Linnaea borealis: Difference between revisions
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#redirect [[Linnaea]] |
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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}} |
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{{For|the female given name|Linnéa}} |
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{{Distinguish|text = [[Dyschoriste oblongifolia]], known as twinflower}} |
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{{Redirect|Twin Flower|the 2018 film|Twin Flower (film)}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image = Linnaea borealis 8803.JPG |
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| image_caption = ''Linnaea borealis'' ssp. ''longiflora'' in flower, near the [[Matanuska Glacier]] in [[Alaska]] |
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| taxon = Linnaea |
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| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]] |
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| type_species = ''[[Linnaea borealis]]'' |
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| synonyms = |
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'''Homotypic''' |
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* ''Linnaea'' subg. ''Eulinnaea'' <small>Graebn.</small> |
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* ''Linnea'' <small>Neck.</small> (nom. inval.) |
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* ''Linneusia'' <small>Raf.</small> (nom. illeg.) |
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* ''Obolaria'' <small>Kuntze</small> (nom. illeg. non L.) |
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'''Heterotypic''' |
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* ''Linnaea'' sect. ''Erythrochromae'' <small>Wittr.</small> |
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* ''Linnaea'' sect. ''Mesochromae'' <small>Wittr.</small> |
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* ''Linnaea'' sect. ''Polychromae'' <small>Wittr.</small> |
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* ''Linnaea'' sect. ''Xanthochromae'' <small>Wittr.</small> |
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}} |
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{{R to monotypic taxon}} |
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'''''Linnaea''''' is a plant [[genus]] in the honeysuckle family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. Until 2013, the genus included a single species, ''[[Linnaea borealis]]''. In 2013, on the basis of [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] evidence, the genus was expanded to include species formerly placed in ''Abelia'' (excluding section ''Zabelia''), ''Diabelia'', ''Dipelta'', ''Kolkwitzia'' and ''Vesalea''. However, this is rejected by the majority of subsequent scientific literature and flora. |
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{{R from merge}} |
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''Linnaea borealis'' was a favorite of [[Carl Linnaeus]], founder of the modern system of [[binomial nomenclature]], for whom the genus was named. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The genus ''Linnaea'' was first formally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]]. The name had been used earlier by the Dutch botanist [[Jan Frederik Gronovius]], and was given in honour of Linnaeus. Linnaeus adopted the name in 1753 in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' for the then sole species ''Linnaea borealis'', because it was his favourite plant.<ref name=Chri13/> |
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Most botanists resisted placing other species in the genus, treating ''Linnaea'' as a monotypic genus. However, [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies from 2001 onwards showed that a number of genera were related to ''Linnaea'' (the "''Linnaea'' clade"), although one of them, ''[[Abelia]]'', was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]]. In 2013, to maintain monophyletic genera, [[Maarten Christenhusz]] proposed merging ''Abelia'' (excluding section ''Zabelia''), ''Diabelia'', ''Dipelta'', ''Kolkwitzia'' and ''Vesalea'' into ''Linnaea''.<ref name=Chri13/> This proposal has been adopted by some secondary sources, including briefly by ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' (POWO).<ref name=POWO/><ref name=iNat/> However, other sources prefer to maintain the segregation of [[Linnaeoideae]] into the traditional genera on grounds of morphology, biogeography and nomenclatural simplicity.<ref name=Landrein/><ref name=Wang/><ref name=COL/> POWO, in 2022 list ''Diabelia'' as a seperate species.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Diabelia'' Landrein {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77105077-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The World Flora Online (WFO), which now supersedes The Plant List (TPL), maintains ''Abelia'' as the accepted genus for example of ''Abelia'' × ''grandiflora'', for which ''Linnaea'' × ''grandiflora'' is not listed as a synonym. <ref>WFO (2021): Abelia × grandiflora (Ravelli ex André)</ref> |
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===Species=== |
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The following species are accepted by PoWO (2019), but not by Hassler (2019) {{As of|2019|lc=yes}},<ref name=POWO/><ref name=COL/> and not by the WFO (2021). |
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* ''[[Linnaea amabilis]]'' {{small|(Graebn.) Christenh.}} – China (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi); rare in the wild but widely cultivated in China, Japan, Europe and North America |
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* ''[[Linnaea borealis]]'' {{small|L.}} – circumboreal and subarctic (Canada, northern and central USA, Greenland, northern Britain, Fennoscandia, Baltic States, Mainland Europe south to the Alps, and the Balkans, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, northern Japan) |
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* ''[[Linnaea chinensis]]'' {{small|(R.Br.) A.Braun & Vatke}} – China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), northern Vietnam, Taiwan; commonly cultivated in China and Japan, occasionally in Europe and North America |
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* ''[[Linnaea coriacea]]'' {{small|(Hemsl.) Christenh.}} – Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí) |
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* ''[[Linnaea dipelta]]'' {{small|Christenh.}} – China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan) |
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* ''[[Linnaea elegans]]'' {{small|(Batalin) Christenh.}} – China (Gansu, Sichuan) |
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* ''[[Linnaea engleriana]]'' {{small|Graebn.}} |
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* ''[[Linnaea floribunda]]'' {{small|(M.Mart. & Galeotti)}} – Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) |
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* ''[[Linnaea forrestii]]'' {{small|Diels}} – south-central China (southwestern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan) |
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* [[Linnaea × grandiflora|''Linnaea'' × ''grandiflora'']] {{small|(André) Christenh.}} – garden hybrid of ''L. chinensis'' and ''L. uniflora'', only known from cultivation |
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* ''[[Linnaea grandifolia]]'' {{small|(Villareal) Christenh.}} – Central Mexico (Querétaro) |
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* ''[[Linnaea macrotera]]'' {{small|Graebn. & Buchw.}} |
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* ''[[Linnaea mexicana]]'' {{small|(Villareal) Christenh.}} – south-central Mexico (Oaxaca) |
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* ''[[Linnaea occidentalis]]'' {{small|(Villareal) Christenh.}} – Mexico (Durango) |
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* ''[[Linnaea parvifolia]]'' {{small|(Hemsl.) Graebn.}} |
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* ''[[Linnaea serrata]]'' {{small|(Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner}} – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) |
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* ''[[Linnaea spathulata]]'' {{small|(Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner}} – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) |
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* ''[[Linnaea tetrasepala]]'' {{small|(Koidz.) Christenh.}} – Japan (Honshu, Shikoku) |
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* ''[[Linnaea uniflora]]'' {{small|(R.Br.) A.Br. & Vatke}} – China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); frequently cultivated |
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* ''[[Linnaea yunnanensis]]'' {{small|(Franch.) Christenh.}} – China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), and adjacent Burma |
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==Cultivation== |
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Several species of ''Linnaea'' are in cultivation. In the UK, plants are widely listed under the name ''Abelia''. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The [[cultivar]] ‘Edward Goucher’ has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95223/i-Abelia-i-Edward-Goucher/Details | title = ''Abelia'' 'Edward Goucher' | publisher = RHS | website = www.rhs.org | access-date = 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 1 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | website = www.rhs.org | access-date = 6 August 2019}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=Chri13>{{Citation |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |date=2013 |title=Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae) |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.125.1.4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name=POWO>{{citation |title=''Linnea'' |work=Plants of the World Online |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/?q=Linnaea |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2018-01-22 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=iNat>{{cite web |title=Beauty bush (''Linnaea amabilis'') |work=iNaturalist |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/472975-Linnaea-amabilis |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Landrein>{{Citation |last1=Landrein, S. |first1= Prenner, G. |date=2013 |title=Unequal twins? Inflorescence evolution in the twinflower tribe Linnaeeae (Caprifoliaceae sl). |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences| volume=174 |issue= 2|pages=200–233|doi=10.1086/668251|s2cid= 83910646 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Wang>{{Citation |last1=Wang, H.-F.|date=2015 |title= Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s.l.) disjunctly distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico.|journal =PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3|pages= e0116485 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116485|pmid=25756215 |pmc=4355296 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016485W |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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<ref name=COL>{{citation |title=''Linnea'' |work=Hassler, M. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019). |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Linnaea|publisher=Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life|access-date=2019-08-16}}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Linnaea|''Linnaea''}} |
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* {{Wikispecies-inline|Linnaea|''Linnaea''}} |
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{{Carl Linnaeus}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5114721}} |
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[[Category:Caprifoliaceae]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:38, 27 April 2024
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