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Coordinates: 17°04′12″N 25°10′16″W / 17.070°N 25.171°W / 17.070; -25.171
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{{Short description|Westernmost and largest of the Barlavento islands of Cape Verde}}
{{Other uses|Santo Antão (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Santo Antão (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Islands
{{Infobox Islands
| name = Santo Antão
| name = Santo Antão
| image name = Bela-vista-net-Santo Antao-map.jpg
| image = Santo antao sentinel-2.jpg
| image_caption =
| image caption =
| image size =
| image_size =
| map = Cape Verde
| image_map =
| map_custom =
| image_map_caption =
| native_name =
| native name = ''Sontonton'', ''Santanton'' or ''Sintanton''
| native_name_link =
| native name link = Cape Verdean Creole
| nickname = ''Ilha das montanhas'' (island of the mountains)
| nickname = ''Ilha das montanhas'' (island of the mountains)
| location = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| location = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| pushpin_map = Cape Verde#Atlantic Ocean
| coordinates = {{coord|17.070|N|25.171|W||display=inline}}
| archipelago =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position = top
| total islands =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| major islands =
| area_km2 = 779 <!-- | area = {{convert|779|km2|sqmi}} -->
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption =
| length_km = 42.8 <!-- | length = {{convert|40|km|mi}} -->
| width_km = 24.0 <!-- | width = {{convert|20|km|mi}} -->
| coordinates = {{coord|17.070|N|25.171|W||display=inline}}
| archipelago =
| highest mount = [[Tope de Coroa]]
| elevation_m = 1979 <!-- | elevation = {{convert|1979|m|ft}} -->
| total_islands =
| country = Cape Verde
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 785
| country admin divisions title = ''Concelhos'' (Municipalities)
| length_km = 42.8
| country admin divisions = [[Paul, Cape Verde (municipality)|Paul]], [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde (municipality)|Porto Novo]], [[Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde (municipality)|Ribeira Grande]]
| width_km = 24.0
| country admin divisions title 1 =
| country admin divisions 1 =
| highest_mount = [[Tope de Coroa]]
| elevation_m = 1979
| country admin divisions title 2 =
| country admin divisions 2 =
| country = {{CPV}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = ''Concelhos'' (Municipalities)
| country largest city = [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde|Porto Novo]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Paul, Cape Verde (municipality)|Paul]], [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde (municipality)|Porto Novo]], [[Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde (municipality)|Ribeira Grande]]
| country largest city population =
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 =
| population = 44,104 <ref>[http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx Portal do Instituto Nacional de Estatística: INE - CENSO 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409053633/http://www.ine.cv/censo/censo2010.aspx |date=2014-04-09 }}</ref>
| country_admin_divisions_1 =
| population as of = 2010
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| density_km2 = 56.6
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| ethnic groups =
| country_largest_city = [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde|Porto Novo]]
| additional info =
| country_largest_city_population =
| population = 38,200
| population_as_of = 2019
| density_km2 = 48.66
| ethnic_groups =
| additional_info =
}}
}}


'''Santo Antão''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "[[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]]") is the westernmost island of [[Cape Verde]]. At {{convert|779|km2|abbr=on}}, it is the largest of the [[Barlavento Islands]] group, and the second largest island of Cape Verde.<ref name=yearbook>[http://ine.cv/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/statistical-yearbook-cv-2015_en.pdf Cabo Verde, Statistical Yearbook 2015], [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]], p. 25</ref> The nearest main island is [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]] to the southeast, separated by a channel named [[Canal de São Vicente]].
'''Santo Antão''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "[[Anthony the Great|Saint Anthony]]") is the northwesternmost island of [[Cape Verde]]. At {{convert|785|km2|abbr=on}}, it is the largest of the [[Barlavento Islands]] group, and the second largest island of Cape Verde.<ref name=yearbook>[http://ine.cv/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/statistical-yearbook-cv-2015_en.pdf Cabo Verde, Statistical Yearbook 2015], [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]]</ref>{{rp|25}} The nearest island is [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]] to the southeast, separated by the sea channel [[Canal de São Vicente]]. Its population was 38,200 in mid 2019,<ref name="ReferenceA">Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Cabo Verde (web).</ref> making it the fourth most populous island of Cape Verde after [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]], São Vicente and Sal. Its largest city is [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde|Porto Novo]] located on the southern coast (population 9,310 in 2010).<ref name=census10>{{cite web|url=http://ine.cv/censo_quadros/santo-antao/|title=2010 Census results Santo Antão|work=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde]]|date=24 November 2016|language=Portuguese}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
[[File:Coastline Santo Antao.JPG|thumb|right|Coastline of Santo Antão]]
[[File:Coastline Santo Antao.JPG|thumb|right|Coastline of Santo Antão]]
[[File:RibeiraGarcaCanhao.JPG|thumb|[[Ribeira da Garça]]]]
[[File:RibeiraGarcaCanhao.JPG|thumb|[[Ribeira da Garça]]]]
Santo Antão is {{cvt|42.75|km}} long (east-west) and {{cvt|23.97|km}} wide (north-south).<ref name=yearbook/>{{rp|25}} The island is of volcanic origin and very mountainous, characterized by two high plateaus and several steep river valleys. The southern part of the island has a [[desert climate]], while the northeast and the higher elevations are [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]].
The island is entirely made up of [[volcano|volcanic]] material. The tallest mountain is [[Tope de Coroa]], reaching a height of 1,979 m.<ref name=yearbook/> The second tallest is [[Pico da Cruz]] at 1,585 m. The island is divided into north and south by a mountain range long considered impenetrable but now are crossed by two paved roads, one with mountain curves, another one opened in 2009 runs in the easternmost predominantly next to the sea. The island’s main town is [[Ponta do Sol, Cape Verde|Ponta do Sol]] on the north coast, home to the closed [[Agostinho Neto Airport]], while its [[ferry port]] is [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde|Porto Novo]] on the south coast. A part of the island in the southeast has an [[arid]] climate, while the northwest receives relatively normal precipitation. Its valleys are suffering heavy erosion.


=== Water bodies ===
=== Rivers ===
[[Canal de São Vicente]] lies to the southeast of Porto Novo and separates with the island of São Vicente.

Bathing beaches and fishing areas are found in near [[Tarrafal de Monte Trigo]]. During the rainy season, some creek beds across the island are temporarily filled with water.

==== Streams ====
{{See also|List of streams of Cape Verde#Santo Antão}}
{{See also|List of streams of Cape Verde#Santo Antão}}
The main rivers of Santo Antão are:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Ribeira de Alto Mira]]
*[[Ribeira de Alto Mira]]
*Ribeira do António
*Ribeira Brava
*[[Ribeira da Cruz (Santo Antão)|Ribeira da Cruz]]
*[[Ribeira da Cruz (Santo Antão)|Ribeira da Cruz]]
*[[Ribeira da Garça]]
*[[Ribeira Grande (stream)|Ribeira Grande]]
*[[Ribeira Grande (stream)|Ribeira Grande]]
*[[Ribeira da Janela, Cape Verde|Ribeira da Janela]]
*[[Ribeira da Janela, Cape Verde|Ribeira da Janela]]
*Ribeira das Bras, near Ribeira das Bras
*Ribeira do Passo, near Passo
*[[Ribeira do Paul]]
*[[Ribeira do Paul]]
*Ribeira das Pombas
*[[Ribeira das Patas]]
*[[Ribeira das Patas]]
*Ribeira da Tarrafal
*[[Ribeira da Torre]]
*[[Ribeira da Torre]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


=== Mountains and volcanoes ===
=== Mountains ===
The tallest mountain is [[Tope de Coroa]], reaching an elevation of 1,979 m.<ref name=yearbook/>{{rp|25}} Other high mountains on the island are Monte Tomé (1,863 m), [[Gudo de Cavaleiro]] (1,810 m), Monte [[Moroços]] (1,767 m) and [[Pico da Cruz]] (1,584 m).
The island is considered one of the most [[mountainous]] of Cape Verde. Its mountains are composed of [[basalt]].

==== Peaks ====
*[[Topo da Coroa]] (1,979 m) - highest on the island, located in the southwest
*Monte Tomé (1,863 m) - located in the west
*[[Gudo de Cavaleiro]] (1,810 m) - located in the southwest
*[[Pico da Cruz]] (1,584 m) - located in the middle
*[[Pau Seco]] (around 950 m) - located in the eastern part


===Climate===
===Climate===
Being basically made of several [[stratovolcano]]es and so extremely mountainous this island has quite diverse climate and many various microclimates due to its deep ravines. Santo Antão island has moderately dry tropical climate (''As'' according to Köppen–Geiger climate classification system) along the coast and semi-arid mild tropical climate ''Bsh'' with very balanced temperatures year round higher on the slopes (~ 800 metres ASL) to cool highland subtropical steppe climate ''BskL'' above 1,000 metres above ASL. The average annual temperature on the coast is about {{convert|23|°C|0}}, decreasing to some {{convert|11|to(-)|15|C|F}} on the highest grounds. There can be remarkably cool weather in the interior with warmer wet season starting in July and ending in December–January with colder dry season starting in December–January and ending in June. The major climate risk, similarly to other Cape Verdean islands, yet much less pronounced in the higher altitudes due to better ability in gaining moisture from clouds, is drought.
Santo Antão island has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''BWh''') in Sinagoga and Porto Novo and a [[cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''BSk''') in Espongeiro. The island features very balanced temperatures year round higher on the slopes (~ 800 metres ASL) to cool highland subtropical steppe climate ''BskL'' above 1,000 metres ASL. The average annual temperature on the coast is about {{convert|23|°C|0}}, decreasing to some {{convert|11|to(-)|15|C|F}} on the highest grounds. There can be remarkably cool weather in the interior with warmer wet season starting in July and ending in December–January with colder dry season starting in December–January and ending in June. The major [[climate risk]], similarly to other Cape Verdean islands, yet much less pronounced in the higher altitudes due to better ability in gaining moisture from clouds, is drought.


{| align=center
{| align=center
|-
|-
|{{Weather box|width=100%location = Espongeiro, central highland of the island, 1250-1400 metres ASL
|{{Weather box|location = Espongeiro, central highland of the island, 1371 metres ASL
|metric first = yes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|single line = yes
Line 139: Line 130:
|date = 05 January 2014}}
|date = 05 January 2014}}
|-
|-
|{{Weather box|width=100%location = Sinagoga, far northeastern part of the island, 20-40 metres ASL
|{{Weather box|location = Sinagoga, far northeastern part of the island, 0 metres ASL
|metric first = yes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|single line = yes
Line 197: Line 188:
|date = 05 January 2014}}
|date = 05 January 2014}}
|-
|-
|{{Weather box|width=100%location = Porto Novo, centre-south of the island, 10-60 metres ASL
|{{Weather box|location = Porto Novo, centre-south of the island, 17 metres ASL
|metric first = yes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|single line = yes
Line 257: Line 248:


== History ==
== History ==
The island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by [[Diogo Afonso]], together with the islands of [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]] and [[São Nicolau, Cape Verde|São Nicolau]].<ref name=gomes>[http://hdl.handle.net/11328/594 Valor simbólico do centro histórico da Praia], Lourenço Conceição Gomes, Universidade Portucalense, 2008</ref>{{rp|73}} Settlement of the island started in the first half of the 16th century. The main settlement was [[Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde|Ribeira Grande]]. Other settlements such as [[Ponta do Sol, Cape Verde|Ponta do Sol]], [[Pombas, Cape Verde|Pombas]] and [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde|Porto Novo]] developed in the 19th century.
{{Main|History of Santo Antão, Cape Verde}}

{{See also|Timeline of Santo Antão, Cape Verde}}
In 1732 the Municipality of Santo Antão was created, with its seat in the town Ribeira Grande.<ref>[http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1882/1/MONOGRAFIAAndreza.pdf Evolução histórica do concelho do Porto Novo], Andreza Costa Dias, 2006, p. 12</ref> In 1867 this was divided into the municipality of Paul (covering the area of current Paul and Porto Novo) and the municipality of Ribeira Grande. These were merged in 1895 into one municipality. The municipalities of Paul and Ribeira Grande were recreated in 1917.<ref name=paul>[http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/4121/1/IRT_Paul_Actual.pdf Inventário dos recursos turísticos do município do Paúl], Direcção Geral do Turismo, p. 16</ref> The municipality of Porto Novo was created in 1962 when the parishes of [[São João Baptista (Santo Antão)|São João Baptista]] and [[Santo André (Porto Novo)|Santo André]] were separated from the older Municipality of Paul.<ref name=paul/>
The island was discovered on January 17, 1462 by [[Diogo Afonso]] before the island of [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]] was discovered, but was not given its current name until around the 16th century. In the westernmost part, it marked the point where under the old [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] which was put on June 7, 1494 between Portugal and the [[Kingdom of Castile]] that determined the division of the areas of influences of the Iberian countries it marked the line of discovered and then undiscovered lands with an imaginary line located 370 leagues (1,770 km) west of the island. First inhabited in 1548, in the 17th century, people from the other islands of [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]] and [[Fogo, Cape Verde|Fogo]] along with people from northern [[Portugal]] arrived in today's Vila da Ribeira Grande in the northern part of the island. Later, [[wine]] and [[coffee]] became the most important exports on the island. As of 1832, the estimated population of Santo Antão was 24,000.<ref name=Roberts>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|pages=14–15|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/17/}}</ref> The highest population was reached in the 2000 census and it was 47,170 up from 35,976 in 1930, the population had not largely grew.

==Population==
In the 1830s, the estimated population of Santo Antão was 24,000.<ref name=Roberts>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|pages=14|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/17/}}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title = Population of Santo Antão (1940—2015)
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 35
| width_units = em
| data_max = 50000
| label1 = 1940<ref name="Stat">Source: [http://www.statoids.com/ucv.html Statoids]</ref>
| data1 = 35977
| label2 = 1950<ref name="Stat"/>
| data2 = 28379
| label3 = 1960<ref name="Stat"/>
| data3 = 33953
| label4 = 1970<ref name="Stat"/>
| data4 = 44623
| label5 = 1980<ref name="Stat"/>
| data5 = 43321
| label6 = 1990<ref name="Stat"/>
| data6 = 43845
| label7 = 2000<ref name="Stat"/>
| data7 = 47124
| label8 = 2010<ref name=resumo>[http://ine.cv/censo_quadros/resumo-dos-indicadores-rgph-2010/ 2010 Census Summary]</ref>
| data8 = 43915
| label9 = 2015<ref name=yearbook/>{{rp|36}}
| data9 = 40547
| label10 = 2019<ref name="ReferenceA">Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Cabo Verde (web).</ref>
| data10 = 38200
}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
Line 265: Line 288:


===Agriculture===
===Agriculture===
[[File:Vale do Paúl, Santo Antão, Cape Verde.jpg|thumb|View of the mountains of Vale do Paúl, where terraces plantations can be seen.]]
The island's agriculture products include [[sugar cane]], [[yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[cassava]], [[banana]]s, [[mango]]es, and [[cereal|grain]]. The main product on the island is a kind of [[rum]] known as ''[[grogue]]''. Mills continue to distill grogue in the Paul Valley.
The island's agriculture products include [[sugar cane]], [[yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[cassava]], [[banana]]s, [[mango]]es, and [[cereal|grain]]. The main product on the island is a kind of [[rum]] known as ''[[grogue]]''. Mills continue to distill grogue in the Paul Valley.


Due to its mountainous nature, most of the island's plantations are done in terraces, obviating the use of machinery and requiring immense manual labor. Recently, some experiences using [[Drip irrigation]] have been taking place in order to mitigate the drought conditions.
Due to its mountainous nature, most of the island's plantations are done in terraces, obviating the use of machinery and requiring immense manual labor. Recently, some experiences using [[drip irrigation]] have been taking place in order to mitigate the drought conditions.


The exportation of many of the island's agriculture products to other islands has been prohibited for nearly two decades because of the millipede ([[Spinotarsus caboverdus]]) [[blight]], but the [[quarantine]] was lifted in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asemana.cv/article.php3?id_article=28799|title=Agriculture producers from Santo Antão can now export to Sal and Boa Vista|newspaper=A Semana|language=pt|date=9 January 2008|access-date=2017-01-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080210151238/http://www.asemana.cv/article.php3?id_article=28799|archive-date=2008-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The first sugar cane was exported from other Macaronesian Islands, sugar became the island's chief agricultural production from the mid 19th century.

The exportation of many of the island's agriculture products to other islands has been prohibited for nearly two decades because of the millipede ([[Spinotarsus caboverdus]]) [[blight]], but the government announced it had going lifted the [[quarantine]].<ref>[http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article28799 Agriculture producers from Santo Antão can now export to Sal and Boa Vista], [[A Semana]] online, 9 January 2008</ref>


===Tourism===
===Tourism===
Line 290: Line 312:
**[[São Pedro Apóstolo]]
**[[São Pedro Apóstolo]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

The island was a single municipality until 1990 (old ISO 3166-2 code: <code>CV-SA</code>) when it broke up into the three present-day municipalities.


==Nature==
==Nature==
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Santo Antão has different species of birds including the [[Iago sparrow|Cape Verde (Iago) sparrow]], reptiles including the [[Cape Verde wall gecko]] and insects including the spider ''[[Tetragnatha torrensis]]'', the moth ''[[Scopula paneliusi]]'' and the water bear ''[[Echiniscus clavispinosus]]''. The island does not have a lot of animal life comparing to other islands. Along its shores, most of the marine life are within Canal de São Vicente.
Santo Antão has different species of birds including the [[Iago sparrow|Cape Verde (Iago) sparrow]], reptiles including the [[Cape Verde wall gecko]] and insects including the spider ''[[Tetragnatha torrensis]]'', the moth ''[[Scopula paneliusi]]'' and the water bear ''[[Echiniscus clavispinosus]]''. The island does not have a lot of animal life comparing to other islands. Along its shores, most of the marine life are within Canal de São Vicente.


==Language==
==Culture==
Other than [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (official language), the majority of the population speaks [[Cape Verdean Creole]].
Other than [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (official language), the majority of the population speaks [[Cape Verdean Creole]].{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
*[http://verbumimagus.blogspot.com/2005/04/ti-lobo-e-ti-pedro-santo-anto.html ''Estóra de Tipêde i Tilôbe''] ("Ti Pedro and Ti Lobo" traditional story) by Luís Romano de Madeira Melo


==Persons==
==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*[[Jorge Ferreira Chaves]] (1920–1982), Portuguese architect
*[[Jorge Ferreira Chaves]] (1920–1982), Portuguese architect
*[[Domingos Lima Costa]], [[violin]]ist
*[[Gabriel Costa (Nho Kzick)]], [[violin]]ist (f. 2005)
*[[Leão Lopes]] (b. 1948), writer, professor and entertainment director
*[[Leão Lopes]] (b. 1948), writer, professor and entertainment director
*[[Gabriel Mariano]], essayist, novelist and poet
*[[Gabriel Mariano]], essayist, novelist and poet
Line 313: Line 330:
*[[Roberto Duarte Silva]] (1837–1889), chemist
*[[Roberto Duarte Silva]] (1837–1889), chemist
*[[Antoninho Travadinha]], [[violin]]ist
*[[Antoninho Travadinha]], [[violin]]ist
*[[Dina Salústio]], teacher, poet, writer and journalist
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==Sporting teams==
== See also ==
The island features two island divisions, the [[Santo Antão Island League (North)|North]] and the [[Santo Antão Island League (South)|South]] Zones, they were divided in 1997 and fully in 2003 and features the championship, cup, super cup and opening island tournaments, Since late 2015, the single island cup and super cup competitions were established.


* [[Charles Darwin volcanic field]]
The football (soccer) clubs of the two zones are:
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*[[Associação Académica do Porto Novo]] - North Zone
*[[Beira-Mar (Ribeira Grande)|Beira-Mar]] - South Zone
*[[Grupo Desportivo, Recreativo e Cultural Fiorentina|GDRC Fiorentina]] - South Zone
*Os [[Foguetões]] - North Zone
*Inter - South Zone
*Irmãos Unidos - North Zone
*Janela - North Zone
*Lagedos - South Zone
*[[Marítimo (Porto Novo)]] - South Zone
*[[Paulense Desportivo Clube]] - North Zone
*Povoação - former club
*Rosariense - North Zone
*[[Sanjoanense (Porto Novo)|Sanjoanense]] - South Zone
*Santo André - South Zone
*São Pedro Apostolo - North Zone
*[[Solpontense]] - North Zone
*[[Sporting Clube do Porto Novo]] - South Zone
*Tarrafal de Monte Trigo - South Zone
{{div col end}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Santo Antão (Cape Verde)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404021440/http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/santao.html University of Massachusetts] - information and images from Santo Antão
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404021440/http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/santao.html University of Massachusetts] - information and images from Santo Antão
*[http://www.caboverde.com/ilhas/ysant-it.htm caboverde.com]
*[http://www.caboverde.com/ilhas/ysant-it.htm caboverde.com]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Commons category|Santo Antão (Cape Verde)}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Islands of Cape Verde}}
{{Islands of Cape Verde}}
{{Authority control}}


{{coord|17.070|N|25.171|W|display=title|source:dewiki}}
{{Coord|17.070|N|25.171|W|display=title|source:dewiki}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Santo Antao, Cape Verde}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santo Antao, Cape Verde}}
[[Category:Santo Antão, Cape Verde| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Islands of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Santo Antão, Cape Verde| ]]

Latest revision as of 21:16, 29 April 2024

For other uses, see Santo Antão (disambiguation).
Santo Antão
Nickname: Ilha das montanhas (island of the mountains)
Santo Antão is located in Cape Verde
Santo Antão
Santo Antão
Santo Antão is located in Atlantic Ocean
Santo Antão
Santo Antão
Geography
LocationAtlantic Ocean
Coordinates17°04′12″N 25°10′16″W / 17.070°N 25.171°W / 17.070; -25.171
Area785 km2 (303 sq mi)
Length42.8 km (26.59 mi)
Width24.0 km (14.91 mi)
Highest elevation1,979 m (6493 ft)
Highest pointTope de Coroa
Administration
Concelhos (Municipalities)Paul, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande
Largest settlementPorto Novo
Demographics
Population38,200 (2019)
Pop. density48.66/km2 (126.03/sq mi)

Santo Antão (Portuguese for "Saint Anthony") is the northwesternmost island of Cape Verde. At 785 km2 (303 sq mi), it is the largest of the Barlavento Islands group, and the second largest island of Cape Verde.[1]: 25  The nearest island is São Vicente to the southeast, separated by the sea channel Canal de São Vicente. Its population was 38,200 in mid 2019,[2] making it the fourth most populous island of Cape Verde after Santiago, São Vicente and Sal. Its largest city is Porto Novo located on the southern coast (population 9,310 in 2010).[3]

Geography

[edit]
Coastline of Santo Antão
Ribeira da Garça

Santo Antão is 42.75 km (26.56 mi) long (east-west) and 23.97 km (14.89 mi) wide (north-south).[1]: 25  The island is of volcanic origin and very mountainous, characterized by two high plateaus and several steep river valleys. The southern part of the island has a desert climate, while the northeast and the higher elevations are semi-arid.

Rivers

[edit]
See also: List of streams of Cape Verde § Santo Antão

The main rivers of Santo Antão are:

Mountains

[edit]

The tallest mountain is Tope de Coroa, reaching an elevation of 1,979 m.[1]: 25  Other high mountains on the island are Monte Tomé (1,863 m), Gudo de Cavaleiro (1,810 m), Monte Moroços (1,767 m) and Pico da Cruz (1,584 m).

Climate

[edit]

Santo Antão island has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh) in Sinagoga and Porto Novo and a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) in Espongeiro. The island features very balanced temperatures year round higher on the slopes (~ 800 metres ASL) to cool highland subtropical steppe climate BskL above 1,000 metres ASL. The average annual temperature on the coast is about 23 °C (73 °F), decreasing to some 11 to 15 °C (52–59 °F) on the highest grounds. There can be remarkably cool weather in the interior with warmer wet season starting in July and ending in December–January with colder dry season starting in December–January and ending in June. The major climate risk, similarly to other Cape Verdean islands, yet much less pronounced in the higher altitudes due to better ability in gaining moisture from clouds, is drought.

Climate data for Espongeiro, central highland of the island, 1371 metres ASL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8) 		12.8
(55.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.1
(59.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		14.7
(58.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		12.7
(54.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 24
(0.9) 		4
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		20
(0.8) 		82
(3.2) 		105
(4.1) 		55
(2.2) 		31
(1.2) 		25
(1.0) 		351
(13.8)
Source: Climate-Data.ORG
Climate data for Sinagoga, far northeastern part of the island, 0 metres ASL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.3
(77.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.4
(74.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.5
(70.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 14
(0.6) 		5
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		11
(0.4) 		44
(1.7) 		128
(5.0) 		44
(1.7) 		26
(1.0) 		18
(0.7) 		291
(11.3)
Source: Climate-Data.ORG
Climate data for Porto Novo, centre-south of the island, 17 metres ASL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.8
(78.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.8
(74.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.9
(71.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 7
(0.3) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		4
(0.2) 		28
(1.1) 		86
(3.4) 		31
(1.2) 		17
(0.7) 		15
(0.6) 		191
(7.6)
Source: Climate-Data.ORG

History

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The island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by Diogo Afonso, together with the islands of São Vicente and São Nicolau.[4]: 73  Settlement of the island started in the first half of the 16th century. The main settlement was Ribeira Grande. Other settlements such as Ponta do Sol, Pombas and Porto Novo developed in the 19th century.

In 1732 the Municipality of Santo Antão was created, with its seat in the town Ribeira Grande.[5] In 1867 this was divided into the municipality of Paul (covering the area of current Paul and Porto Novo) and the municipality of Ribeira Grande. These were merged in 1895 into one municipality. The municipalities of Paul and Ribeira Grande were recreated in 1917.[6] The municipality of Porto Novo was created in 1962 when the parishes of São João Baptista and Santo André were separated from the older Municipality of Paul.[6]

Population

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In the 1830s, the estimated population of Santo Antão was 24,000.[7]

Population of Santo Antão (1940—2015)
Year Population
1940[8]
35,977
1950[8]
28,379
1960[8]
33,953
1970[8]
44,623
1980[8]
43,321
1990[8]
43,845
2000[8]
47,124
2010[9]
43,915
2015[1]: 36 
40,547
2019[2]
38,200

Economy

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Fishing and agriculture are the main industries on the island.

Agriculture

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View of the mountains of Vale do Paúl, where terraces plantations can be seen.

The island's agriculture products include sugar cane, yams, cassava, bananas, mangoes, and grain. The main product on the island is a kind of rum known as grogue. Mills continue to distill grogue in the Paul Valley.

Due to its mountainous nature, most of the island's plantations are done in terraces, obviating the use of machinery and requiring immense manual labor. Recently, some experiences using drip irrigation have been taking place in order to mitigate the drought conditions.

The exportation of many of the island's agriculture products to other islands has been prohibited for nearly two decades because of the millipede (Spinotarsus caboverdus) blight, but the quarantine was lifted in 2008.[10]

Tourism

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Tourism is becoming one of the most dominant industries on the island. There has been some investment in Rural tourism infrastructures. Hiking, Trekking and Cultural tourism account for most of the touristic offer of this island.

Administrative divisions

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The island is divided in three municipalities, which are subdivided into civil parishes:

Nature

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Santo Antão has 50 endangered species of flora which has the most number in the nation. Several flora found in the island that are also found in some parts of the archipelago includes Aeonium gorgoneum, Artemisia gorgonum, Campanula jacobaea, the Conyza species of feae, pannosa and varia, Echium stenosiphon, Kickxia webbiana, Lavandula rotundifolia, Limonium braunii, Micromeria forbesii, Sonchus daltonii, Capeverdean navelwort (Umbilicus schmidtii) and Verbascum capitis-viridis. Flora found only in the island include Tornabenea insularis and ribeirensis.

Santo Antão has different species of birds including the Cape Verde (Iago) sparrow, reptiles including the Cape Verde wall gecko and insects including the spider Tetragnatha torrensis, the moth Scopula paneliusi and the water bear Echiniscus clavispinosus. The island does not have a lot of animal life comparing to other islands. Along its shores, most of the marine life are within Canal de São Vicente.

Culture

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Other than Portuguese (official language), the majority of the population speaks Cape Verdean Creole.[citation needed]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santo Antão (Cape Verde).
  1. ^ a b c d Cabo Verde, Statistical Yearbook 2015, Instituto Nacional de Estatística
  2. ^ a b Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Cabo Verde (web).
  3. ^ "2010 Census results Santo Antão". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.
  4. ^ Valor simbólico do centro histórico da Praia, Lourenço Conceição Gomes, Universidade Portucalense, 2008
  5. ^ Evolução histórica do concelho do Porto Novo, Andreza Costa Dias, 2006, p. 12
  6. ^ a b Inventário dos recursos turísticos do município do Paúl, Direcção Geral do Turismo, p. 16
  7. ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 14.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Source: Statoids
  9. ^ 2010 Census Summary
  10. ^ "Agriculture producers from Santo Antão can now export to Sal and Boa Vista". A Semana (in Portuguese). 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2017-01-15.

17°04′12″N 25°10′16″W / 17.070°N 25.171°W / 17.070; -25.171

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