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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| image = Amphiprion mccullochi pareja.jpg
| name =
| image =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image_width =
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Amphiprion mccullochi'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Allen, G.R.|year=2022 |page=e.T188498A1884312|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T188498A1884312.en|access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
| image_caption =
| taxon = Amphiprion mccullochi
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| authority = [[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitely]] 1929
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
}}
| subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
[[File:Amphiprion mccullochi juvenil.jpg|thumb|A. mccullochi juvenile on E. quadricolor]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
'''''Amphiprion mccullochi''''', also known as '''whitesnout anemonefish''' or '''McCulloch's anemonefish''', is a species of [[anemonefish]] found in [[Subtropics|subtropical]] waters at [[Lord Howe Island]] and [[Norfolk Island]].{{r|FieldGuide}}. It was named for [[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|Allan McCulloch]], a former Curator of Fishes at the [[Australian Museum]], [[Sydney]].{{r|Aust}} Like all anemonefishes it forms a [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]] with [[sea anemone]]s and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a [[Sequential hermaphroditism|sequential hermaphrodite]] with a strict sized based [[dominance hierarchy]]: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.{{r|Buston04}} They exhibit [[protandry]], meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.{{r|FieldGuide}}
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = [[Pomacentridae]]
| genus = ''[[Amphiprion]]''
| species = '''''A. mccullochi'''''
| binomial = ''Amphiprion mccullochi''
| binomial_authority =
|}}


==Description==
'''''Amphiprion mccullochi''''' ('''whitesnout anemonefish''' or '''McCulloch's clownfish''') is an Australian [[clownfish]]. This species has bred in captivity.<ref>
''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' is dark brown with a pale snout, a white bar on each side of the head (but not connected on top of the head) and a pale tail. Juveniles have two white bars and the edge of the pectoral fins is yellow. They have 10 dorsal spines, 2 anal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays and 13-14 anal soft rays.{{r|Fishbase}} They reach a maximum length of {{convert|12|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.{{r|FieldGuide}}
{{cite web

| title = Captive breeding of the rare McCulloch's Clownfish (Amphiprion mccullochi) Updates & Blog
===Color variations===
| url = http://www.liveaquaria.com/general/general.cfm?general_pagesid=476
Some anemonefish species have color variations based on geographic location, sex and host anemone. ''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' does not show any of these variations.{{r|FieldGuide}}
| accessdate = 2014-08-31

}}
===Similar species===
</ref><ref>
''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' is similar in appearance to ''[[Amphiprion melanopus|A.&nbsp;melanopus]]'' which is distinguished by its reddish chest, belly and dorsal fin, with a yellowish to slightly red tail. The white bars are also connected over the top of the head.{{r|FieldGuide}} [[Genetic analysis]] suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of ''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' and [[Amphiprion akindynos|''A.&nbsp;akindynos'']]. Historical [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] and [[introgression]] in the evolutionary past resulted in a complex [[mitochondrial DNA]] structure. There were two evolutionary groups with individuals of both species detected in both, thus the species lacked reciprocal [[monophyly]]. There were no shared [[haplotype]]s between species.{{r|Ecology}}
{{cite web
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px" perrow="4">
| title = McCullochi Clownfish | Amphiprion mccullochi | ORA | Oceans, Reefs & Aquariums
Image:Amphiprion mccullochi RLS3.jpg|''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' (Whitesnout anemonefish)
| url = http://www.orafarm.com/products/fish/clowns/mccullochi/
Image:Amphiprion melanopus RLS.jpg|''[[Amphiprion melanopus|A.&nbsp;melanopus]]'' (Red & Black anemonefish)
| accessdate = 2014-08-31
Image:Amphiprion akindynos RLS.jpg|The genetically related ''A.&nbsp;akindynos'' (Barrier Reef anemonefish)
}}
</ref>
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Distribution and habitat==
''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the south western [[Pacific Ocean]] at Lord Howe Island, [[Middleton Reef]], [[Elizabeth Reef]] and Norfolk Island.{{r|FieldGuide}}

===Host anemones===
The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly [[Nestedness|nested]] in structure.{{r|Nemo}} ''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' is highly specialised, being hosted with only 1 species of anemone: {{r|FieldGuide}}{{r|Nemo}}

*''Entacmaea quadricolor'' Bubble-tip anemone

==Conservation status==
Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar [[Environmental issues with coral reefs|environmental issues]]. Like [[coral]]s, anemone's contain intracellular [[endosymbiont]]s, [[zooxanthellae]], and can suffer from [[Coral bleaching|bleaching]] due to triggers such as increased water temperature or [[Ocean acidification|acidification]]. Characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction are small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation.{{r|Munday2004}}{{r|Hobbs2013}} The small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation (it only associates with ''[[Entacmaea quadricolor]]'') are all characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction making ''A.&nbsp;mccullochi'' of particular conservation concern.{{r|Ecology}} This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the [[IUCN Red List]]

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours Whitley's colleague, the [[Australia]]n [[Ichthyology|ichthyologist]] [[Allan Riverstone McCulloch]] (1885-1925) who collected the [[Type (biology)|type specimen]].<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://www.etyfish.org/pomacentridae/ | title = Subseries OVALENTARIA (Incertae sedis): Family POMACENTRIDAE | access-date = 30 September 2018 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 29 August 2018 | archive-date = 1 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401101007/https://www.etyfish.org/pomacentridae/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==In aquaria==
This species has bred in captivity.{{r|liveaquaria}}{{r|orafarm}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="FieldGuide">{{cite book|last=Fautin|first=Daphne G.|author2=Allen, Gerald R. |title=Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones |publisher=[[Western Australian Museum]] |year=1997 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |isbn=9780730983651 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141018095043/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>


<ref name="Fishbase">{{FishBase | genus = Amphiprion |species = mccullochi| month = November | year = 2014}}</ref>
{{reflist}}


<ref name=Aust>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=Dianne|title=McCulloch's Anemonefish, ''Amphiprion mccullochi''|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1273|website=Fishes of Australia|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013557/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1273|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Category:Amphiprion|mccullochi]]


<ref name=liveaquaria>{{cite web | title = Captive breeding of the rare McCulloch's Clownfish (Amphiprion mccullochi) Updates & Blog | url = http://www.liveaquaria.com/general/general.cfm?general_pagesid=476 | website = liveaquaria.com | access-date = 2014-08-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120622/http://www.liveaquaria.com/general/general.cfm?general_pagesid=476 | archive-date = 2014-09-03 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


<ref name=orafarm>{{cite web | title = McCullochi Clownfish | url = http://www.orafarm.com/products/fish/clowns/mccullochi |website=orafarm.com| access-date = 2014-08-31 }}</ref>
{{Pomacentridae-stub}}

<ref name=Ecology>{{cite journal |author1=van der Meer M.H. |author2=G.P. Jones |author3=J.-P.A. Hobbs |author4=L. van Herwerden| year=2012 |title=Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1592–1604 |doi=10.1002/ece3.251|pmid=22957165 |pmc=3434915 |bibcode=2012EcoEv...2.1592V }}</ref>

<ref name=Buston04>{{cite journal |author=Buston PM |title=Territory inheritance in clownfish |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=271 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=S252–4 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15252999 |pmc=1810038 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hobbs2013>{{cite journal |author1=Hobbs J.-P.A. |author2=Frisch A.J. |author3=Ford B.M. |author4=Thums M. |author5=Saenz-Agudelo P. |author6=Furby K.A. |author7=Berumen M.L. |title=Taxonomic, spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching in anemones inhabited by anemonefishes |journal=PLOS ONE |date=August 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070966 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=e70966 |pmid=23951056 |pmc=3738586|bibcode=2013PLoSO...870966H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Munday2004>{{cite journal |author1=Munday P.L. |title=Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs |journal=Global Change Biology |date=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00839.x |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1642–1647|bibcode=2004GCBio..10.1642M |s2cid=84725549 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nemo">{{cite journal |author1=Ollerton J |author2=McCollin D |author3=Fautin DG |author4=Allen GR |title=Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts| journal=Proc R Soc B Biol Sci |year=2007 |volume=274 |issue=1609 |pages=591–598 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3758 |pmid=17476781 |pmc=1766375 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Amphiprion mccullochi}}
{{Wikispecies|Amphiprion mccullochi}}
* {{ITIS |id=615196 |taxon=Amphiprion mccullochi}}
* {{WRMS species|278397|''Amphiprion mccullochi''| Whitely, 1929}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1852922}}

[[Category:Pomacentridae]]
[[Category:Amphiprion|mccullochi]]
[[Category:Fish of Lord Howe Island]]
[[Category:Tasman Sea]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1929]]

Latest revision as of 13:26, 28 April 2024

Amphiprion mccullochi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Blenniiformes
Family: Pomacentridae
Genus: Amphiprion
Species:
A. mccullochi
Binomial name
Amphiprion mccullochi
Whitely 1929
A. mccullochi juvenile on E. quadricolor

Amphiprion mccullochi, also known as whitesnout anemonefish or McCulloch's anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish found in subtropical waters at Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island.[2]. It was named for Allan McCulloch, a former Curator of Fishes at the Australian Museum, Sydney.[3] Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[4] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male.[2]

Description

[edit]

A. mccullochi is dark brown with a pale snout, a white bar on each side of the head (but not connected on top of the head) and a pale tail. Juveniles have two white bars and the edge of the pectoral fins is yellow. They have 10 dorsal spines, 2 anal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays and 13-14 anal soft rays.[5] They reach a maximum length of 12 cm (4+3⁄4 in).[2]

Color variations

[edit]

Some anemonefish species have color variations based on geographic location, sex and host anemone. A. mccullochi does not show any of these variations.[2]

Similar species

[edit]

A. mccullochi is similar in appearance to A. melanopus which is distinguished by its reddish chest, belly and dorsal fin, with a yellowish to slightly red tail. The white bars are also connected over the top of the head.[2] Genetic analysis suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of A. mccullochi and A. akindynos. Historical hybridization and introgression in the evolutionary past resulted in a complex mitochondrial DNA structure. There were two evolutionary groups with individuals of both species detected in both, thus the species lacked reciprocal monophyly. There were no shared haplotypes between species.[6]

  • A. mccullochi (Whitesnout anemonefish)
    A. mccullochi (Whitesnout anemonefish)
  • A. melanopus (Red & Black anemonefish)
    A. melanopus (Red & Black anemonefish)
  • The genetically related A. akindynos (Barrier Reef anemonefish)
    The genetically related A. akindynos (Barrier Reef anemonefish)

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

A. mccullochi is endemic to the south western Pacific Ocean at Lord Howe Island, Middleton Reef, Elizabeth Reef and Norfolk Island.[2]

Host anemones

[edit]

The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[7] A. mccullochi is highly specialised, being hosted with only 1 species of anemone: [2][7]

  • Entacmaea quadricolor Bubble-tip anemone

Conservation status

[edit]

Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemone's contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. Characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction are small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation.[8][9] The small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation (it only associates with Entacmaea quadricolor) are all characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction making A. mccullochi of particular conservation concern.[6] This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List

Etymology

[edit]

The specific name honours Whitley's colleague, the Australian ichthyologist Allan Riverstone McCulloch (1885-1925) who collected the type specimen.[10]

In aquaria

[edit]

This species has bred in captivity.[11][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allen, G.R. (2022). "Amphiprion mccullochi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T188498A1884312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T188498A1884312.en. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
  3. ^ Bray, Dianne. "McCulloch's Anemonefish, Amphiprion mccullochi". Fishes of Australia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  4. ^ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038. PMID 15252999.
  5. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Amphiprion mccullochi". FishBase. November 2014 version.
  6. ^ a b van der Meer M.H.; G.P. Jones; J.-P.A. Hobbs; L. van Herwerden (2012). "Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (7): 1592–1604. Bibcode:2012EcoEv...2.1592V. doi:10.1002/ece3.251. PMC 3434915. PMID 22957165.
  7. ^ a b Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (1609): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758. PMC 1766375. PMID 17476781.
  8. ^ Munday P.L. (2004). "Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs". Global Change Biology. 10 (10): 1642–1647. Bibcode:2004GCBio..10.1642M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00839.x. S2CID 84725549.
  9. ^ Hobbs J.-P.A.; Frisch A.J.; Ford B.M.; Thums M.; Saenz-Agudelo P.; Furby K.A.; Berumen M.L. (August 2013). "Taxonomic, spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching in anemones inhabited by anemonefishes". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e70966. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870966H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070966. PMC 3738586. PMID 23951056.
  10. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (29 August 2018). "Subseries OVALENTARIA (Incertae sedis): Family POMACENTRIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  11. ^ "Captive breeding of the rare McCulloch's Clownfish (Amphiprion mccullochi) Updates & Blog". liveaquaria.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  12. ^ "McCullochi Clownfish". orafarm.com. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
[edit]
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