitchell | publisher = AWSNA | year = 2010 | url = http://www.whywaldorfworks.org/04_AWSNA/documents/AWSNA-8-29-10_(2).pdf}}</ref>
The Detroit Waldorf School was founded in 1965 by Rudolf and Amelia Wilhelm,<ref name = "cbs"/> who wanted to provide Detroiters more choices in educating their children.<ref name = "yelp">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School | publisher = Yelp | url = http://www.yelp.com/biz/detroit-waldorf-school-detroit | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> Other private schools in the area at the time were not integrated, and the Wilhelms and their supporters sought to provide a diverse educational experience to children.<ref name = "wdet">{{citation| title = Detroit Waldorf School Celebrates 50th Anniversary | date = September 23, 2016 | publisher = WDET: Detroit Today with Stephen Henderson | url = http://wdet.org/posts/2016/09/23/83919-detroit-waldorf-school-celebrates-50th-anniversary/}}</ref> The school approached the board of the [[Central United Methodist Church (Detroit)|Central United Methodist Church]] about allocating space to open a nursery school. An impassioned speech by African-American Junius Harris, where he reminded Board members that families of color had far fewer educational choices for their children, convinced the board to allow the Waldorf nursery school to open in their building.<ref name = "yelp"/> The school opened as a nursery school in the Central United Methodist Church in 1965, and was deliberately integrated from its founding.<ref name = "dn2016"/> However, space in the church was limited, and later that year the school acquired the just-vacated Liggett campus.<ref name = "green"/> Classes for elementary students began at the present school building in September 1966.<ref name = "yelp"/> The Detroit Waldorf School was one of the first nine Waldorf schools in North America, and a founding member of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA).<ref name = "aws">{{citation | title = AWSNA Timeline, 1965-2010 | author = David Mitchell | publisher = AWSNA | year = 2010 | url = http://www.whywaldorfworks.org/04_AWSNA/documents/AWSNA-8-29-10_(2).pdf | access-date = 2015-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701193518/http://www.whywaldorfworks.org/04_AWSNA/documents/AWSNA-8-29-10_(2).pdf | archive-date = 2014-07-01 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


In 1967, Werner and Barbara Glas founded the Waldorf Institute at the school.<ref name = "heart">{{citation | title = Into the Heart's Land | author = Henry Barnes | publisher = SteinerBooks | year = 2005 | ISBN = 9780880108577 | page = 926 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oRBU8oERXVwC&pg=PT926#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The Waldorf Institute was the first Waldorf teacher-training institution in the United States, and only the second English-speaking one. In 1979, the Waldorf Institute moved to [[Southfield, Michigan]], and in 1986 moved to [[Chestnut Ridge, New York]].<ref name = "sun">{{cite web | title = History of Sunbridge | publisher = Sunbridge Institute | url = http://www.sunbridge.edu/about/history-of-sunbridge/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref> It is now the [[Sunbridge Institute]].
In 1967, Werner and Barbara Glas founded the Waldorf Institute at the school.<ref name = "heart">{{citation | title = Into the Heart's Land | author = Henry Barnes | publisher = SteinerBooks | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780880108577 | page = 926 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oRBU8oERXVwC&pg=PT926}}</ref> The Waldorf Institute was the first Waldorf teacher-training institution in the United States, and only the second English-speaking one. In 1979, the Waldorf Institute moved to [[Southfield, Michigan]], and in 1986 moved to [[Chestnut Ridge, New York]].<ref name = "sun">{{cite web | title = History of Sunbridge | publisher = Sunbridge Institute | url = http://www.sunbridge.edu/about/history-of-sunbridge/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref> It is now the [[Sunbridge Institute]].


In 2011, the school was selected by the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] as one of 100 "places that matter" in the United States.<ref name = "green"/> In 2013, businessman Jeff Adler donated $750,000 to various Detroit organizations, including $100,000 to the Detroit Waldorf School.<ref>{{citation | title = Fond memories inspire California couple to donate $750,000 to Detroit institutions | author = Rochelle Riley | date = October 18, 2013 | newspaper = Detroit Free Press | url = http://archive.freep.com/article/20131018/COL10/310180027/Rochelle-Riley-Fond-memories-inspire-California-couple-donate-750-000-Detroit-institutions}}</ref> In 2016, at the time of the Detroit Waldorf School's 50th anniversary, the school was designated a [[List of Michigan State Historic Sites|Michigan State Historic Site]] A state of Michigan historical marker was erected at the school commemorating both the original occupant of the building, Eastern Liggett School, and Detroit Waldorf School.<ref name = "dn2016">{{cite news | title = Detroit’s Waldorf School gets historic marker | author = Karen Bouffard | newspaper = The Detroit News | date = September 24, 2016 | url = http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/09/24/waldorf-school-historic-marker/91033840/}}</ref>
In 2011, the school was selected by the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] as one of 100 "places that matter" in the United States.<ref name = "green"/> In 2013, businessman Jeff Adler donated $750,000 to various Detroit organizations, including $100,000 to the Detroit Waldorf School.<ref>{{citation | title = Fond memories inspire California couple to donate $750,000 to Detroit institutions | author = Rochelle Riley | date = October 18, 2013 | newspaper = Detroit Free Press | url = http://archive.freep.com/article/20131018/COL10/310180027/Rochelle-Riley-Fond-memories-inspire-California-couple-donate-750-000-Detroit-institutions}}</ref> In 2016, at the time of the Detroit Waldorf School's 50th anniversary, the school was designated a [[List of Michigan State Historic Sites|Michigan State Historic Site]] A state of Michigan historical marker was erected at the school commemorating both the original occupant of the building, Eastern Liggett School, and Detroit Waldorf School.<ref name = "dn2016">{{cite news | title = Detroit's Waldorf School gets historic marker | author = Karen Bouffard | newspaper = The Detroit News | date = September 24, 2016 | url = http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/09/24/waldorf-school-historic-marker/91033840/}}</ref>


The Detroit Waldorf School has maintained a commitment to providing a strong [[Waldorf education]] children in Detroit,<ref name = "cbs"/> and to racial, ethnic, geographic, and social-economic diversity in its student body.<ref name = "wdet"/><ref name = "dn2016"/> The school has remained at its present location since 1966.
The Detroit Waldorf School has maintained a commitment to providing a strong [[Waldorf education]] children in Detroit,<ref name = "cbs"/> and to racial, ethnic, geographic, and social-economic diversity in its student body.<ref name = "wdet"/><ref name = "dn2016"/> The school has remained at its present location since 1966.
{{clear}}


==Education in the Early Childhood Center==
==Education in the Early Childhood Center==
The Detroit Waldorf School Early Childhood Center includes Pre-K classes for children 3-5 and full-day Kindergarten. The focus in the Early Childhood Center is on language and stories in circle/story time, and on indoor and outdoor creative free play. The school believes that free play is a fundamental part of early learning, fostering imagination, creativity, problem solving and social skills which aid in academic learning in later years. Children in the Early Childhood Center experience movement in play, including skipping, jumping rope, and [[eurythmy]]. They also do arts and handwork, including coloring, painting, modeling with beeswax, and baking bread.<ref name = "ec">{{cite web | title = The Early Childhood Center | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/early-childhood | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>
The Detroit Waldorf School Early Childhood Center includes Pre-K classes for children 3-5 and full-day Kindergarten. The focus in the Early Childhood Center is on language and stories in circle/story time, and on indoor and outdoor creative free play. The school believes that free play is a fundamental part of early learning, fostering imagination, creativity, problem solving and social skills which aid in academic learning in later years. Children in the Early Childhood Center experience movement in play, including skipping, jumping rope, and [[eurythmy]]. They also do arts and handwork, including coloring, painting, modeling with beeswax, and baking bread.<ref name = "ec">{{cite web | title = The Early Childhood Center | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/early-childhood | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>


==Elementary and Middle School Academics==
==Elementary and middle school academics==
Beginning in elementary school, the core academic subjects (language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies) are presented in a two-hour main lesson each day. The subject of the main lesson rotates every three to four weeks. The school believes that presenting material in blocks lets students explore the material more deeply.<ref name = "curr">{{cite web | title = Curriculum | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/curriculum/ | accessdate = September 20, 2015}}</ref>
Beginning in elementary school, the core academic subjects (language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies) are presented in a two-hour [[main lesson]] each day. The subject of the main lesson rotates every three to four weeks. The school believes that presenting material in blocks lets students explore the material more deeply.<ref name = "curr">{{cite web | title = Curriculum | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/curriculum/ | accessdate = September 20, 2015}}</ref>


In addition to the core academic subjects, students also learn two foreign languages (Spanish and German),<ref name = "one">{{cite web | title = Grades 1-5 | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/1-5-grade | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> as well as music, movement, arts, and handwork.<ref name = "glim">{{cite web | title = A Glimpse through the Grades Curriculum| publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/264912244/CurriculumGuide.pdf/ | accessdate = September 20, 2015}}</ref> The curriculum integrates the traditional academic subjects with the arts to provide engaging experiences for the student. The school aims to not only educate students, but also to prepare them to be creative, critical thinkers with individual initiative.<ref name = "gs">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School | publisher = Great Schools | url = http://www.greatschools.org/michigan/detroit/4273-Detroit-Waldorf-School/ | accessdate = September 20, 2015}}</ref>
In addition to the core academic subjects, students also learn two foreign languages (Spanish and German),<ref name = "one">{{cite web | title = Grades 1-5 | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/1-5-grade | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> as well as music, movement, arts, and handwork.<ref name = "glim">{{cite web| title = A Glimpse through the Grades Curriculum| publisher = Detroit Waldorf School| url = https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/264912244/CurriculumGuide.pdf/| accessdate = September 20, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055037/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/264912244/CurriculumGuide.pdf/| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref> The curriculum integrates the traditional academic subjects with the arts to provide engaging experiences for the student. The school aims to not only educate students, but also to prepare them to be creative, critical thinkers with individual initiative.<ref name = "gs">{{cite web | title = Detroit Waldorf School | publisher = Great Schools | url = http://www.greatschools.org/michigan/detroit/4273-Detroit-Waldorf-School/ | accessdate = September 20, 2015}}</ref>


'''Language Arts''' begins with an introduction to letters, reading, and handwriting in the first grade. It continues through spelling and grammar, further reading, research and creative writing, poetry, and composition. Students read stories, fables, and literature, culminating in a Shakespearean play in eighth grade. Each grade also puts on a class play.<ref name = "one"/><ref name = "glim"/><ref name = "six">{{cite web | title = Grades 6-8 | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/6-8-grade | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>
'''Language Arts''' begins with an introduction to letters, reading, and handwriting in the first grade. It continues through spelling and grammar, further reading, research and creative writing, poetry, and composition. Students read stories, fables, and literature, culminating in a Shakespearean play in eighth grade. Each grade also puts on a class play.<ref name = "one"/><ref name = "glim"/><ref name = "six">{{cite web | title = Grades 6-8 | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/6-8-grade | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>
Line 90: Line 95:
'''Art and Handwork''' is introduced with painting, drawing, knitting, and beeswax modeling. As students progress, more sophisticated painting and drawing is introduced, as well as carving, pottery, sculpture, cross-stitch, sewing, carpentry, and woodworking.<ref name = "one"/><ref name = "glim"/><ref name = "six"/>
'''Art and Handwork''' is introduced with painting, drawing, knitting, and beeswax modeling. As students progress, more sophisticated painting and drawing is introduced, as well as carving, pottery, sculpture, cross-stitch, sewing, carpentry, and woodworking.<ref name = "one"/><ref name = "glim"/><ref name = "six"/>


==After School Programs==
==After school programs==
The school offers various after-school programs for students. These include competitive sports, physical activities, musical instruction, and Games. 2015/2106 offerings include basketball, track, soccer, tennis, volleyball, ultimate frisbee, circus arts, accordion, guitar, brain games, and chess.<ref name = "as">{{cite web | title = After School Programs | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/after-school-programs/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref>
The school offers various after-school programs for students. These include competitive sports, physical activities, musical instruction, and Games. 2015/2016 offerings include basketball, track, soccer, tennis, volleyball, circus arts, kinderharp, guitar, brain games, and chess.<ref name = "as">{{cite web | title = After School Programs | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/after-school-programs/ | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref>


==Accreditation==
==Accreditation==
The Detroit Waldorf School is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS),<ref name = "iscas">{{cite web | title = Find a School : Geographical Listing | publisher = ISACS | url = http://www.isacs.org/page/472117_Geographical_Listing.asp?sortby=state&id=MI&lat=44.59&lng=-86.15&zoom=6 | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA),<ref name = "awsna">{{cite web | title = Member School List | publisher = AWSNA| url = http://www.whywaldorfworks.org/05_FindASchool/index.php?group_type=allschools&group_country=us&state=MI | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref> and the Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America (WECAN).<ref name = "wecan">{{cite web | title = WECAN Directory | publisher = WECAN| url = http://www.waldorfearlychildhood.org/directory.php?country=&state=MI&Membership_Status= | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>
The Detroit Waldorf School is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS),<ref name = "iscas">{{cite web | title = Find a School : Geographical Listing | publisher = ISACS | url = http://www.isacs.org/page/472117_Geographical_Listing.asp?sortby=state&id=MI&lat=44.59&lng=-86.15&zoom=6 | accessdate = September 19, 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA),<ref name = "awsna">{{cite web | title = Member School List | publisher = AWSNA | url = http://www.whywaldorfworks.org/05_FindASchool/index.php?group_type=allschools&group_country=us&state=MI | accessdate = September 19, 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America (WECAN).<ref name = "wecan">{{cite web | title = WECAN Directory | publisher = WECAN| url = http://www.waldorfearlychildhood.org/directory.php?country=&state=MI&Membership_Status= | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>


==Alumni==
==Alumni==
Notable alumni of the Detroit Waldorf School include:<ref name = "alum">{{cite web | title = Alumni | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/alumni/ | accessdate = September 19, 2015}}</ref>
Notable alumni of the Detroit Waldorf School include:<ref name = "alum">{{cite web | title = Alumni | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School | url = http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/alumni/ | accessdate = September 19, 2015 | archive-date = January 10, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202726/http://www.detroitwaldorf.org/alumni/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Big Sean]], ''hip-hop artist'': Big Sean credits the school with teaching him "to be open-minded and creative."<ref>{{citation | title = Fresh Perspective | magazine = Complex | author = Damien Scott | date = February 2015 | url = http://www.complex.com/covers/big-sean-interview-2015-cover-story/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Big Sean Talks Growing Up In Detroit, Being 'Finally Famous' | author = Simone Landon | publisher = Huffington Post | date = Nov 18, 2011 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/18/big-sean-interview-detroit-finally-famous_n_1101304.html | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Big Sean]], ''hip-hop artist'': Big Sean credits the school with teaching him "to be open-minded and creative."<ref>{{citation | title = Fresh Perspective | magazine = Complex | author = Damien Scott | date = February 2015 | url = http://www.complex.com/covers/big-sean-interview-2015-cover-story/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Big Sean Talks Growing Up In Detroit, Being 'Finally Famous' | author = Simone Landon | publisher = Huffington Post | date = Nov 18, 2011 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/18/big-sean-interview-detroit-finally-famous_n_1101304.html | accessdate = September 21, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Scott Boman]], ''Libertarian politician''<ref name="Our Alumni">{{cite web | author= | url = https://www.detroitwaldorf.org/our-alumni | accessdate = September 29, 2020 | title = Our Alumni | date = | publisher = Detroit Waldorf School}}</ref>
*[[Scott Boman]], ''Libertarian politician''
*[[Sufjan Stevens]], ''singer-songwriter''<ref>{{cite web | title = Concert review: Sufjan Stevens rambles about growing up in Detroit | author = Lee DeVito | publisher = Detroit Metro Times | date = April 29, 2015 | url = https://www.metrotimes.com/city-slang/archives/2015/04/29/concert-review-sufjan-stevens-rambles-about-growing-up-in-detroit | accessdate = October 9, 2020 | archive-date = February 20, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200220200747/https://www.metrotimes.com/city-slang/archives/2015/04/29/concert-review-sufjan-stevens-rambles-about-growing-up-in-detroit | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*Cybelle Codish,'' photojournalist''
*[[Veronica Webb]], ''model-actress''<ref>{{cite web | title = Veronica Webb (1965- ) | author = Samuel Momodu | publisher = Black Past | date= June 25, 2017 | url = https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/webb-veronica-1965/ | accessdate = October 9, 2020}}</ref>
*Chris Codish, ''composer and musician''
*John Duffey Leo, ''actor''
*Crystal McCrary Anthony, ''model, actress, and producer''
*[[Sufjan Stevens]], ''singer-songwriter''
*[[Veronica Webb]], ''model-actress''
*Jaime Moyer, ''actress/comedian''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Wayne County, Michigan Schools}}
{{Michigan State Historic Sites}}


[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit, Michigan]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan State Historic Sites in Wayne County, Michigan]]
⚫
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Michigan]]
[[Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan]]
[[Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Michigan]]
[[Category:Tudor Revival architecture in Michigan]]
[[Category:Private elementary schools in Michigan]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Private middle schools in Michigan]]
[[Category:Private K–8 schools in Michigan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:Schools in Wayne County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Schools in Wayne County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Waldorf schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Waldorf schools in the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Michigan]]

Latest revision as of 18:20, 25 April 2024

Detroit Waldorf School
Entrance to Detroit Waldorf (east side), 2015
Address
Map
2555 Burns Avenue

Detroit
,
Michigan
48214

United States
Coordinates42°21′52″N 82°59′51″W / 42.3645°N 82.9975°W / 42.3645; -82.9975
Information
TypePrivate Waldorf school
Established1965
FoundersRudolf and Amelia Wilhelm[1]
Staff68
GradesPre-K - 8th
Enrollment253
Campus size4 acres (16,000 m2)
Campus typeUrban
Tuition$7,200 - $13,850
Websitewww.detroitwaldorf.org
Indian Village
Built1913
ArchitectAlbert Kahn
Architectural styleTudor Revival, Arts and Crafts
NRHP reference No.72000667[2]
MSHS No.2281
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMarch 24, 1972
Designated MSHSSeptember 24, 2016[3]

The Detroit Waldorf School is a private PreK-8 Waldorf school located at 2555 Burns, Detroit, Michigan, United States, in an Albert Kahn-designed school in the historic Indian Village neighborhood. In 2016, the building was designated a Michigan State Historic Site.[3] The school is the only remaining private independent school in Detroit,[4] and is one of the city's highest-rated schools, receiving five stars on GreatSchools.org.[1] As of 2016, 240 students were enrolled in the school.[5]

Building history

[edit]
Eastern Liggett School c. 1916, showing the original 1913 building

In 1878, Rev. James D. Liggett settled in Detroit and established a small, independent school for girls, originally known as The Detroit Home and Day School, and later as The Liggett School.[6] The school was originally located at Grand River and Broadway in Detroit, and quickly established itself with many of Detroit's most prominent families. The school incorporated in 1881, with a board of directors that included Dexter M. Ferry, Jacob S. Farrand, and David Whitney, Jr. By 1883, the school had grown from 57 students to 194, and had outgrown its first home. The school moved to a new location at Cass and Stimson.[7] The school continued to grow steadily, and by 1897 had annexed an adjacent house.[8] The next year, the school contracted Albert Kahn to design a gymnasium and other additions to the school, one of Kahn's first professional jobs.[7]

In 1913, the school decided to develop an eastern branch campus to serve students on the city's east side.[7] This site in Indian Village along Charlevoix was chosen, and the school again contracted Albert Kahn to design a new building.[8][9] The building is one of only three schools designed by Kahn, and the only one still extant.[10] Kahn's design for the school drew from then-popular English influences,[11] and was a radical departure from previous school designs, both in his extravagant use of windows and use of stucco rather than brick.[9] The building opened the following year as the "Eastern Liggett" branch.[8] In 1916, landscape architect O. C. Simonds designed a landscape plan for the school.[12]

Enrollment at the Eastern Liggett School was 88 in 1913, which rose to 200 by 1919. By the early 1920s, changes in the neighborhood around the Cass Avenue campus led to declining enrollment there. In 1923, the school decided to enlarge the Eastern Liggett building and close the original one.[7] An addition to the school, also designed by Kahn, was constructed in 1924, and houses an auditorium and additional classroom space.[9] The addition so closely follows the style of the original building that the difference is nearly imperceptible. Enrollment rose to a high of around 300 students in 1929; although the Great Depression reduced enrollment, the Liggett School continued to occupy the building until the early 1960s, when the changing nature of Detroit caused the school to decide to move. In 1964, construction began on a new school, and in early 1965, Liggett moved from the Indian Village campus to Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan. In 1969, The Liggett School merged with Grosse Pointe University School to form what is now University Liggett School.[7]

Detroit Waldorf history

[edit]
Detroit Waldorf School north side, 2015

The Detroit Waldorf School was founded in 1965 by Rudolf and Amelia Wilhelm,[1] who wanted to provide Detroiters more choices in educating their children.[13] Other private schools in the area at the time were not integrated, and the Wilhelms and their supporters sought to provide a diverse educational experience to children.[5] The school approached the board of the Central United Methodist Church about allocating space to open a nursery school. An impassioned speech by African-American Junius Harris, where he reminded Board members that families of color had far fewer educational choices for their children, convinced the board to allow the Waldorf nursery school to open in their building.[13] The school opened as a nursery school in the Central United Methodist Church in 1965, and was deliberately integrated from its founding.[3] However, space in the church was limited, and later that year the school acquired the just-vacated Liggett campus.[10] Classes for elementary students began at the present school building in September 1966.[13] The Detroit Waldorf School was one of the first nine Waldorf schools in North America, and a founding member of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA).[14]

In 1967, Werner and Barbara Glas founded the Waldorf Institute at the school.[15] The Waldorf Institute was the first Waldorf teacher-training institution in the United States, and only the second English-speaking one. In 1979, the Waldorf Institute moved to Southfield, Michigan, and in 1986 moved to Chestnut Ridge, New York.[16] It is now the Sunbridge Institute.

In 2011, the school was selected by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as one of 100 "places that matter" in the United States.[10] In 2013, businessman Jeff Adler donated $750,000 to various Detroit organizations, including $100,000 to the Detroit Waldorf School.[17] In 2016, at the time of the Detroit Waldorf School's 50th anniversary, the school was designated a Michigan State Historic Site A state of Michigan historical marker was erected at the school commemorating both the original occupant of the building, Eastern Liggett School, and Detroit Waldorf School.[3]

The Detroit Waldorf School has maintained a commitment to providing a strong Waldorf education children in Detroit,[1] and to racial, ethnic, geographic, and social-economic diversity in its student body.[5][3] The school has remained at its present location since 1966.

Education in the Early Childhood Center

[edit]

The Detroit Waldorf School Early Childhood Center includes Pre-K classes for children 3-5 and full-day Kindergarten. The focus in the Early Childhood Center is on language and stories in circle/story time, and on indoor and outdoor creative free play. The school believes that free play is a fundamental part of early learning, fostering imagination, creativity, problem solving and social skills which aid in academic learning in later years. Children in the Early Childhood Center experience movement in play, including skipping, jumping rope, and eurythmy. They also do arts and handwork, including coloring, painting, modeling with beeswax, and baking bread.[18]

Elementary and middle school academics

[edit]

Beginning in elementary school, the core academic subjects (language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies) are presented in a two-hour main lesson each day. The subject of the main lesson rotates every three to four weeks. The school believes that presenting material in blocks lets students explore the material more deeply.[19]

In addition to the core academic subjects, students also learn two foreign languages (Spanish and German),[20] as well as music, movement, arts, and handwork.[21] The curriculum integrates the traditional academic subjects with the arts to provide engaging experiences for the student. The school aims to not only educate students, but also to prepare them to be creative, critical thinkers with individual initiative.[22]

Language Arts begins with an introduction to letters, reading, and handwriting in the first grade. It continues through spelling and grammar, further reading, research and creative writing, poetry, and composition. Students read stories, fables, and literature, culminating in a Shakespearean play in eighth grade. Each grade also puts on a class play.[20][21][23]

Mathematics starts with basic arithmetic and the introduction to numbers, and continues with multiplication, division, fractions, exponents, and roots. Geometry is taught in the middle and upper grades. The upper grades begin studying business math, pre-algebra, and algebra, including graphing equations.[20][21][23]

Science is introduced in the lower grades through observation and experience with nature, as well as gardening and cooking. Science continues in the middle grades with zoology, botany, and astronomy, and in the upper grades with physics, chemistry, anatomy, mechanics, and meteorology.[20][21][23]

Social Studies begins in the earlier grades with legends, myths, and folklore. It segues to local and world geography, and history from ancient Greek history through Medieval and Renaissance times to the present.[20][21][23]

Foreign Language includes both Spanish and German. Teaching the languages parallels what students learn in Language Arts; this includes reading, conversation, and composition.[20][21][23]

Music begins with singing. Singing continues through later grades in chorus. All students also learn to play musical instruments. The early grades use a flute and recorder; the upper grades begin with stringed instruments and eventually into orchestra.[20][21][23]

Movement and Physical Education is introduced in the form of games and eurythmy. Gymnastics is introduced later, as well as dancing and team sports.[20][21][23]

Art and Handwork is introduced with painting, drawing, knitting, and beeswax modeling. As students progress, more sophisticated painting and drawing is introduced, as well as carving, pottery, sculpture, cross-stitch, sewing, carpentry, and woodworking.[20][21][23]

After school programs

[edit]

The school offers various after-school programs for students. These include competitive sports, physical activities, musical instruction, and Games. 2015/2016 offerings include basketball, track, soccer, tennis, volleyball, circus arts, kinderharp, guitar, brain games, and chess.[24]

Accreditation

[edit]

The Detroit Waldorf School is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS),[25] the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA),[26] and the Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America (WECAN).[27]

Alumni

[edit]

Notable alumni of the Detroit Waldorf School include:[28]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Rare, Independent Detroit School Celebrates 46 Years". CBS Detroit. October 18, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e Karen Bouffard (September 24, 2016). "Detroit's Waldorf School gets historic marker". The Detroit News.
  4. ^ Ann Zaniewski (August 28, 2015). "Friends School in Detroit to close because of money woes". Detroit Free Press.
  5. ^ a b c Detroit Waldorf School Celebrates 50th Anniversary, WDET: Detroit Today with Stephen Henderson, September 23, 2016
  6. ^ "Our History". University Liggett School. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e Anne Getz Wormer (1981), Century: The History of the Detroit Liggett School, University Liggett School
  8. ^ a b c Clarence Monroe Burton; William Stocking; Gordon K. Miller, eds. (1922), The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922, Volume 1, S. J. Clarke publishing Company, p. 778, ISBN 9785877163737
  9. ^ a b c Indian Village Association Indian Village Garden Club, Historic Indian Village House and Garden Tour, Indian Village Association and Indian Village Garden Club, pp. 17, 18
  10. ^ a b c "Detroit Waldorf School Honored as one of the nation's 100 "Places that Matter"". Greening of Detroit. June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  11. ^ Eric J. Hill; John Gallagher; American Institute of Architects, Detroit Chapter (2003), AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture, Wayne State University Press, p. 270, ISBN 9780814331200
  12. ^ Leslie S. Edwards (February 2, 2014). "Dispatch from the Archives: Documenting Liggett". note information is from University Liggett School Archives. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  13. ^ a b c "Detroit Waldorf School". Yelp. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  14. ^ David Mitchell (2010), AWSNA Timeline, 1965-2010 (PDF), AWSNA, archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2014, retrieved September 22, 2015
  15. ^ Henry Barnes (2005), Into the Heart's Land, SteinerBooks, p. 926, ISBN 9780880108577
  16. ^ "History of Sunbridge". Sunbridge Institute. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  17. ^ Rochelle Riley (October 18, 2013), "Fond memories inspire California couple to donate $750,000 to Detroit institutions", Detroit Free Press
  18. ^ "The Early Childhood Center". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  19. ^ "Curriculum". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Grades 1-5". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i "A Glimpse through the Grades Curriculum". Detroit Waldorf School. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  22. ^ "Detroit Waldorf School". Great Schools. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h "Grades 6-8". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  24. ^ "After School Programs". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  25. ^ "Find a School : Geographical Listing". ISACS. Retrieved September 19, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  26. ^ "Member School List". AWSNA. Retrieved September 19, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ "WECAN Directory". WECAN. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  28. ^ "Alumni". Detroit Waldorf School. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  29. ^ Damien Scott (February 2015), "Fresh Perspective", Complex
  30. ^ Simone Landon (November 18, 2011). "Big Sean Talks Growing Up In Detroit, Being 'Finally Famous'". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  31. ^ "Our Alumni". Detroit Waldorf School. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  32. ^ Lee DeVito (April 29, 2015). "Concert review: Sufjan Stevens rambles about growing up in Detroit". Detroit Metro Times. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  33. ^ Samuel Momodu (June 25, 2017). "Veronica Webb (1965- )". Black Past. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
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