Luhuti: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
OphiTheSnake (talk | contribs) #suggestededit-add-desc 1.0 Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit |
|||
| (27 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Iron Age Syro-Hittite Aramean region}} |
|||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox country |
||
|native_name = Lukhuti - Lu'ash |
|native_name = Lukhuti - Lu'ash |
||
|conventional_long_name = Luhuti |
|conventional_long_name = Luhuti |
||
|common_name = Luhuti |
|common_name = Luhuti |
||
|national_motto = |
|national_motto = |
||
|continent = Asia |
|||
|region = [[Levant]] |
|||
|country = |
|||
|era = Iron Age |
|era = Iron Age |
||
|status = |
|status = |
||
| Line 24: | Line 22: | ||
|coa_size = |
|coa_size = |
||
|image = |
|image = |
||
|alt = |
|||
|imagealttext = |
|||
|caption = |
|caption = |
||
|image_map = |
|image_map =Aramaic kingdoms and chiefdoms around 10-9th century BC.svg |
||
|image_map_caption = Luhuti (Luash) Location, Showing The Capital (Afis) |
|image_map_caption = Luhuti (Luash) Location, Showing The Capital (Afis) |
||
|capital = [[Tell Afis|Hatarikka]] (Afis) |
|capital = [[Tell Afis|Hatarikka]] (Afis) |
||
|common_languages = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] |
|common_languages = [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] |
||
|religion = [[Canaanite religion|Levantine |
|religion = [[Canaanite religion|Levantine Religion]] |
||
|currency = |
|currency = |
||
|title_leader = |
|||
|Currency = |
|Currency = |
||
|title_leader= |
|title_leader= |
||
| leader1= |
| leader1= |
||
| year_leader1= |
| year_leader1= |
||
|stat_year1 = |
|||
|stat_area1 = |
|||
|stat_year2 = |
|||
|stat_pop2 = |
|||
|legislature = |
|legislature = |
||
|stat_year1 = |
|stat_year1 = |
||
|stat_area1 = |
|stat_area1 = |
||
|stat_year2 = |
|||
|stat_pop1 = |
|stat_pop1 = |
||
|today = |
|today = [[Syria]] |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| ⚫ | '''Luhuti''', '''Lukhuti''' or '''Lu'ash''', was an [[Iron Age]] [[Syro-Hittite states|Syro-Hittite]] [[Aramean]] region during the early 1st millennium BC located in northern [[Syria]], in an area that used to be called [[Nuhašše]].<ref name="hawkins">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TwiY96cunQC&pg=PA400|title= Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1|author= John David Hawkins|date= 10 May 2012|page= 400|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 9783110804201}}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | '''Luhuti''','''Lukhuti''' or '''Lu'ash''', was an [[Iron Age]] [[Syro-Hittite states|Syro-Hittite]] [[Aramean]] region during the early |
||
==Political Situation and Capital== |
==Political Situation and Capital== |
||
Luhuti was a region of |
Luhuti was a region of uncertain political status, known primarily from Assyrian inscriptions,<ref name="hawkins" /> and the stele of king [[Zakkur]] of [[Hama]]th.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA499|title= The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1|author= John Boardman|year= 1924|page= 499|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521224963}}</ref> Luhuti is never attested as a kingdom of its own or as having a single central authority,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&pg=PA505|title= On the Reliability of the Old Testament|author= Kenneth Anderson Kitchen|date= 9 June 2006|page= 505|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn= 9780802803962}}</ref> although it did constitute an independent interconnected region. The Assyrian inscriptions that describe Luhuti as a country with many cities and troops.<ref name="bryce">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8lMpoFAUsC&pg=PT132|title= The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History|author= Trevor Bryce|date= 15 March 2012|page= 132|publisher= OUP Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-150502-7}}</ref> |
||
Luhuti had many cities |
Luhuti had many cities. [[Tell Sukas|Shuksi]] was the maritime center,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNvovfA4o_4C&pg=PA133|title= Crafts and Images in Contact: Studies on Eastern Mediterranean Art of the First Millennium BCE|author1=Claudia E. Suter |author2=Christoph Uehlinger |year= 2005|page= 133|publisher= Saint-Paul|isbn= 9783525530047}}</ref> But the most important center and capital was the city of [[Tell Afis|Hazrik]] (modern Tell Afis, Known as Hatarikka to the Assyrians),<ref name="bryce2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA296|title= The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia|author= Trevor Bryce|date= 10 September 2009|page= 296|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781134159079}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA335|title= The Cambridge Ancient History: Early History of the Middle East. Part 2, Volume 1|author1=I. E. S. Edwards |author2=Cyril John Gadd |author2-link=Cyril John Gadd |author3=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammondpage |year= 1970|page= 282|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521077910}}</ref> located 45 kilometer south of [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SlOGUmT-5sC&pg=PA282|title= Holman Concise Bible Dictionary|year= 2011|page= 282|publisher= B&H Publishing|isbn= 9780805495485}}</ref> |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
[[File:Zakkur Stele 0154.jpg|thumb|left| |
[[File:Zakkur Stele 0154.jpg|thumb|left|147px|Zakkur Stele Discovered at Hatarikka]] |
||
Luhuti was first attested in 870 BC |
Luhuti was first attested in 870 BC. The inscriptions of [[Ashurnasirpal II]] record his conquest of its neighbour [[Pattin]], then his use of Pattin's subordinate city of [[Aribua]] as his military base for operations against Luhuti.<ref name="bryce" /> Ashurnasirpal devastated the country, impaled Luhuti soldiers on stakes outside their captured cities.<ref name="bryce" /> |
||
By 796 BC Luhuti was incorporated |
By 796 BC Luhuti was incorporated into Hamath,<ref name="bryce2" /> forming the northern province of the kingdom.<ref name="bryce3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA282|title= The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia|author= Trevor Bryce|date= 10 September 2009|page= 282|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781134159086}}</ref> King Zakkur of Hamath titled himself King of Hamath and Luhuti.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KvkeRU8ar4C&pg=PA44|title= Zechariah 9-14 and Malachi: A Commentary|author= David L. Petersen|date= January 1995|page= 44|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press|isbn= 9780664226442}}</ref> Zakkur was besieged in Hatarikka by a coalition of Syrian kings incited by [[Ben-Hadad III]] of [[Aram-Damascus]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA403|title= The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1|author=John Boardman|year= 1924|page= 403|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521224963}}</ref> and led by a king descended from Gusi identified as the king of [[Bit Agusi]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0dbRu1TOgUC&pg=PA166|title= The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History|author=Trevor Bryce|date= 15 March 2012|page= 166|publisher= OUP Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-921872-1}}</ref> Zakkur survived the siege and commemorated the event by commissioning the [[Stele of Zakkur]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA303|title= A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|author=James Maxwell Miller|date= January 1986|page= 303|publisher= Westminster John Knox Press|isbn= 9780664212629}}</ref> |
||
Luhuti was attacked by [[Shalmaneser IV]] in 765 BC and [[Ashur-dan III]] in 755 BC |
Luhuti was attacked by [[Shalmaneser IV]] in 765 BC and [[Ashur-dan III]] in 755 BC. It was finally incorporated into Assyria as a province by [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] in 737 BC.<ref name="bryce3" /> |
||
==Royal Family Hypothesis== |
==Royal Family Hypothesis== |
||
Hittitologists [[Trevor R. Bryce]] and especially John David Hawkins believe Zakkur to be a usurper,<ref name="hawkins2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TwiY96cunQC&pg=PA401|title= Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1|author= John David Hawkins|date= 10 May 2012|page= 401|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 9783110804201}}</ref> The [[Stele of Zakkur]] does not mention any royal ancestors. Hawkins believes that Zakkur was an Aramean usurper local to Luhuti who replaced the old Hittite dynasty ruling in Hamath.<ref name="hawkins2" /> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
===Citations=== |
===Citations=== |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist|2}} |
||
{{Syro-Hittite states}} |
{{Syro-Hittite states}} |
||
| Line 77: | Line 68: | ||
[[Category:Syro-Hittite states]] |
[[Category:Syro-Hittite states]] |
||
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Idlib Governorate]] |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Idlib Governorate]] |
||
[[Category:Aramean states]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 15:56, 30 April 2024
Luhuti Lukhuti - Lu'ash | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown–737 BC | |||||||||
 Luhuti (Luash) Location, Showing The Capital (Afis) | |||||||||
| Capital | Hatarikka (Afis) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Aramaic | ||||||||
| Religion | Levantine Religion | ||||||||
| Government | Unknown | ||||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age | ||||||||
• Established | Unknown | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 737 BC | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Syria | ||||||||
Luhuti, Lukhuti or Lu'ash, was an Iron Age Syro-Hittite Aramean region during the early 1st millennium BC located in northern Syria, in an area that used to be called Nuhašše.[1]
Political Situation and Capital
[edit]Luhuti was a region of uncertain political status, known primarily from Assyrian inscriptions,[1] and the stele of king Zakkur of Hamath.[2] Luhuti is never attested as a kingdom of its own or as having a single central authority,[3] although it did constitute an independent interconnected region. The Assyrian inscriptions that describe Luhuti as a country with many cities and troops.[4]
Luhuti had many cities. Shuksi was the maritime center,[5] But the most important center and capital was the city of Hazrik (modern Tell Afis, Known as Hatarikka to the Assyrians),[6][7] located 45 kilometer south of Aleppo.[8]
History
[edit]
Luhuti was first attested in 870 BC. The inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II record his conquest of its neighbour Pattin, then his use of Pattin's subordinate city of Aribua as his military base for operations against Luhuti.[4] Ashurnasirpal devastated the country, impaled Luhuti soldiers on stakes outside their captured cities.[4]
By 796 BC Luhuti was incorporated into Hamath,[6] forming the northern province of the kingdom.[9] King Zakkur of Hamath titled himself King of Hamath and Luhuti.[10] Zakkur was besieged in Hatarikka by a coalition of Syrian kings incited by Ben-Hadad III of Aram-Damascus,[11] and led by a king descended from Gusi identified as the king of Bit Agusi,[12] Zakkur survived the siege and commemorated the event by commissioning the Stele of Zakkur.[13]
Luhuti was attacked by Shalmaneser IV in 765 BC and Ashur-dan III in 755 BC. It was finally incorporated into Assyria as a province by Tiglath-Pileser III in 737 BC.[9]
Royal Family Hypothesis
[edit]Hittitologists Trevor R. Bryce and especially John David Hawkins believe Zakkur to be a usurper,[14] The Stele of Zakkur does not mention any royal ancestors. Hawkins believes that Zakkur was an Aramean usurper local to Luhuti who replaced the old Hittite dynasty ruling in Hamath.[14]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b John David Hawkins (10 May 2012). Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 400. ISBN 9783110804201.
- ^ John Boardman (1924). The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 499. ISBN 9780521224963.
- ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (9 June 2006). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 505. ISBN 9780802803962.
- ^ a b c Trevor Bryce (15 March 2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-150502-7.
- ^ Claudia E. Suter; Christoph Uehlinger (2005). Crafts and Images in Contact: Studies on Eastern Mediterranean Art of the First Millennium BCE. Saint-Paul. p. 133. ISBN 9783525530047.
- ^ a b Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. Routledge. p. 296. ISBN 9781134159079.
- ^ I. E. S. Edwards; Cyril John Gadd; Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammondpage (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History: Early History of the Middle East. Part 2, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 9780521077910.
- ^ Holman Concise Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing. 2011. p. 282. ISBN 9780805495485.
- ^ a b Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. Routledge. p. 282. ISBN 9781134159086.
- ^ David L. Petersen (January 1995). Zechariah 9-14 and Malachi: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780664226442.
- ^ John Boardman (1924). The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 403. ISBN 9780521224963.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (15 March 2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-921872-1.
- ^ James Maxwell Miller (January 1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 303. ISBN 9780664212629.
- ^ a b John David Hawkins (10 May 2012). Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 401. ISBN 9783110804201.
Syro-Hittite states and cities | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luwian states |
|  | |||||||||||||||
| Aramaean states |
| ||||||||||||||||
