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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}
| color = pink
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Evarcha''
| image = Evarcha.falcata.7328.jpg
| taxon = Evarcha
| image = Evarcha.albaria.1.opencage.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Evarcha falcata]]'' (female)
| image_caption = ''[[Evarcha albaria]]'' (female)
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1902<ref name=WSC_g2645/>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| diversity = 85 species
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| diversity_link = #Species
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Spider|Araneae]]
| familia = [[Salticidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Pelleninae]]
| genus = '''''Evarcha'''''
| genus_authority = Simon, 1902
| diversity_link = List of Salticidae species#Evarcha
| diversity = 62 species
| type_species = ''[[Evarcha falcata|Araneus falcatus]]''
| type_species = ''[[Evarcha falcata|Araneus falcatus]]''
| type_species_authority = Clerck, 1757
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Alexander Clerck|Clerck]], 1757
| range_map =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Evarcha bicuspidata|E. bicuspidata]]''<br />
''[[Evarcha culicivora|E. culicivora]]''<br />
''[[Evarcha jucunda|E. jucunda]]''<br />
''[[Evarcha falcata|E. falcata]]''<br />
''many more''
}}
}}


'''''Evarcha''''' is a [[spider]] [[genus (biology)|genus]] of the [[Salticidae]] family (jumping spiders).
'''''Evarcha''''' is a [[genus]] of [[spider]]s in the family [[Salticidae]] (jumping spiders) with 85 species (and one recognized subspecies) distributed across the world.<ref name=WSC_g2645/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
Line 32: Line 19:


==Description==
==Description==
Spiders in this genus generally look rather sturdy and ar not very colorful, often brownish.
Spiders in this genus generally look rather sturdy and are not very colorful, often brownish.

''Evarcha culicivora'' can be an uncommon predator due to the fact it feeds on vertebrate blood by choosing blood-carrying mosquitoes as well-liked prey.<ref>Fiona R. Cross & Robert R. Jackson (2009), "Odor-mediated response to plants by ''Evarcha culicivora'', a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa", ''New Zealand Journal of Zoology'' 36(2):75–80</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Most species occur in [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]], with ''E. amabilis'' and ''E. hoyi'' found only in the [[USA]]. ''E. proszynskii'' is found from [[Russia]] to [[Japan]] and [[Canada]] to [[USA]].
Most species occur in [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]], with ''E. amabilis'' and ''E. hoyi'' found only in the United States. ''E. proszynskii'' is found from Russia to Japan and Canada to United States.


==Species==
==Species==
[[File:Jumping Spider - Evarcha proszynskii, near Bassetts, California.jpg|thumb|''[[Evarcha proszynskii|E. proszynskii]]'' from California]]
* ''[[Evarcha albaria]]'' (L. Koch, 1878) (Russia, China, Korea, Japan)
{{As of|2024|04}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following species:
* ''[[Evarcha amabilis]]'' (C. L. Koch, 1846) (USA)
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Evarcha arcuata]]'' (Clerck, 1757) (Palearctic)
* ''[[Evarcha armeniaca]]'' Logunov, 1999 (Armenia, Azerbaijan)
* ''[[Evarcha acuta]]'' <small>[[Wanda Wesołowska|Wesołowska]], 2006</small> [[Namibia]]
* ''[[Evarcha bakorensis]]'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 (Guinea)
* ''[[Evarcha aegyptiaca]]'' <small>([[Jerzy Prószyński|Prószyński]] 2018)</small> Egypt
* ''[[Evarcha alba]]'' <small>([[George and Elizabeth Peckham|Peckham & Peckham]], 1903)</small> – Southern Africa
* ''[[Evarcha bicoronata]]'' (Simon, 1901) (Hong Kong)
* ''[[Evarcha albaria]]'' <small>([[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1878)</small> – Russia, China, [[Korea]], Japan
* ''[[Evarcha bicuspidata]]'' Peng & Li, 2003 (Vietnam)
* ''[[Evarcha bihastata]]'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 (Tanzania)
* ''[[Evarcha amabilis]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1846)</small> – United States
* ''[[Evarcha bulbosa]]'' Zabka, 1985 (China, Vietnam)
* ''[[Evarcha amanzi]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha cancellata]]'' (Simon, 1902) (Sri Lanka, Java)
* ''[[Evarcha annae]]'' <small>(Peckham & Peckham, 1903)</small> South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha certa]]'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 (Guinea)
* ''[[Evarcha aposto]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha chappuisi]]'' Lessert, 1925 (East Africa)
* ''[[Evarcha arabica]]'' <small>Wesołowska & van Harten, 2007</small> Yemen
* ''[[Evarcha chubbi]]'' Lessert, 1925 (East Africa)
* ''[[Evarcha arcuata]]'' <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> [[Palearctic]]
* ''[[Evarcha coreana]]'' Seo, 1988 (China, Korea)
* ''[[Evarcha armeniaca]]'' <small>Logunov, 1999</small> – [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]]
* ''[[Evarcha crinita]]'' Logunov & Zamanpoore, 2005 (Afghanistan)
* ''[[Evarcha awashi]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' Wesolowska & Jackson, 2003 (Kenya)
* ''[[Evarcha bakorensis]]'' <small>Rollard & Wesołowska, 2002</small> – [[Guinea]]
* ''[[Evarcha darinurica]]'' Logunov, 2001 (Afghanistan)
* ''[[Evarcha besar]]'' <small>(Prószyński, 2018)</small> – Malaysia (Borneo)
* ''[[Evarcha digitata]]'' Peng & Li, 2002 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha bicoronata]]'' <small>(Simon, 1901)</small> [[Hong Kong]]
* ''[[Evarcha dubia]]'' (Kulczyn'ski, 1901) (Ethiopia)
* ''[[Evarcha bihastata]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000</small> – [[Tanzania]]
* ''[[Evarcha elegans]]'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 (Tanzania)
* ''[[Evarcha brinki]]'' <small>Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha eriki]]'' Wunderlich, 1987 (Canary Is.)
* ''[[Evarcha bulbosa]]'' <small>Zabka, 1985</small> China, Vietnam
* ''[[Evarcha falcata]]'' (Clerck, 1757) (Palearctic)
* ''[[Evarcha carbonaria]]'' <small>(Lessert, 1927)</small> – Congo
** ''[[Evarcha falcata xinglongensis]]'' Yang & Tang, 1996 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha certa]]'' <small>Rollard & Wesołowska, 2002</small> – Guinea
* ''[[Evarcha fasciata]]'' Seo, 1992 (China, Korea, Japan)
* ''[[Evarcha chappuisi]]'' <small>Lessert, 1925</small> [[East Africa]]
* ''[[Evarcha flavocincta]]'' (C. L. Koch, 1846) (China to Java)
* ''[[Evarcha chiayiensis]]'' <small>Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021</small> Taiwan
* ''[[Evarcha gausapata]]'' (Thorell, 1890) (Sumatra, Java)
* ''[[Evarcha chubbi]]'' <small>Lessert, 1925</small> – East Africa
* ''[[Evarcha hirticeps]]'' (Song & Chai, 1992) (China)
* ''[[Evarcha coreana]]'' <small>Seo, 1988</small> – China, Korea
* ''[[Evarcha hoyi]]'' (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) (USA, Canada)
* ''[[Evarcha crinita]]'' <small>Logunov & Zamanpoore, 2005</small> [[Afghanistan]]
* ''[[Evarcha hunanensis]]'' Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Jackson, 2003</small> – Kenya
* ''[[Evarcha hyllinella]]'' Strand, 1913 (Lombok)
* ''[[Evarcha darinurica]]'' <small>Logunov, 2001</small> – Afghanistan
* ''[[Evarcha infrastriata]]'' (Keyserling, 1881) (Queensland)
* ''[[Evarcha dena]]'' <small>Zamani, 2017</small> – Iran
* ''[[Evarcha jucunda]]'' (Lucas, 1846) (Mediterranean, introduced in Belgium)
* ''[[Evarcha denticulata]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha dubia]]'' <small>([[Wladislaus Kulczynski|Kulczynski]], 1901)</small> – [[Ethiopia]]
* ''[[Evarcha kirghisica]]'' Rakov, 1997 (Kyrgyzstan)
* ''[[Evarcha laetabunda]]'' (C. L. Koch, 1846) (Palearctic)
* ''[[Evarcha eriki]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> Canary Is.
* ''[[Evarcha maculata]]'' Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 (Guinea)
* ''[[Evarcha falcata]]'' <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> Palearctic
* ''[[Evarcha madagascariensis]]'' Prószyn'ski, 1992 (Madagascar)
* ''[[Evarcha fasciata]]'' <small>Seo, 1992</small> – China, Korea, Japan
* ''[[Evarcha michailovi]]'' Logunov, 1992 (France, Russia, Central Asia, China)
* ''[[Evarcha flagellaris]]'' <small>Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011</small> South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha mongolica]]'' Danilov & Logunov, 1994 (Russia, China)
* ''[[Evarcha flavocincta]]'' <small>(C. L. Koch, 1846)</small> China to Java
* ''[[Evarcha natalica]]'' Simon, 1902 (South Africa)
* ''[[Evarcha gausapata]]'' <small>([[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1890)</small> – Sumatra, Java
* ''[[Evarcha negevensis]]'' Prószyn'ski, 2000 (Israel)
* ''[[Evarcha grandis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & A. Russell-Smith, 2011</small> – Nigeria
* ''[[Evarcha nenilini]]'' Rakov, 1997 (Central Asia)
* ''[[Evarcha heteropogon]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small> –Vietnam
* ''[[Evarcha nepos]]'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) (Israel)
* ''[[Evarcha hoyi]]'' <small>(Peckham & Peckham, 1883)</small> – USA, Canada
* ''[[Evarcha nigricans]]'' (Dalmas, 1920) (Tunisia)
* ''[[Evarcha hyllinella]]'' <small>Strand, 1913</small> – [[Lombok]]
* ''[[Evarcha obscura]]'' Caporiacco, 1947 (East Africa)
* ''[[Evarcha idanrensis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & A. Russell-Smith, 2011</small> Nigeria
* ''[[Evarcha optabilis]]'' (Fox, 1937) (China)
* ''[[Evarcha ignea]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008</small> – Zimbabwe
* ''[[Evarcha orientalis]]'' (Song & Chai, 1992) (China)
* ''[[Evarcha improcera]]'' <small>Wesołowska & van Harten, 2007</small> – Yemen
* ''[[Evarcha paralbaria]]'' Song & Chai, 1992 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha infrastriata]]'' <small>([[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1881)</small> – [[Queensland]]
* ''[[Evarcha patagiata]]'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) (Syria)
* ''[[Evarcha insularis]]'' <small>(Metzner, 1999)</small> – Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Iran
* ''[[Evarcha petrae]]'' Prószyn'ski, 1992 (Thailand)
* ''[[Evarcha jucunda]]'' <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> – [[Mediterranean]], introduced in Belgium
* ''[[Evarcha pileckii]]'' Prószyn'ski, 2000 (Israel)
* ''[[Evarcha karas]]'' <small>Wesołowska, 2011</small> – Namibia
* ''[[Evarcha pococki]]'' Zabka, 1985 (Bhutan to Vietnam, China)
* ''[[Evarcha kirghisica]]'' <small>Rakov, 1997</small> [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* ''[[Evarcha praeclara]]'' Prószyn'ski & Wesolowska, 2003 (Sudan, Israel, Yemen)
* ''[[Evarcha kochi]]'' <small>Simon, 1902</small> Java, Lombok
* ''[[Evarcha proszynskii]]'' Marusik & Logunov, 1998 (Russia to Japan, USA, Canada)
* ''[[Evarcha laetabunda]]'' <small>(C. L. Koch, 1846)</small> Palearctic
* ''[[Evarcha pseudopococki]]'' Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha lata]]'' <small>Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021</small> – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Evarcha pulchella]]'' (Thorell, 1895) (Myanmar)
* ''[[Evarcha longula]]'' <small>(Thorell, 1881)</small> – New Guinea, Australia
* ''[[Evarcha reiskindi]]'' Berry, Beatty & Prószyn'ski, 1996 (Caroline Is.)
* ''[[Evarcha maculata]]'' <small>Rollard & Wesołowska, 2002</small> Guinea
* ''[[Evarcha sichuanensis]]'' Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha madagascariensis]]'' <small>Prószynski, 1992</small> [[Madagascar]]
* ''[[Evarcha similis]]'' Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 (Tanzania)
* ''[[Evarcha michailovi]]'' <small>Logunov, 1992</small> – France, Russia, [[Central Asia]], China
* ''[[Evarcha syriaca]]'' Kulczyn'ski, 1911 (Syria, Israel)
* ''[[Evarcha mirabilis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha vitosa]]'' Próchniewicz, 1989 (Central, East Africa)
* ''[[Evarcha mongolica]]'' <small>Danilov & Logunov, 1994</small> – Russia, China
* ''[[Evarcha wenxianensis]]'' Tang & Yang, 1995 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha negevensis]]'' <small>Prószynski, 2000</small> Israel
* ''[[Evarcha wulingensis]]'' Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993 (China)
* ''[[Evarcha nenilini]]'' <small>Rakov, 1997</small> Central Asia
* ''[[Evarcha nepos]]'' <small>([[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. P-Cambridge]], 1872)</small> – Israel
* ''[[Evarcha nigricans]]'' <small>(Dalmas, 1920)</small> – [[Tunisia]]
* ''[[Evarcha nigrifrons]]'' <small>(C. L. Koch, 1846)</small> – Sumatra
* ''[[Evarcha obscura]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1947</small> – [[East Africa]]
* ''[[Evarcha patagiata]]'' <small>(O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)</small> – [[Syria]]
* ''[[Evarcha picta]]'' <small>Wesołowska & van Harten, 2007</small> – Yemen
* ''[[Evarcha pileckii]]'' <small>Prószynski, 2000</small> – Israel
* ''[[Evarcha pinguis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha pococki]]'' <small>Zabka, 1985</small> – [[Bhutan]] to Vietnam, China
* ''[[Evarcha praeclara]]'' <small>Prószynski & Wesołowska, 2003</small> – Sudan, Israel, [[Yemen]]
* ''[[Evarcha prosimilis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008</small> – Tanzania, Zimbabwe
* ''[[Evarcha proszynskii]]'' <small>Marusik & Logunov, 1998</small> – Russia to Japan, USA, Canada
* ''[[Evarcha pseudopococki]]'' <small>Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993</small> – China
* ''[[Evarcha pulchella]]'' <small>(Thorell, 1895)</small> – [[Myanmar]]
* ''[[Evarcha reiskindi]]'' <small>Berry, Beatty & Prószynski, 1996</small> – [[Caroline Islands]]
* ''[[Evarcha rotundibulbis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha russellsmithi]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha selenaria]]'' <small>Suguro & Yahata, 2012</small> – Japan
* ''[[Evarcha seyun]]'' <small>Wesołowska & van Harten, 2007</small> – Yemen
* ''[[Evarcha similis]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1941</small> – Ethiopia
* ''[[Evarcha simonis]]'' <small>(Thorell, 1892)</small> – Singapore
* ''[[Evarcha squamulata]]'' <small>(Simon, 1902)</small> – Sierra Leone
* ''[[Evarcha striolata]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Haddad, 2009</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha syriaca]]'' <small>Kulczynski, 1911</small> – Syria, Israel
* ''[[Evarcha villosa]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha vitosa]]'' <small>Próchniewicz, 1989</small> – Central, East Africa
* ''[[Evarcha vittula]]'' <small>Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011</small> – South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha werneri]]'' <small>(Simon, 1906)</small> (syn. ''Evarcha elegans'') – Ethiopia, Sudan to Uganda, Tanzania, Namibia, South Africa
* ''[[Evarcha wulingensis]]'' <small>Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993</small> – China
* ''[[Evarcha zayu]]'' <small>Wang, Mi & Li, 2024</small> – China
* ''[[Evarcha zimbabwensis]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008</small> – Zimbabwe
* ''[[Evarcha zougoussi]]'' <small>Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2022</small> – Ivory Coast
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=WSC_g2645>{{citation |title=Gen. ''Evarcha'' Simon, 1902 |work=World Spider Catalog |version=25.0|publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2645 |access-date=24 April 2024| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Fiona R. Cross, Robert R. Jackson & Simon D. Pollard (2008), "Complex display behaviour of ''Evarcha culicivora'', an East African mosquito‐eating jumping spider", ''New Zealand Journal of Zoology'', 35(2), 151–187, {{doi|10.1080/03014220809510112}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Evarcha}}
*[http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/arcu-hol-ph.htm Photograph of ''E. arcuata'']
*[http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/juc-hol-ph.htm Photograph of ''E. jucunda'']
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/prae-yph.htm Photograph of ''E. praeclara''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829061156/http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/prae-yph.htm |date=2011-08-29 }}
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/cara-yph.htm Photograph of ''E. cara''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829050158/http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/cara-yph.htm |date=2011-08-29 }}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Salticidae/Salticidae.htm Photographs of ''E. falcata'', ''E. arcuata'' and ''E. jucunda'']
*[http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/culic-ph.htm Photographs of ''E. culicivora'']
* [http://www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/hoyi-gb.htm Photograph of ''E. hoyi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114100849/http://www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/hoyi-gb.htm |date=2005-01-14 }}
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/prae-yph.htm Photograph of ''E. praeclara'']
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/jucu-kph.htm Photograph of ''E. jucunda'']
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/falc-kph.htm Photograph of ''E. falcata'']
* [http://salticus.zoology.ubc.ca/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/cara-yph.htm Photograph of ''E. cara'']
* [http://www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/diagnost/evarcha/hoyi-gb.htm Picture of ''E. hoyi'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q579424}}

[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Salticidae]]



[[lt:Musėgaudžiai]]
{{Salticidae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 12:16, 30 April 2024

Evarcha
Evarcha albaria (female)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Evarcha
Simon, 1902[1]
Type species
Araneus falcatus
Clerck, 1757
Diversity
85 species

Evarcha is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae (jumping spiders) with 85 species (and one recognized subspecies) distributed across the world.[1]

Habitat

[edit]

These spiders are often found on shrubs and short plants in damp areas, resting in silken cells.

Description

[edit]

Spiders in this genus generally look rather sturdy and are not very colorful, often brownish.

Evarcha culicivora can be an uncommon predator due to the fact it feeds on vertebrate blood by choosing blood-carrying mosquitoes as well-liked prey.[2]

Distribution

[edit]

Most species occur in Asia, Africa and parts of Europe, with E. amabilis and E. hoyi found only in the United States. E. proszynskii is found from Russia to Japan and Canada to United States.

Species

[edit]
E. proszynskii from California

As of April 2024, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Gen. Evarcha Simon, 1902", World Spider Catalog, 25.0, Natural History Museum Bern, doi:10.24436/2, retrieved 24 April 2024
  2. ^ Fiona R. Cross & Robert R. Jackson (2009), "Odor-mediated response to plants by Evarcha culicivora, a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa", New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(2):75–80

Further reading

[edit]
  • Fiona R. Cross, Robert R. Jackson & Simon D. Pollard (2008), "Complex display behaviour of Evarcha culicivora, an East African mosquito‐eating jumping spider", New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 35(2), 151–187, doi:10.1080/03014220809510112
[edit]